AS Level Biology Prject

1. By: Fajar Mahardhika
Grade 11
Highfield
Secondary School
Year of 2016-2017

2. 
 Obesity is a health condition of anyone significantly above his
or her ideal healthy weight which means he or she is having
20% or more above their ideal weight.
 It has been considered as a chronic disease and needs to be
treated.
 Obesity could be defined as excess adipose tissue or in another
word is fat tissue.
 For people with obese, they will have a BMI of above 30
What is Obesity?

3. 
 Obesity is defined as excess adipose tissue. A fat cell
is an endocrine cell and adipose tissue is an
endocrine organ. As such, adipose tissue secretes a
number of products, including metabolites,
cytokines, lipids, and coagulation factors among
others. Significantly, excess adiposity or obesity
causes increased levels of circulating fatty acids and
inflammation. This can lead to insulin resistance,
which in turn can lead to type 2 diabetes.
What is Obesity? (cont.)

4. 
 When your weight is in healthy range:
• Your body more efficiently circulates blood
• Your fluid levels are more easily managed
• You are less likely to develop diabetes, heart disease,
certain cancers and sleep apnea.
 Being obese can:
• Raise blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels
• Increase blood pressure
• Induce diabetes
What is Obesity (cont.)

5. 
BMI (Body Mass Index)

6. 
BMI ( Body Mass Index)

7. 
 The Body Mass Index is a mathematical calculation
used to determine whether an individual is
underweight, healthy weight, overweight or obese.
 To find the BMI of an individual, we use this
formula:
BMI ( Body Mass Index)

8. 
 From the result calculated using the BMI formula,
we can determine whether or not we are
underweight, healthy weight, over weight or obese
by looking at the table below.
BMI ( Body Mass Index)

9. 
Poor Diet
Obesity does not happen overnight. It develops gradually over
time, as a result of poor diet and lifestyle choices, such as:
• Eating large amounts of processed or fast foods – high
in fat and sugar
• Drinking too much alcohol – contains high calories
• Eating larger portions than you need
• Drinking too much sugary drinks
• Comfort eating- for some people who feel depressed
or low self-esteem
Factors Affecting
Obesity

10. 
Lack of physical activities
Not only caused by poor diet, lack of physical activities
also contribute to the cause of obesity. These are:
• Lack of physical exercises - people tend to stay at home
watching TV and playing video games
• Better transportation – people drive a lot rather than
walk
• Sedentary occupations- automated machinery replaces
manual labor activities
Factors Affecting
Obesity (cont.)

11. 
Genetics
Genetics also cause people to be obese. A syndrome
called Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare cause of obesity
through genetics which makes the person to have a
large appetite. Thus, losing weight would be very
difficult for the people who have this kind of syndrome.
Factors Affecting
Obesity (cont.)

12. 
 Medical Reasons
In some cases, underlying medical conditions may contribute
to weight gain. These include:
• Underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism)
A condition where our thyroid gland doesn’t
produce enough hormones
• Cushing’s Syndrome
A rare disorder that causes over-production of
steroid hormones.
Factors Affecting
Obesity (cont.)

13. 
 People who are having obesity are more prone to
possible life threatening diseases. Scientific evidence
proved that people with obesity are associated with
more than 30 medical conditions.
 They may be discriminated against or otherwise fear
social situations due to lack of confidence.
 In addition to social and psychological problems,
there are serious health risks associated with obesity.
Health Problems Caused
by Obesity

14.  Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)- caused by
increased blood pressure and blood
cholesterol levels that commonly occur
with obesity.
 Type II (mature onset) Diabetes – food
intake, especially carbohydrate, in obese
individuals can be greater than normal
insulin production can cope with. As a
result, they are unable to control blood
sugar levels properly. As many as 90% of
type II diabetes sufferers are overweight.
Health Problems Caused
by Obesity (cont.)

15.  Cancer – breast cancer, especially in
post-menopausal women, is more
common if they are overweight.
Cancers of the esophagus, colon,
rectum and the kidney are also
more common in obese, especially
men.
 Osteoarthritis – a degenerative
disease that affects especially the
hips, spine and knees of obese
individuals because the extra body
weight puts additional strain on
the bones in these regions.
Health Problems Caused
by Obesity (cont.)

16. 
 Rheumatoid Arthritis –
another degenerative
disease which is more
likely to arise when people
are obese because extra
weight puts stress on
joints.
 Hypertension – around
three-quarters of all cases
of high blood pressure
occur in people who are
obese.
Health Problems Caused
by Obesity (cont.)

17. 
 High Blood Cholesterol
– contributes to the
formation of
atheroma (an
accumulation of
degenerative material
in the inner layer of
an artery wall) in the
coronary arteries.
Health Problems Caused
by Obesity (cont.)

18. 
 There are aspects of the diet which seem to reduce
the risk of coronary heart disease.
 These includes:
• Eating dietary fibre ( non-starch polysaccharides) –
protects against obesity and reduces insulin levels in
the blood, so reducing CHD.
• Moderate consumption of alcohol – wine and beer has
been shown by some studies to reduce the risk of
CHD.
• Eating Oily Fish – such as mackerel and herring.
How to Reduce The Risk of
Coronary Heart Disease

19. 
Dietary Changes
Reducing calories and practicing
healthier eating habits are vital to
overcoming obesity. Although you
may lose weight quickly at first,
slow and steady weight loss over
the long term is considered the
safest way to lose weight and the
best way to keep it off
permanently.
Treatments of Obesity
• Cutting Calories
• Feeling Full on Less
• Making Healthier
Choices
• Restricting Certain
Foods
• Meal Replacement

20. 
Behavior Changes
A behavior modification program
can help you make lifestyle changes
and lose weight and keep it off.
Steps to take include examining
your current habits to find out what
factors, stresses or situations may
have contributed to your obesity.
Treatments of Obesity
(cont.)
• Counseling
• Support
Groups

21. 
Exercise and Activity
Increased physical activity or exercise is
an essential part of obesity treatment.
Most people who are able to maintain
their weight loss for more than a year
get regular exercise, even simply
walking.
Treatments of Obesity
(cont.)