1. Frédéric Baudron, Bruno Gérard, John Blackwell, Rajiv Pradhan,
Siobhan Kelly, Moti Jaleta, Saidi Mkomwa, Pascal Kaumbutho,
Wilfried Mariki, Girma Moges, Raymond Nazare
Farm Power & Conservation Agriculture for
Sustainable Intensification

2. The Need for Resource Use
Efficiency in SSA

3. Emphasis on Seeds, Nutrients
& Water

4. Farm Power: the Forgotten
Resource?

5. 0
40
80
120
160
Densityoftractors
(numberper100km2)
India
Kenya
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Declining Farm Power in SSA
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Densityofcattle
andbuffaloes
(headsperha)
0
2
4
6
8
10
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Populationdensity
(numberofpersons
perhaofarableland)

6. Labour Constraints & Drudgery
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
EstimatedHIV/AIDSprevalence
ofadultsaged15-49(%)
Kenya
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Female-headedhouseholds(%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Urbanization(%annualgrowth)

7. Addressing the Issue of
Declining Farm Power
Decreasing power demand:
Conservation Aggriculture
Increasing power supply:
Mechanization

8. Power
demand
4WT,
2WT
Animal
traction
Manual
systems
e.g.
Western
Kenya
e.g.
Ethiopia, Zi
mbabwe
e.g.
India, Bangl
adeshDesirable
space
CA systems Conventionnaly-tilled systems
Powersupply

9. Mechanizing CA in SIMLESA
Lack of appropriate implements is a major barrier to the
adoption of CA (Hobbs, 2007; Giller et al., 2009; Johansen et al., 2012)
???

10. CA-2WTs Synergies
The suppression of inversion tillage reduces power
requirements by 50%, allowing for the use of smaller and
cheaper sources of power

12. CA with a 2WT

13. Other Operations for Profitability

14. Importance of Transport
(from FAO, 2009)

15. Gender Implications

16. A New Look at Mechanization:
the Case of Bangladesh
 80% of land preparation is
mechanized
 1988: removal of duties, sale
taxes, standardization
restriction
 350,000 2WTs (vs. 15,000
4WTs)
 Rural entrepreneurs
 Only 1 in 30 farmers owned a
tractor
 Equity: even the poorest access
2WTs services
Importer
Retailer
2WT owner
Contract farmer
Farmer
Mechanic Driver
Spare parts’
provider
Diesel and oil
provider
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1988 1989 1990 1992 1994 1998 2003
Numberof2WTsin
Bangladesh(thousands)

17. Social and Economic Impacts
(after Adam et al., 2003)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2WT
owners
Hired
drivers
Mechanics Diesel
shops
Spare
parts
shops
1990
2003
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Rice and wheat
milling
Rice parboiling Oil seeds crushing
mill
Small
Medium
Large
2WT owners 2WT users

19. The Business Model Approach
 Utilizing private sector service
providers to support market
systems
 Services (e.g.
information, training, output
aggregation, access to dealers and
traders) embedded in the price of the
product
 The case of the treadle pump
(1.5 million units distributed in Bangladesh)
 Linkage to output market (increase of
purchasing power)
 Promotion (branding),
 Capacity-building of private service
providers (manufacturers, installers).

20. 2WTs &
ancillary
equipment
Smallholder
farmers
Direct seeding /
Transporting /
Threshing/
Shelling
Services
SUPPLY DEMAND
SUPPORTING FUNCTIONS
Finance
Information
Promotion
Knowledge
& Skills
Coordination
Government
policy /
subsidy
REGULATORY FUNCTIONS
Regulations
on machinary
imports
Informal
rules /
norms
Standards

21. Importer Manufacturer
Ethiopia
Agricultural Equipment &
Technical Service Share
Company
Agricultural Equipment &
Technical Service Share
Company; Amio Engineering
PVT
Kenya Sheik Ali Traders Ndume
Tanzania Highland Estate
Intermech Engineering;
Nandra
Zimbabwe Fiver Motors (PVT) Grownet
Stengthening, not Creating, Market
for 2WT-based services

22. On-farm
evaluation of best
bet technologies
On-station
component
technology trials
①
Mechanics
&
workshops
Credits &
insurance
institutions
②
Marketsandpolicyoptions
③
Best bet 2WT-
based
technologies
Refined 2WT-
based
technologies
Importers &
manufacturers
Service
providers
Smallholders
Knowledge
Platform
④
Experience from
Africa, South
Asia & Australia
Mentoring
Platform

23. Projected Adoption Pathway
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 5 10
Projectednumberofrural
entrepreneurs
Year
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 5 10
Projectednumberoffarmhouseholds
benefiting(thousand)
Year
From 2WT-based CA
From 2WT-based
threshing, shelling
and transporting

24. Conclusion: Why Should it Work
This Time?
 Supporting infrastructure (e.g.
repair services, replacement
parts, fuel and lubricants) has
developed
 Agriculture is SSA has become
more commercially-oriented
 Past focus on 4WTs:
inappropriate for small and
fragmented fields, and too
costly for African smallholders
 Past public sector focus:
inefficient and uneconomic
government-run tractor hire
schemes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Motorcyclesregisteredin
Kenya(thousand)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2003 2005 2007 2009
Borrowersfrom
commercialbanks(per
thousandadults)
Kenya
Tanzania
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1994 1998 2002 2006 2010
Valueofagriculture
(currentUSD)
Ethiopia
Kenya
Tanzania

25. Thank you!