1. WHAT IS FIRST AID
It is an immediate and temporary treatment of a victim of sudden illness or injury while
awaiting the arrival of professional medical aid.
Proper early measures may be instrumental in saving life and ensuring a better and
more rapid recovery.
PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
Preserve life.
Prevent condition worsening.
Promote recovery.
Protect the unconscious.
PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
A – AIR
B – BREATHING
C – CIRCULATION
D – DIE
RESPIRATION
A process of inhalation, pause, and exhalation.
Breathe in oxygen, breath out carbon dioxide.
Total amount of oxygen for breathing is 21% and we only use 5% for each breath.
AVERAGE BREATHING RATE
INFANT – 30/40
CHILD – 20-30
ADULT – 12-20
COMMON PROBLEMS IN RESPIRATION SYSTEM
CHOKING
ASTHMA
HYPOXIA
NEBULIZER

2. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Comprises the heart and vessels.
INCREASE PULSE RATE
SHOCK
STRESS
CARDIOVASCULAR EXERCISES
TYPES OF BLEEDING
ARTERIA – from heart to body
VENOUS – from body to heart
CAPILLARY – joining the artery
EXTERNAL BLEEDING
INTERNAL BLEEDING
MANAGEMENT OF CONCUSSION
Rest DON’T: Heat
Ice Alcohol
Compression Run
Elevation Massage
AMPUTATION
Control bleeding and elevate the hand level.
EMBEDDED FOREIGN BODY
Do not pluck. Only remove if superficial.
CONTROL BLEEDING
DIRECT PRESSURE
INDIRECT PRESSURE
ELEVATION

3. NERVOUS SYSTEM
BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
PERIPHERAL NERVES
CONSCIOUS/UNCONSCIOUS
ALERT
VOICE
PAIN
UNRESPONSIVE
FRACTURE
OPEN
CLOSED
GREENSTICK
COMMUNICATED
BURNS MANAGEMENT 3B’s
BURNING STOPPED
BREATHING MANTAINED
BODY EXAMINED
MANAGEMENT 3C’s
COOL
COVER
CARRY
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
Caused by severe allergy that affects the airway and breathing.

4. CAUSES OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
FAINTING STROKE
INFANTILE CONVULSION ASPHYXIA
SHOCK POISONING
HEAD INJURY EPILEPSY
DIABETES EMERGENCY
CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
CPR can help a stopped breathing person to stay alive. We do CPR when there is a person who
suddenly stop breathing and the person gives no response.
APPLYING CPR
D – DANGER A – AIRWAY
R – RESPONSE B – BREATHING
C - CIRCULATION
APPLYING CPR
In applying CPR, the rescuer must apply the DRABC steps. Next, the rescuer will give
two blows from mouth to mouth and blow oxygen, means forcing air flow into the
lungs.
After blowing, the rescuer needs to find the sternum and place both hands on the chest.
The chest pressing must be done about 30 times. Next, the rescuer needs to check the
pulse of the casualty, just to make sure whether there is any responses from the
casualty.
If the casualty gives some response, the rescuer must repeat the steps from the
beginning and do the CPR and pulse checking in 5 cycles until the casualty recover from
the unconsciousness.

5. FIRST AID
(UKQR 1051)
ASSIGNMENT 1
NAME: AHMAD NUR FIRDAUS BIN HASHIM
MATRIC ID: A11MJ0069
IC NO: 920829-01-7333