Definition of Reasoning
Types of Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Comparison inductive vs deductive Reasoning
Literature review of advance research methodology
2. INDEX
1. Definition of Reasoning
2. Types of Reasoning
3. Inductive Reasoning
4. Deductive Reasoning
5. Comparison inductive vs deductive Reasoning
6. Literature review of advance research methodology
3. WHAT IS REASONING
The process of thinking about something, in a rational
manner, so as to draw valid conclusions, is known as
Reasoning. It is a daily activity that we use to make
decisions, which involves the construction of thoughts and
converting them into a proposition to give reasons on why
we have opted for a particular alternative over the other.
5. INDUCTIVE REASONING
The inductive reasoning follows a particular flow or behaviour so as to make inferences.
In inductive reasoning, there are certain possibilities that the conclusion drawn can be false, even
if the all the assumptions are true. The reasoning vests on experience and observations that
support the apparent truth of the conclusion. Further, the argument can be strong or weak, as it
only describes the likelihood of the inference, to be true.
6. Example 1
"The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That coin is a penny. A third coin
from the bag is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies."
7. Inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false
Example 2
“Smith’s is a grandfather. Smith is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are bald."
The conclusion does not follow logically from the statements.
8. EXAMPLES IN INDUCTIVE RESEARCH
Frederick Winslow Taylor Was An American
Mechanical Engineer Who Sought To Improve
Industrial Efficiency. Fw Taylor Was The First Person To
Introduce Scientific Method that Is Known As
Scientific Management Theory
9. EXAMPLES IN INDUCTIVE RESEARCH
Peter Ferdinand Drucker was an Austrian-born
American management consultant, educator he
invented the concept known as management by
objectives and self-control. He is also known as the
father of management.
10. EXAMPLES IN INDUCTIVE RESEARCH
Henri Fayol (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a
French mining engineer, mining executive, author and
director of mines who developed general theory of
business administration that is often called Fayolism
11. EXAMPLES IN DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH
In another recent deductive study, Melissa Milkie and Catharine Warner (2011)Milkie, M. A., &
Warner, C. H. (2011). Classroom learning environments and the meIn another inductive study,
Kristin Ferguson and colleagues (Ferguson, Kim, & McCoy, 2011)Ferguson, K. M., Kim, M. A., &
McCoy, S. (2011). Enhancing empowerment and leadership among homeless youth in agency and
community settings: A grounded theory approach. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28,
1–22. analyzed empirical data to better understand how best to meet the needs of young people
who are homeless. The authors analyzed data from focus groups with 20 young people at a
homeless shelter. From these data they developed a set of recommendations for those interested
in applied interventions that serve homeless youth.
ntal health of first grade children. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 4–22. studied the
effects of different classroom environments on first graders’ mental health. Based on prior
research and theory, Milkie and Warner hypothesized that negative classroom features, such as a
lack of basic supplies and even heat, would be associated with emotional and behavioral
problems in children. The researchers found support for their hypothesis, demonstrating that
policymakers should probably be paying more attention to the mental health outcomes of
children’s school experiences, just as they track academic outcomes (American Sociological
Association, 2011).
12. DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Deductive reasoning uses available information, facts or premises to arrive at a conclusion.
Deductive logic is based on the fundamental law of reasoning. Deductive reasoning usually
follows steps. First, there is a premise, then a second premise, and finally an inference. A
common form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism, in which two statements — a major
premise and a minor premise — reach a logical conclusion.
13. Example 1
The premise "Every A is B" could be followed by another premise, "This C is
A." Those statements would lead to the conclusion "This C is B." Syllogisms
are considered a good way to test deductive reasoning to make sure the
argument is valid.
A
C
B
14. Example 2
"All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal."
Mortal
Men
Harold
15. EXAMPLES IN INDUCTIVE RESEARCH
In a study of US law enforcement responses to hate crimes, Ryan King and
colleagues (King, Messner, & Baller, 2009)King, R. D., Messner, S. F., & Baller,
R. D. (2009). Contemporary hate crimes, law enforcement, and the legacy of
racial violence. American Sociological Review, 74, 291–315. hypothesized that
law enforcement’s response would be less vigorous in areas of the country
that had a stronger history of racial violence. The authors developed their
hypothesis from their reading of prior research and theories on the topic.
Next, they tested the hypothesis by analyzing data on states’ lynching
histories and hate crime responses. Overall, the authors found support for
their hypothesis.
16. EXAMPLES IN DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH
In another recent deductive study, Melissa Milkie and Catharine Warner
(2011)Milkie, M. A., & Warner, C. H. (2011). Classroom learning environments
and the mental health of first grade children. Journal of Health and Social
Behavior, 52, 4–22. studied the effects of different classroom environments
on first graders’ mental health. Based on prior research and theory, Milkie
and Warner hypothesized that negative classroom features, such as a lack of
basic supplies and even heat, would be associated with emotional and
behavioral problems in children. The researchers found support for their
hypothesis, demonstrating that policymakers should probably be paying more
attention to the mental health outcomes of children’s school experiences, just
as they track academic outcomes (American Sociological Association, 2011).
17. COMPARISON CHART
BASIS FOR COMPARISON INDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Meaning Inductive Reasoning connotes the argument
in which the premises give reasons in
support of the probable truth of the
conjecture.
Deductive reasoning is the fundamental
form of valid reasoning, wherein the
premises give guarantee of the truth of
conjecture.
Approach Bottom-up approach Top-down approach
Starting point Conclusion Premises
Based on Patterns or trend Facts, truths and rules
Process Observation > Pattern > Tentative
Hypothesis > Theory
Theory > Hypothesis > Observation >
Confirmation
Argument May or may not be strong. May or may not be valid.
Structure Goes from specific to general Goes from general to specific
Draws inferences with Probability Certainity
19. ABSTRACT
Literature reviews summarize all past research
efforts, and because of this, are increasingly
being used as a way of addressing the rapid
accumulation of management information.
Because reviews, rather than primary research,
are now being used as the basis for many
management decisions, it is important that they
are conducted with the same rigor of the primary
research. To ensure this rigor, the past two
decades have seen a progressive evolution in
review methodology, to the point where reviews
are now considered research in their own right.
21. • The literature review is a critical look at the existing
research that is significant to your project.
• You should evaluate What has already been done.
• Show the relationships between different work
• Show how it relates to your project.
• It is not supposed to be just a summary of other
people's work.
23. • Know what to do (before starting research):
To identify gaps in the literature
• Know where to start (starting)
To carry on from where others have already reached, or position your project relative to
previous work
To identify information, methods and ideas that may be relevant to your project (i.e. avoid
reinventing the wheel)
• Know what you have done (finishing)
To increase your breadth of knowledge of your area
To put your work into perspective
• Other
To identify opposing views
To identify other people working in the same fields
25. • What do you already know in the area concerned?
• What are the existing theories?
• Are there any inconsistencies or other shortcomings?
• What views need to be (further) tested
• What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or
too limited
29. • SPECIFYING - Formulating the problem
• SEARCHING – Collecting the data from various sources
• COLLATING – Evaluating the results
• ANALYZING - Interpretation
• WRITING – presentation of results
This presentation demonstrates the new capabilities of PowerPoint and it is best viewed in Slide Show. These slides are designed to give you great ideas for the presentations you’ll create in PowerPoint 2010!
For more sample templates, click the File tab, and then on the New tab, click Sample Templates.
