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4‰INITIATIVE
Soilsforfoodsecurityandclimate
H. Saint Macary (Cirad)
D. Pot (Cirad)
J. F. Soussana (Inra)
J. L. Chotte (IRD)
4‰ INITIATIVE :MULTIPLE ROLES OF
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (SOM)
PHYSICAL
QUALITY
CHEMICAL
QUALITY
SOIL
ORGANIC
MATTER
(SOM)
AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL
QUALITY
BIOLOGICAL
QUALITY
INITIATIVE4PER1000
UNCCD
INITIATIVE4PER1000
APERFORMING AGRICULTURE
QUALITÉ
PHYSIQU
E
FERTILITÉ
ET
QUALITÉ
CHIMIQUE
Matière
organique
des sols
(mos)
SOM
Better
use of
nutriments,
conservation
of water
> Produce as much or more, with limited
renewable resources
QUALITÉ
PHYSIQU
E
FERTILITÉ
ET
QUALITÉ
CHIMIQUE
Matière
organique
des sols
(mos)
SOM
Buffering effects on
temperatures,
reduction of
erosion
INITIATIVE4PER1000
A RESILIENT AND ADAPTATIVE TO CC
AGRICULTURE
QUALITÉ
PHYSIQU
E
FERTILITÉ
ET
QUALITÉ
CHIMIQUE
Matière
organique
des sols
(mos)
> Reduce pollutions
A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT
AGRICULTURE
SOM
Biological activity and
depollution
INITIATIVE4PER1000
INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000
QUALITÉ
PHYSIQU
E
FERTILITÉ
ET
QUALITÉ
CHIMIQUE
Matière
organique
des sols
(mos)
> Today, agriculture releases 14 % of GHG
SOM
It is carbon (as in CO2)
The more carbon in
soils, the less in the
atmosphere
A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT
AGRICULTURE
8,9
INITIATIVE4PER1000
12.5
4 ‰ THE ASSUMPTION
3 200 GT CO2
12.5
3 200
= 4‰
AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH
PROGRAMME
> Mecanisms and potentials
> Cropping systems performances evaluation
> Appropriate policies
> Monitoring and verification
INITIATIVE4PER1000
4 ‰ INITIATIVE
TWO MAIN STRANDS OF ACTION
… and others : OSU, WUR, ARC…
A MULTIPARTNER PROGRAM OF ACTIONS
> Integration in the LPAA (Lima Paris Agenda
for Action)
> Encourage stakeholders to get involved in a
coordinated effort
> Official launch in Paris COP 21 on 1st
december
INITIATIVE4PER1000
4 ‰ INITIATIVE
TWO MAIN STRANDS OF ACTION
> Develop agroecological practices
Conservation
agriculture,
improvementof
pastures
Agroforestry Recyclingof
organicresidues
INITIATIVE4PER1000
HOW ?
> Preserve and
restore soils
> Support innovation with
appropriate policies
INITIATIVE4PER1000
HOW ?
and…what about
biotechnologies ?
8,9
INITIATIVE4PER1000
4 ‰ THE ASSUMPTION
10.6
10.6
Net biome
productivity
INITIATIVE4POUR1000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP
451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp
220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary
Productivity
231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic
Respiration
Exportations
194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem
Productivity
37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance
(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net Biome
Productivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Sorghum : a good model to improve Carbon sequestration
INITIATIVE4POUR1000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP
451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp
220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary
Productivity
231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic
Respiration
Exportations
194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem
Productivity
37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance
(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net Biome
Productivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Increase the
Gross Primary
Production (GPP)
Improve tolerance to heat, water stress,
nutrient deficit is a key to maximize Carbon
sequestration in the soil
Tin gene in Wheat : Shoot / root ratio
impacts on water uptkake efficiency and
drought tolerance
Optimize Productivity under biotic
and abiotic stress
Change annual crops to perennial : genes identification in grain sorghum
Ratoon sorghum : stay in the field over season + take advantage of early precipitations
Perennial plants : decrease management and soil disturbance . Optimize Carbon
sequestration !
Wild sorghum relatives are perennial (Sorghum propinqum) : understand genetic
determinism of perenniality and rhizome development
Washburn et al 2013 Molecular
breeding
Transcriptome sequencing of
rhizomes and aerial shoots of S
Propinquum (Zhang et al 2014)
Optimizing light interception : genetically optimizing leaf angle represents a
promising way to sustainably increase sorghum productivity (Truong et al 2015 Genetics)
K= Light extinction
coefficient
Small K => less PAR
intercepted by Upper
leaves and more PAR
available at lower
levels of canopy
Dwarf3 gene affects Leaf Angle, it
encodes a P-Glycoprotein, that regulates
polar auxin transport
A potential tool to monitor leaf angle in
Sorghum breeding
INITIATIVE4POUR1000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP
451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp
220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary
Productivity
231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic
Respiration
Exportations
194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem
Productivity
37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance
(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net Biome
Productivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Reduce respiration
Sorry…no obvious gains demonstrated until now
Reduce / optimize plant respiration
(C02 production)
INITIATIVE4POUR1000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP
451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp
220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary
Productivity
231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic
Respiration
Exportations
194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem
Productivity
37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance
(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net Biome
Productivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Modify ratios :
- Shoot / root
Monitor :
- Soil & Rhizosphere
Allocation of C to the root systems : Impacts on Soil C
sequestration
• Soil deposition of C through allocation to deep roots=> long term
C sequestration (Direct positive effect)
• C loss through root exudates boosts soil respiration and
negatively affects both C sequestration (…but soil improvement
has to be taken into account)
=> Need to unravel the genes involved in carbon partitioning and
exudation
Control the Shoot-Root ratio
SOIL FUNCTIONS MONITORING:
THE METAGENOMICS PROCESS
DETERMINEWHO ISTHERE
(Sequence-based metagenomics)
• Identify organisms, genes and metabolic pathways
• Compare to other communities
• Compare treatments and cultural practices
DETERMINEWHATTHEY ARE DOING
(Function-based metagenomics)
• Screen to identify functions of interest,
such as nitrate reduction, or carbone fixation
• Find the genes that code to functions of interests
Extract all DNA
from microbial
community in
sampled
environment
DNA sequencing
INITIATIVE4POUR1000
Another way of looking at the question
GPP
451 GtCO2 yr
Plant Resp
220 GtCO2 yr
Net Primary
Productivity
231 GtCO2 yr
Heterotrophic
Respiration
Exportations
194 GtCO2 yr
Net Ecosystem
Productivity
37 GtCO2 yr
Disturbance
(Fire, ..)
26,4 GtCO2 yr
Net Biome
Productivity
10,6 GtCO2 yr
Monitor
plant quality
Sorghum for biofuels : increasing cell wall digestibility, and
reducing lignin in the aboveground biomass are favorable traits
But reduced recalcitrance is not an advantage for C sequestration
The more recalcitrant the soil organic C, the longer it will escape
to microbial respiration and reentry in atmosphere
=> Need to be able to modulate C allocation, and C use
differentially to roots and stem
Monitor biomass
quality
Optimization of the plant compartment through biotechnologies :
The targets
Reduce plant
respiration Modify Shoot-
Root ratio
Biochar
Productivity
under biotic and
abiotic stress
Optimize their use as
bioenergy / biomaterials
Increase Plant
Photosynthetic
efficiency
Increase Phytoliths
Monitor biomass quality
Perenniality / optimize
plant to new crop
management
Ecosystemic services :
reduce soil erosion
 With Soil Organic Matter increase, food
security and combating climate change
(adaptation + mitigation) are
complementary
 http://www.4p1000.org/
Agriculture is already part of the solution :
local agroecological practices, public
policies, funding mechanisms
Biotechnologies will help
INITIATIVE4PER1000
4 ‰ INITIATIVE
4‰INITIATIVE
Soilsforfoodsecurityandclimate
THANK YOU

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Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program

  • 1. 4‰INITIATIVE Soilsforfoodsecurityandclimate H. Saint Macary (Cirad) D. Pot (Cirad) J. F. Soussana (Inra) J. L. Chotte (IRD)
  • 2. 4‰ INITIATIVE :MULTIPLE ROLES OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (SOM) PHYSICAL QUALITY CHEMICAL QUALITY SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (SOM) AGRO- ECOLOGICAL QUALITY BIOLOGICAL QUALITY INITIATIVE4PER1000 UNCCD
  • 3. INITIATIVE4PER1000 APERFORMING AGRICULTURE QUALITÉ PHYSIQU E FERTILITÉ ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQUE Matière organique des sols (mos) SOM Better use of nutriments, conservation of water > Produce as much or more, with limited renewable resources
  • 4. QUALITÉ PHYSIQU E FERTILITÉ ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQUE Matière organique des sols (mos) SOM Buffering effects on temperatures, reduction of erosion INITIATIVE4PER1000 A RESILIENT AND ADAPTATIVE TO CC AGRICULTURE
  • 5. QUALITÉ PHYSIQU E FERTILITÉ ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQUE Matière organique des sols (mos) > Reduce pollutions A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AGRICULTURE SOM Biological activity and depollution INITIATIVE4PER1000
  • 6. INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000 QUALITÉ PHYSIQU E FERTILITÉ ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQUE Matière organique des sols (mos) > Today, agriculture releases 14 % of GHG SOM It is carbon (as in CO2) The more carbon in soils, the less in the atmosphere A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AGRICULTURE
  • 7. 8,9 INITIATIVE4PER1000 12.5 4 ‰ THE ASSUMPTION 3 200 GT CO2 12.5 3 200 = 4‰
  • 8. AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME > Mecanisms and potentials > Cropping systems performances evaluation > Appropriate policies > Monitoring and verification INITIATIVE4PER1000 4 ‰ INITIATIVE TWO MAIN STRANDS OF ACTION … and others : OSU, WUR, ARC…
  • 9. A MULTIPARTNER PROGRAM OF ACTIONS > Integration in the LPAA (Lima Paris Agenda for Action) > Encourage stakeholders to get involved in a coordinated effort > Official launch in Paris COP 21 on 1st december INITIATIVE4PER1000 4 ‰ INITIATIVE TWO MAIN STRANDS OF ACTION
  • 10. > Develop agroecological practices Conservation agriculture, improvementof pastures Agroforestry Recyclingof organicresidues INITIATIVE4PER1000 HOW ?
  • 11. > Preserve and restore soils > Support innovation with appropriate policies INITIATIVE4PER1000 HOW ?
  • 13. 8,9 INITIATIVE4PER1000 4 ‰ THE ASSUMPTION 10.6 10.6 Net biome productivity
  • 14. INITIATIVE4POUR1000 Another way of looking at the question GPP 451 GtCO2 yr Plant Resp 220 GtCO2 yr Net Primary Productivity 231 GtCO2 yr Heterotrophic Respiration Exportations 194 GtCO2 yr Net Ecosystem Productivity 37 GtCO2 yr Disturbance (Fire, ..) 26,4 GtCO2 yr Net Biome Productivity 10,6 GtCO2 yr
  • 15. Sorghum : a good model to improve Carbon sequestration
  • 16. INITIATIVE4POUR1000 Another way of looking at the question GPP 451 GtCO2 yr Plant Resp 220 GtCO2 yr Net Primary Productivity 231 GtCO2 yr Heterotrophic Respiration Exportations 194 GtCO2 yr Net Ecosystem Productivity 37 GtCO2 yr Disturbance (Fire, ..) 26,4 GtCO2 yr Net Biome Productivity 10,6 GtCO2 yr Increase the Gross Primary Production (GPP)
  • 17. Improve tolerance to heat, water stress, nutrient deficit is a key to maximize Carbon sequestration in the soil Tin gene in Wheat : Shoot / root ratio impacts on water uptkake efficiency and drought tolerance Optimize Productivity under biotic and abiotic stress
  • 18. Change annual crops to perennial : genes identification in grain sorghum Ratoon sorghum : stay in the field over season + take advantage of early precipitations Perennial plants : decrease management and soil disturbance . Optimize Carbon sequestration ! Wild sorghum relatives are perennial (Sorghum propinqum) : understand genetic determinism of perenniality and rhizome development Washburn et al 2013 Molecular breeding Transcriptome sequencing of rhizomes and aerial shoots of S Propinquum (Zhang et al 2014)
  • 19. Optimizing light interception : genetically optimizing leaf angle represents a promising way to sustainably increase sorghum productivity (Truong et al 2015 Genetics) K= Light extinction coefficient Small K => less PAR intercepted by Upper leaves and more PAR available at lower levels of canopy Dwarf3 gene affects Leaf Angle, it encodes a P-Glycoprotein, that regulates polar auxin transport A potential tool to monitor leaf angle in Sorghum breeding
  • 20. INITIATIVE4POUR1000 Another way of looking at the question GPP 451 GtCO2 yr Plant Resp 220 GtCO2 yr Net Primary Productivity 231 GtCO2 yr Heterotrophic Respiration Exportations 194 GtCO2 yr Net Ecosystem Productivity 37 GtCO2 yr Disturbance (Fire, ..) 26,4 GtCO2 yr Net Biome Productivity 10,6 GtCO2 yr Reduce respiration
  • 21. Sorry…no obvious gains demonstrated until now Reduce / optimize plant respiration (C02 production)
  • 22. INITIATIVE4POUR1000 Another way of looking at the question GPP 451 GtCO2 yr Plant Resp 220 GtCO2 yr Net Primary Productivity 231 GtCO2 yr Heterotrophic Respiration Exportations 194 GtCO2 yr Net Ecosystem Productivity 37 GtCO2 yr Disturbance (Fire, ..) 26,4 GtCO2 yr Net Biome Productivity 10,6 GtCO2 yr Modify ratios : - Shoot / root Monitor : - Soil & Rhizosphere
  • 23. Allocation of C to the root systems : Impacts on Soil C sequestration • Soil deposition of C through allocation to deep roots=> long term C sequestration (Direct positive effect) • C loss through root exudates boosts soil respiration and negatively affects both C sequestration (…but soil improvement has to be taken into account) => Need to unravel the genes involved in carbon partitioning and exudation Control the Shoot-Root ratio
  • 24. SOIL FUNCTIONS MONITORING: THE METAGENOMICS PROCESS DETERMINEWHO ISTHERE (Sequence-based metagenomics) • Identify organisms, genes and metabolic pathways • Compare to other communities • Compare treatments and cultural practices DETERMINEWHATTHEY ARE DOING (Function-based metagenomics) • Screen to identify functions of interest, such as nitrate reduction, or carbone fixation • Find the genes that code to functions of interests Extract all DNA from microbial community in sampled environment DNA sequencing
  • 25. INITIATIVE4POUR1000 Another way of looking at the question GPP 451 GtCO2 yr Plant Resp 220 GtCO2 yr Net Primary Productivity 231 GtCO2 yr Heterotrophic Respiration Exportations 194 GtCO2 yr Net Ecosystem Productivity 37 GtCO2 yr Disturbance (Fire, ..) 26,4 GtCO2 yr Net Biome Productivity 10,6 GtCO2 yr Monitor plant quality
  • 26. Sorghum for biofuels : increasing cell wall digestibility, and reducing lignin in the aboveground biomass are favorable traits But reduced recalcitrance is not an advantage for C sequestration The more recalcitrant the soil organic C, the longer it will escape to microbial respiration and reentry in atmosphere => Need to be able to modulate C allocation, and C use differentially to roots and stem Monitor biomass quality
  • 27. Optimization of the plant compartment through biotechnologies : The targets Reduce plant respiration Modify Shoot- Root ratio Biochar Productivity under biotic and abiotic stress Optimize their use as bioenergy / biomaterials Increase Plant Photosynthetic efficiency Increase Phytoliths Monitor biomass quality Perenniality / optimize plant to new crop management Ecosystemic services : reduce soil erosion
  • 28.  With Soil Organic Matter increase, food security and combating climate change (adaptation + mitigation) are complementary  http://www.4p1000.org/ Agriculture is already part of the solution : local agroecological practices, public policies, funding mechanisms Biotechnologies will help INITIATIVE4PER1000 4 ‰ INITIATIVE

Editor's Notes

  1. i) A large adaptability : 38°South to 52° North Used in subsahelian regions and temperate ones A pilar crop for food security in subsahenelian regions Used for feed, food and bioenergy / biomaterial in developped countries Integrated in different crop system : dedicated, relay cropping, associations… A good model for north and south comparisons , crop managment optimization.. ii) Sorghum is used in a variety of applications : food, feed and non-food-non-feed applications including energy, biomaterials iii) Sorghum has a C4 photosynthesis (efficient at high temperature, no photorespiration, lower photoinhibition), Sorghum is drought tolerant, it has a deep root system iv) A large genetic and phenotypic variability exists ensuring large genetic gains for different end-products developemnt Its genome is relatively simple compared to maize, miscanthus and other cereals crops v) Sorghum is sometimes cropped as ratoon over seasons and close relatives are perenial offering the opportunity to develop perenial sorghum Vi) And analysis of sorghum roots and soil microbiome have been initiated and are showing that there is a genotype effect on the advanatges provided by the soil microbiome
  2. Une autre voie pour optimiser la séquestration du C dans le sol est la maximiser la production végétale en condition de stress biotique et abuiotique. La tolérance au stress biotique et abiotique est depuis toujours une cible de l’amélioration des plantes et de nombreux gènes on déjà été identifié. Nous reprenons ici l’exemple du gène d’inhibition du tallage chez le blé (Tin) dont nous avons parlé précédemment Dans le graphique du haut à droite, Bank- correspond au gène non muté et Banks ++ au génotype muté au niveau de Tin. On remarque que le géntoype muté qui a un rapport root/shoot plus élevé économise plus d’eau : il a plus d’eau disponible que l’autre génotype Cela se traduit aussi dans le profil de disponibilité en eau : le génotype ayant un rapport root/shoot plus élevé maintient plus d’eau dans les couches superficielles du sol que le génotype sauvage.
  3. El sorgho est une espèce intéressante dans ce contexte : D’une part, des variétés de sorgho cultivés appelées rattoon sont de façon traditionnelle
  4. Exemple 1 : l’optimisation de l’interception de la lumière chez le sorgho via l’exploitation de la diversité naturelle Chez le sorgho il existe une variabilité naturelle pour l’angle des feuilles (photo : 2 genotypes avec différentes orientations foliaires) Ces génotypes ont des capacités d’interception de la lumière différente qui se traduit par un coefficient d’extinction de la lumière différentes => les génotypes ayant les feuilles les plus érigés ont plus de lumière qui pénètrent dans les étages inférieurs (K plus petit) => photo + graph de droite Les régions du génome contrôlant l’angle d’insertion ont été détectées dans 2 populations de cartographie différentes. Une région expliquant la majeure partie de la variabilité a été identifiée, elle correspond au gène Dw3 (gène de nanisme)
  5. En ce qui concerne l’optimisation de la respiration des plantes (réduction du CO2 émis), même si elle constitue un but évident pour optimiser la séquestration du C dans le sol, il y a peu de résultat probant montrant que l’on peut la manipuler
  6. Une des clés pour optimiser la séquestration du C dans le sol est la modification du rapport Tige / racine. La modification de ce ratio va entrainer La déposition de C en profondeur dans le sol via le développement de systèmes racinaires profond ce qui est un caractère favorable La perte de C via l’exudation et une augmentation de la respiration du microbiome du sol (cela peut entrainer une réduction de la biomasse produite et une diminution de la séquestration de C). Néanmoins l’exudation est aussi favorable au développement de communauté microbienne qui sont garante d’une sol riche et vivant et donc apte à stocker du C organique Dans ce contexte l’identification des gènes impliqués dans la force de puits des racines / l’allocation de C aux différents organes et dans l’exudation es crucial
  7. Au niveau des plantes Différentes cibles ont été identifiées Le premier est d’améliorer l’efficacité photosynthétique des plantes : améliorer leur captage de CO2 et leur capacité à accumuler du Carbone organique Ensuite on peut mentionner : La réduction de la respiration des plantes (leur émission de CO2 via la respiration) Modifier le ratio Tige / Racine Augmenter le rendement en condition de stress biotique et abiotique Améliorer la qualité de la biomasse : non seulement au niveau aérien pour améliorer l’utilisation des organes (alimentation, industrie) mais aussi au niveau racinaire (pour maximiser le stockahe du C sous une forme qui est le moins possible dégradable) Une piste concerne aussi l’optimisation du stcockage du C sous la forme Phytolith L’utilisation de la pérennisation des espèces est aussi une piste importante, il serait notamment possible de développer des espèces céréalières pérennes Les 3 derniers points ne sont pas à proprement parler des cibles d’amélioration, mais elles constituent des bénéfices entrevus via la maiximization de l’utilisation des plantes sous différentes formes : - la culture de plante ayant des systèmes racinaires profiond et faviorisant un sol vivant et riche (microbiome) réduit l’érosion du sol et son lessivage - l’utilisation du Biochar (charbon de plantes obtenu via torrefaction) a des bénéfices pour la vie des sols et constitue un puits de C - le développement global de l’utilisation des plantes dans un contexte de bioéconomie est pertinent car on va augmenter les surfaces travaillées (colonisation de sols marginaux de préférence) ce qui augmente donc la séquestration du C