SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 4
Download to read offline
i

                                                           CONTENTS



SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................1
   What are Natural Gas and Liquefied Natural Gas? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
   Why Do We Need LNG? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
   How LNG is Made and Delivered to Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
   Measuring LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
   A Brief History of LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
   The Current LNG Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

SECTION TWO: WORLD SUPPLY AND                                               DEMAND .............................13
   World Natural Gas Demand . . . . . . . .                                . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
   World Natural Gas Supply . . . . . . . . .                              . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
   Matching Supply and Demand . . . . . . .                                . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
               Supply and Demand in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
               Supply and Demand in North America                                 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
               Supply and Demand in Asia, the Pacific and the Middle East . . . . . . . . . .18
               Supply and Demand in South and Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
          Supply and Demand in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
       Summary of World Supply and Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

S E C T I O N T H R E E : L I Q U E FA C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5
      Liquefaction Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
               Removal of Impurities and Recovery of NGLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
               Liquefaction of the Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
               Storage and Pumping the LNG into Tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
            Ship Loading Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
       Liquefaction Plant Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
               Capital Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
            Variable Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
       Liquefaction Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
               Existing Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
           Proposed and Future Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
       Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32


                                                                                                                                                     v
CONTENTS




    SECTION FOUR: SHIPPING ......................................................35
       Ship Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
                   The Hull and Containment System                              . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
                   Vapor Capture and Cargo Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
                   Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
               Loading and Unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
           Ship Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
           Shipping Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
                   Capital Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
               Variable Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
           The LNG Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
                   The Existing Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
               Future Fleets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
           Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

    S E C T I O N F I V E : R E G A S I F I C AT I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9
          Regasification Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
                   Berthing and Unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
i                  Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
                   Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
                   Delivery into the Pipeline Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
               Offshore Regasification Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
           Onshore Regasification Plant Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
                   Capital Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
               Operating Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
           Regasification Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
                   Existing Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
                   Future Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
                   Future Storage Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
               Future Offshore Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
           Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

    S E C T I O N S I X : S A F E T Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N TA L C O N C E R N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3
          Safety Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
                   Physical Properties of LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
                   Specific Safety Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
                          Pool Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
                          Vapor Cloud Fires                 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
                          Rapid Phase Transition Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
                          Additional Hazards of Leaking or Spilled LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

    vi
U N D E R S TA N D I N G T O D AY ’ S G L O B A L L N G B U S I N E S S




              LNG and Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
              Risks Relative to Other Industries                    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
              The Historical Safety Record of LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
            Handling Safety and Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
       Environmental Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
       Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

S E C T I O N S E V E N : R E G U L AT I O N A N D P E R M I T T I N G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5
      Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
              Liquefaction Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
              Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
              Regasification Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
           Offshore Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
       Permitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

S E C T I O N E I G H T: M A R K E T D Y N A M I C S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7
      The LNG Value Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
      Market Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
      Contract Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
      Risk Management in the LNG Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
      Financing LNG Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
      The Current State of the LNG Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

SECTION NINE: THE FUTURE ..................................................105
   Technology Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
   Geopolitical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
   Market Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
              Will LNG Demand Continue to Grow? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
              Will Investment be Available to Construct the Necessary Infrastructure? . .109
              How Will the LNG Business Adapt to Short-term Markets? . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
              How Will Future Prices be Determined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
           Who Will Dominate the Future Marketplace? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
       Global Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY .......................................................115

APPENDIX B: LNG UNITS ......................................................125

APPENDIX C: ACRONYMS ......................................................127

A P P E N D I X D : W O R L D W I D E L I Q U E FA C T I O N T E R M I N A L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 1



                                                                                                                                         vii
CONTENTS




    A P P E N D I X E : W O R L D W I D E R E G A S I F I C AT I O N T E R M I N A L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7

    APPENDIX F: INDEX .............................................................143




i




    viii

More Related Content

Recently uploaded

Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
amitlee9823
 
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai KuwaitThe Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
daisycvs
 
Call Now ☎️🔝 9332606886🔝 Call Girls ❤ Service In Bhilwara Female Escorts Serv...
Call Now ☎️🔝 9332606886🔝 Call Girls ❤ Service In Bhilwara Female Escorts Serv...Call Now ☎️🔝 9332606886🔝 Call Girls ❤ Service In Bhilwara Female Escorts Serv...
Call Now ☎️🔝 9332606886🔝 Call Girls ❤ Service In Bhilwara Female Escorts Serv...
Anamikakaur10
 
Call Girls In Nangloi Rly Metro ꧂…….95996 … 13876 Enjoy ꧂Escort
Call Girls In Nangloi Rly Metro ꧂…….95996 … 13876 Enjoy ꧂EscortCall Girls In Nangloi Rly Metro ꧂…….95996 … 13876 Enjoy ꧂Escort
Call Girls In Nangloi Rly Metro ꧂…….95996 … 13876 Enjoy ꧂Escort
dlhescort
 
Call Girls From Pari Chowk Greater Noida ❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Service I...
Call Girls From Pari Chowk Greater Noida ❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Service I...Call Girls From Pari Chowk Greater Noida ❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Service I...
Call Girls From Pari Chowk Greater Noida ❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Service I...
lizamodels9
 
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
daisycvs
 
Nelamangala Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore...
Nelamangala Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore...Nelamangala Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore...
Nelamangala Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore...
amitlee9823
 
Call Girls In Noida 959961⊹3876 Independent Escort Service Noida
Call Girls In Noida 959961⊹3876 Independent Escort Service NoidaCall Girls In Noida 959961⊹3876 Independent Escort Service Noida
Call Girls In Noida 959961⊹3876 Independent Escort Service Noida
dlhescort
 
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Servi...
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Servi...Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Servi...
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Servi...
amitlee9823
 
Call Girls From Raj Nagar Extension Ghaziabad❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Servi...
Call Girls From Raj Nagar Extension Ghaziabad❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Servi...Call Girls From Raj Nagar Extension Ghaziabad❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Servi...
Call Girls From Raj Nagar Extension Ghaziabad❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Servi...
lizamodels9
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hebbal Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
 
BAGALUR CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL
BAGALUR CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRLBAGALUR CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL
BAGALUR CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL
 
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai KuwaitThe Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
 
Call Now ☎️🔝 9332606886🔝 Call Girls ❤ Service In Bhilwara Female Escorts Serv...
Call Now ☎️🔝 9332606886🔝 Call Girls ❤ Service In Bhilwara Female Escorts Serv...Call Now ☎️🔝 9332606886🔝 Call Girls ❤ Service In Bhilwara Female Escorts Serv...
Call Now ☎️🔝 9332606886🔝 Call Girls ❤ Service In Bhilwara Female Escorts Serv...
 
Business Model Canvas (BMC)- A new venture concept
Business Model Canvas (BMC)-  A new venture conceptBusiness Model Canvas (BMC)-  A new venture concept
Business Model Canvas (BMC)- A new venture concept
 
Call Girls In Nangloi Rly Metro ꧂…….95996 … 13876 Enjoy ꧂Escort
Call Girls In Nangloi Rly Metro ꧂…….95996 … 13876 Enjoy ꧂EscortCall Girls In Nangloi Rly Metro ꧂…….95996 … 13876 Enjoy ꧂Escort
Call Girls In Nangloi Rly Metro ꧂…….95996 … 13876 Enjoy ꧂Escort
 
PHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation Final
PHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation FinalPHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation Final
PHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation Final
 
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdfDr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
 
Call Girls Service In Old Town Dubai ((0551707352)) Old Town Dubai Call Girl ...
Call Girls Service In Old Town Dubai ((0551707352)) Old Town Dubai Call Girl ...Call Girls Service In Old Town Dubai ((0551707352)) Old Town Dubai Call Girl ...
Call Girls Service In Old Town Dubai ((0551707352)) Old Town Dubai Call Girl ...
 
Call Girls From Pari Chowk Greater Noida ❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Service I...
Call Girls From Pari Chowk Greater Noida ❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Service I...Call Girls From Pari Chowk Greater Noida ❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Service I...
Call Girls From Pari Chowk Greater Noida ❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Service I...
 
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
 
Falcon Invoice Discounting: Empowering Your Business Growth
Falcon Invoice Discounting: Empowering Your Business GrowthFalcon Invoice Discounting: Empowering Your Business Growth
Falcon Invoice Discounting: Empowering Your Business Growth
 
Uneak White's Personal Brand Exploration Presentation
Uneak White's Personal Brand Exploration PresentationUneak White's Personal Brand Exploration Presentation
Uneak White's Personal Brand Exploration Presentation
 
Whitefield CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL
Whitefield CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRLWhitefield CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL
Whitefield CALL GIRL IN 98274*61493 ❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL
 
Nelamangala Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore...
Nelamangala Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore...Nelamangala Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore...
Nelamangala Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore...
 
Call Girls In Noida 959961⊹3876 Independent Escort Service Noida
Call Girls In Noida 959961⊹3876 Independent Escort Service NoidaCall Girls In Noida 959961⊹3876 Independent Escort Service Noida
Call Girls In Noida 959961⊹3876 Independent Escort Service Noida
 
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Servi...
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Servi...Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Servi...
Call Girls Electronic City Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Servi...
 
👉Chandigarh Call Girls 👉9878799926👉Just Call👉Chandigarh Call Girl In Chandiga...
👉Chandigarh Call Girls 👉9878799926👉Just Call👉Chandigarh Call Girl In Chandiga...👉Chandigarh Call Girls 👉9878799926👉Just Call👉Chandigarh Call Girl In Chandiga...
👉Chandigarh Call Girls 👉9878799926👉Just Call👉Chandigarh Call Girl In Chandiga...
 
Call Girls From Raj Nagar Extension Ghaziabad❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Servi...
Call Girls From Raj Nagar Extension Ghaziabad❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Servi...Call Girls From Raj Nagar Extension Ghaziabad❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Servi...
Call Girls From Raj Nagar Extension Ghaziabad❤️8448577510 ⊹Best Escorts Servi...
 
Famous Olympic Siblings from the 21st Century
Famous Olympic Siblings from the 21st CenturyFamous Olympic Siblings from the 21st Century
Famous Olympic Siblings from the 21st Century
 

Featured

Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Kurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellGood Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Saba Software
 

Featured (20)

Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
 
ChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slidesChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slides
 
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike RoutesMore than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
 
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
 
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationBarbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
 
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellGood Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
 

Understanding Today's Global LNG Business: Table of Contents

  • 1. i CONTENTS SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................1 What are Natural Gas and Liquefied Natural Gas? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Why Do We Need LNG? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 How LNG is Made and Delivered to Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Measuring LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 A Brief History of LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 The Current LNG Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 SECTION TWO: WORLD SUPPLY AND DEMAND .............................13 World Natural Gas Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 World Natural Gas Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Matching Supply and Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Supply and Demand in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Supply and Demand in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Supply and Demand in Asia, the Pacific and the Middle East . . . . . . . . . .18 Supply and Demand in South and Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Supply and Demand in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Summary of World Supply and Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 S E C T I O N T H R E E : L I Q U E FA C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 Liquefaction Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Removal of Impurities and Recovery of NGLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Liquefaction of the Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Storage and Pumping the LNG into Tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Ship Loading Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Liquefaction Plant Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Capital Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Variable Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Liquefaction Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Existing Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Proposed and Future Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 v
  • 2. CONTENTS SECTION FOUR: SHIPPING ......................................................35 Ship Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 The Hull and Containment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Vapor Capture and Cargo Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Loading and Unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Ship Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Shipping Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Capital Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Variable Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 The LNG Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 The Existing Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Future Fleets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 S E C T I O N F I V E : R E G A S I F I C AT I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 Regasification Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Berthing and Unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 i Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Delivery into the Pipeline Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Offshore Regasification Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Onshore Regasification Plant Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Capital Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Operating Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Regasification Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Existing Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Future Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Future Storage Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Future Offshore Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 S E C T I O N S I X : S A F E T Y A N D E N V I R O N M E N TA L C O N C E R N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 Safety Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Physical Properties of LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Specific Safety Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Pool Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Vapor Cloud Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Rapid Phase Transition Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Additional Hazards of Leaking or Spilled LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 vi
  • 3. U N D E R S TA N D I N G T O D AY ’ S G L O B A L L N G B U S I N E S S LNG and Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Risks Relative to Other Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 The Historical Safety Record of LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Handling Safety and Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Environmental Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 S E C T I O N S E V E N : R E G U L AT I O N A N D P E R M I T T I N G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Liquefaction Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Regasification Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Offshore Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Permitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 S E C T I O N E I G H T: M A R K E T D Y N A M I C S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7 The LNG Value Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Market Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Contract Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Risk Management in the LNG Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Financing LNG Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 The Current State of the LNG Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 SECTION NINE: THE FUTURE ..................................................105 Technology Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Geopolitical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Market Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Will LNG Demand Continue to Grow? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Will Investment be Available to Construct the Necessary Infrastructure? . .109 How Will the LNG Business Adapt to Short-term Markets? . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 How Will Future Prices be Determined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Who Will Dominate the Future Marketplace? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Global Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY .......................................................115 APPENDIX B: LNG UNITS ......................................................125 APPENDIX C: ACRONYMS ......................................................127 A P P E N D I X D : W O R L D W I D E L I Q U E FA C T I O N T E R M I N A L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 1 vii
  • 4. CONTENTS A P P E N D I X E : W O R L D W I D E R E G A S I F I C AT I O N T E R M I N A L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7 APPENDIX F: INDEX .............................................................143 i viii