2. Chapter-2
DIMENSIONS/ COMPONENTS/
ELEMENTS OF TOURISM

3. DIMENSIONS/ COMPONENTS/ ELEMENTS OF TOURISM
Tourism does not exist in isolation. It has certain
basic constituents. In order to understand
tourism systematically, it is necessary to know
the various constituents of tourism industry.
Major constituents of tourism industry comprise
of the providers of tourist service as under:
Accommodation
Accessibility/Transportation
Amenities (Travel and tour agencies)
Attractions (destination or locales)

4. 3.1 Accommodation
• It is an essential element of tourism, given that any definition of
tourism involves a stay away from home. Accommodation had
become a psychological base for the tourist during his or her stay
away from home.
• According to WTO “tourist accommodation is used to denote the
facilities operated for short term accommodation of the guest, either
with or without service, against payment and according to fixed
rates.”
Accommodation could be categorized under two categories namely:-
Primary accommodation- hotels and similar establishments
-high price
-high standard and quality service
-wide availability of facility and services
Secondary accommodation- supplementary accommodation
- low price of services
- limited facility

5. Cont’d…
 HOTELS
Hotels are traditionally an urban facility, which provides
boarding and lodging. There are different categories of hotels
on the basis of location, plan, clients and services.
On the basis of location
1.Down town hotels or business hotels- located in the
center of the town and used by business travelers and
peoples from higher class.
2.Sub urban hotels – locate far from cities, neither in rural
nor urban area. Mostly used by weekenders.
3.Resort hotels- mostly locate near beaches, shore lines,
rivers, lakes and mountainous areas. Mostly used by
tourists, scientists and researchers.

6. Cont’d…
4. Floating hotels: Located on the surface of water, it may be
sea or lake with old ships or house boats and cruise lines.
5. Motel: Locate along the high ways. It offers overnight stay
for local motorists and foreign travelers by the road.
Motels provide parking, garage, accommodation,
restaurant and some recreational facilities etc…
6. Airport hotels- transit hotels
 strategically located near airports
 designed to provide convenience for air travelers
 Services include parking and shuttle service to and
from airport terminals.
 Clients- Business travelers, Airline passengers, Crew,
and Conference and seminar group

7. Cont’d…
On the basis of plan
1.American plan (AM) - full board plan; it contains
three meal (break fast, lunch and dinner) and
lodging service/ room service.
2.Modified American plan (MAP) - it contains two
meals (break fast and lunch or dinner) and
lodging service.
3.Continental plan (CP) - break fast and room
service.
4.European plan- contains only room service (bed)
5.Bermuda plan- room rate and morning tea.

8. Cont’d…
On the basis of clients
Domestic
Foreigner
Youngster
Adult
Couples
Business class
Budget class
First class
Based on types of service- no star to five stars and
recently it reaches up to seven star hotels.

9. 3.2 TRANSPORTATION
Transportation: - is the means to reach the
destination and also the means of movement at the
destination.
 Transport is viewed as a part of the leisure, the
quality of the journey is at least as important as act
of movement itself.
 For some categories of visitors, the trip is therefore
seen as an attraction in it self and certainly as apart
of the tourist experience.

10. Factor affect the Choice of the modes of transportation
The four modes of transportation are road, rail, air and water
(sea). In general the choice of visitor for the mode of
transportation is affected by:-
 Distance and time factor.
 Status and comfort
 Comparative of services offered
 Geographical position and isolation
 Range of services offered
 Level of competition between services
 Flexibility
 availability

11. Elements of transportation
There are four (4) basic elements of transportation:
I. The way.
II.The terminal.
III.Carrying unit and
IV.The motive power.

12. Elements of transportation
We can identify four basic elements in any transportation systems. These
are the way, the terminal, the carrying unit and the motive power. These
elements vary for each transportation mode and vehicle.
 The way: - is the medium of travel used by a transportation mode. It
may be purely artificial, such as roads and railways, or natural, such
as air and water.
 Roads, railways and inland waterways restrict vehicle to move to
a specific pattern,
 In considering transportation modes, the availability of way is
very important in the case of roads, railways and inland
waterways, where substantial investment would be needed to
provide them. In the case of water and air, this is not an issue
except for air traffic control procedures.

13. Cont’d…
 The terminal:- it represent the second important element of transport
mode, giving access to the way for the users , or acting as an
interchange between types of way.
• It is the furthest point to which a transport system extends,
literarily the end of line.
• Probably, the simplest terminal is parking for private cars, while
the most complex one is an airport.
• In fact, most terminals are becoming integrated transportation
points as they can act as interchanges where travelers can transfer
between vehicle modes.
For example, Airports can be used as transfer points between two
air crafts, or between other modes of traveling, such as the car or
train.
The design of the terminal and the amenities they offer depends heavily
up on the type of journey and transportation involved

14. Cont’d…
 Carrying unit:- is the actual transportation media: the vehicle,
which facilitates the movement.
Each way demands a distinct carrying unit: aircraft for the sky,
ship for the sea, vehicles for the roads and train for rails.
 The nature of the carrying unit has been influenced by numerous
factors, which includes travel demand and the technology
employed as well as the other elements of the mode (motive
power).
 In the last few decades, development has occurred in the carrying
units, which are designed towards greater efficiency and consumer
orientation.
 Flexibility is also important, as vehicles increasingly need to be
altered easily and quickly, in order to accommodate changing
tourist demand. Executive style coaches with on board services are
an example of the same.

15. Cont’d…
The motive power:-
Motive power is perhaps the key element in transportation
development.
The natural power of horse drawn carriage and sailing vessels
provide the initial energy for transportation.
The exploration of steam power provided the opportunity for the
introduction of steam ship and rail ways, while the internal
combustion engine stimulated the development of road and air
transportation. Finally the jet propulsion enables air transportation
to be competitively priced and gave air craft both the speed and
range.

16. However even in the 1900’s a number of activity
holidays such as cycling, pony trekking and
sailing involves human generated motive powers
as part of the recreational activity.
Motive power is closely related to a number of
issues, such as the capacity and type of the
carrying unit, demand, and the desired speed and
range of the vehicle. As coasts of operation have
been modified, the engine has had to become
more fuel efficient and for safety reasons more
reliable.

17. 3.3 Travel and Tour operators
In the middle of 19th c an English man called Thomas cook started
selling excursions by train, he put together different services as
transport and accommodation and sold them as a package at one
inclusive price to the travelers. The providers of these services gave
him a commission in all sales made and in this way the concept of
travel agency came in to being.
Thomas cook is internationally recognized as the founder of the
modern travel trade.
• Travel agency
A travel agency is an enterprise or business, which is
recognized by the main providers of services to sell such
services to the traveling public for which they are paid a fee or
commission. These main suppliers of services are called
‘industry principals’

18. Cont’d….
The main suppliers of services are called ‘industry principals’. These
include:
 Airlines/ cruise lines
 Railways/ motor coach company
 Hotels/ resorts
 Restaurants and entertainment centers
 Tour operators.
 General function of travel agents
To provide updated travel information
To prepare itineraries
To liaison with providers of service
To arrange reservation and ticketing
To provide package tours
To provide services as regards foreign exchange, travel insurance
etc...

19. Cont’d….
 Basic requirements for successful travel agency operations
Below you will find the requirements for successful travel
agency operations:
Sound knowledge of geography
Knowledge of the customs and practices of destinations
dealt.
Information about visa/ health checks/ permits and foreign
currency regulations
Knowledge of arithmetic, and airlines ticketing procedures,
and air lines schedules
Knowledge about operational management of
transportation and accommodation
Availability of good communication network
Should always be up-to-date with latest information

20. 3.4 ATTRACTIONS
 Attractions of a particular area are the features and
related activities of that area which draws the
tourist to visit the area.
 Attractions can be divided in to two type’s.
• man-made attractions (architectural,
archeological and historical monuments) and
• natural attractions (climate, scenic views etc…)

21. Types of tourist attractions:
• Natural environment: is an
attractions related to
natural environment.
Climate
Beaches and shoreline
Marine environment
Flora and fauna
Parks and reserves (officially
protected)
Landscape beauty, unusual
character and unique feature
• Manmade attractions: is an
attractions related to culture,
entertainment and special
manmade features.
 Cultural patterns and life style
 The art
 Museums
 Entertainment
 Shopping
 Sports activities and events
 Dinning and cuisine
 Archaeological and historic
sites and monuments

22. Cont’d…
Natural environment: attractions related to natural environment:
Climate
 Generally tourists from the colder climate specially cold winter
seek warm/ sunny, relatively dry climates
 People from hot / humid may seek cooler climate.
 In many countries, seasonality of climate determines seasonality
of tourist.
 Some tourist seek different climate for health reasons.
Landscape beauty, unusual character and unique feature
 Natural landscape beauty and characters such as mountains,
valley, rivers, lakes and deserts etc… related to activities such as
sightseeing, trekking, camping, rafting, boating and photography.
 Interesting landscape; agricultural landscape such as terraced rice
fields, flower beds related to sightseeing and photography.

23. Cont’d….
Beaches and shoreline:
 Many of the world’s famous resorts are located in beaches.
E.g. Miami Beach (USA) worlds number one beach. Kovalum
beach (India) worlds number two beautiful beaches.
 Beach tourism is the activity such as sun bathing, swimming,
surfing, corals, and beach walking and shell collection.
Marine environment
 Includes oceans, lakes, rivers, under water coral and fish and
activities related to it are swimming, surfing, water skiing, all
types of boating, fishing, scuba diving, coral viewing.
 Tropical waters are especially important attractions for variety of
coral colonies and fishes.

24. Cont’d….
Flora and fauna
 Are interesting representative and some times unusual vegetation’s
and animal life including birds
 Unique and endangered species to be preserved for scientific
purposes
 Special feature types of development are zoo, including safari zoo
and botanical gardens.
 Related to activities such as animal and bird watching, sightseeing
and photography.
Parks and reserves (officially protected)
 Conservation (preservation and protection) of important natural
environment is essential for both scientific and tourism reasons.
 Common approaches for conservation are establishment of parks
and reserves.

25. Cont’d….
Man-made attractions: attractions related to
culture, entertainment and special manmade
features.
Cultural patterns and life style
1.Especially interesting to many tourists as an
experience of cultural tourism.
2.Includes traditional cultural patterns, life
style and customs.
Include modern life style, which is different than
that of the tourist

26.  Archaeological and historic sites and monuments
Archeology is studies of the societies and peoples of the past; by
examining the remains of their buildings, tools and other art facts.
1.All types or archeological or pre historic sites including marine
archeology and special features such as industrial archeology.
2.All types of historic buildings, structures and areas including
representing traditional and historic architecture and building
techniques.
3.Sites of important historical events such as battle field.
4.Monuments to important historical events or peoples.
5. Unusual and striking man made structures such as large dams and
bridges

27. Cont’d….
The art
A. Includes visual art of paintings, carving etc… and
performing arts of dance, drama and music.
B. May be related to either traditional or modern cultures.
Museums
A. Art special features, which exhibit and explain aspects
of history, culture, arts and handicrafts technology,
natural historical and other special areas of interest.
B. Trends now towards museums, which offer educational,
program demonstration and assuming more active role
in scientific and cultural development

28. Cont’d….
Sports activities and events
A.Many sport events are of local tourists interest and some of
national and international interest
B.Includes both speculation and participatory sports.
C.Participatory sports such as snow and water skiing, tennis, golf,
skiing and scuba diving are becoming increasingly popular
although popularity of some specific changes as current fashion.
Entertainment
1. Includes dance/ drama/ films and music performance related to
either traditional or modern culture.
2. Night life, especially night clubs and discos with dancing and
music.
3. Gambling like casino.
4. Special entertainment includes amusement and recreation parks
such as Disneyland.

29. Cont’d….
Shopping
1.usually secondary attractions but in some areas may be primary
attractions e.g. Dubai shoppers paradise(important part of
itineraries)
2.important means of tourist area to make money from tourism
3. It includes shopping for locally made clothing, arts and
handicrafts, furniture and locally processed items such as gems and
stones.
4.Duty free items such as cameras and electronic equipments.
5.antiques
6.High fashioned items designed and produced in area.
7.Concentrated in certain areas with control and quality and prices of
goods for locally made arts and artifacts, efficient marketing often
needs to be emphasized.

30. Cont’d….
Dinning and cuisine:
• Most people/ tourists require good
quality but no necessarily high priced
food. Many and some tourists like to
try local food at least once and some
tourists consider good quality food as
a major attraction.
• High quality restaurants can become
important attractions in some areas.

31. THANK YOU
END OF CHAPTER!!