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Stage 1, farm. Trees, bushes, plants, and animals produce the raw materials that eventually end up on your plate. Stage 2, food processor. Food processors clean and sort the raw food products. The food is then either ready for shipping (in the case of whole foods like fruits, vegetables, and grains), or processed with heat, salt, or sugar, or combined with other ingredients to convert it into a packaged food. Stage 3, distributor. Once processed, foods are transported via truck, ship, or train from the plant to a retail outlet, where consumers can buy them. Stage 4, seller. While people buy food from several sources, including family farms, restaurants, farmers’ markets, and convenience stores, most food shopping takes place at the grocery store. Stage 5, consumer. You, the consumer, are the final step in the process.
The map’s scale is 1 unit equals 100 miles. Dots are shown to represent farms and each dot equals 200 farms. The majority of the dots are concentrated in the eastern half of the map ranging from Minnesota in the north to Texas in the south and from Kansas in the west to Rhode Island in the east. Some concentrations of dots are also seen along the west coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. The rest of the regions have a sparse distribution of the dots. The map scale for Alaska is 1 unit equals 200 miles. Only 5 dots are seen in Alaska. The total number of farms in the U S is 2,109,303.
Corn production is based in the northern central United States. Wheat production is based in the central and northern United States. Soybean production is based in the northern central United States.
Coffee, cocoa, and spaces, 100 percent. Fish and shellfish, 95 percent. Fresh fruits, 51 percent. Fruit juices, 49 percent. Wine, 30 percent. Sugar, 28 percent. Vegetable oils, 26 percent. Fresh vegetables, 22 percent. Processed vegetables, 20 percent.
Conserves, protects, and renews natural resources (soil, water, air, energy, biodiversity). Supports vibrant ecosystems. Promotes a low-carbon footprint. Mitigates climate change. Nutrition and health. Assures dietary diversity. Assures safety of food and water supplies. Assures optimal access to food and water in order to meet nutritional requirements. Social, cultural, and ethical capital. Promotes cultural diversity. Empowers social responsibility and community engagement. Advances ethical, humane, and fair treatment of individuals and animals. Economic vitality. Builds community wealth. Is economically viable and sustainable.
An inverted pyramid labeled food recovery hierarchy has six levels. The pyramid has a broad top that narrows down to a pointed tip at the bottom. The most to least preferred methods to prevent and manage food waste, from the top to bottom, are as follows. Level 1, Source Reduction: Reduce the volume of surplus food generated. Level 2, Feed Hungry People: Donate extra food to food banks, soup kitchens, and shelters. Level 3, Feed Animals: Divert food scraps to animal food. Level 4, Industrial Uses: Provide waste oils for rendering and fuel conversion and food scraps for digestion to recover energy. Level 5, Composting: Create a nutrient-rich soil amendment. Level 6, Landfill or Incineration: Last resort to disposal.
Traditional plant breeding involves crossing two plants of the same species to produce D N A with more desirable traits. The process is imprecise, however, and achieving the desired result could take years. Illustration: Donor D N A with the desired gene is crossed with recipient D N A to give a resultant D N A carrying the desired gene, a part of donor D N A labeled undesired new D N A, and recipient D N A. Ladder-like structures represent the donor, recipient, and the resultant D N A strands.
Today, genetic engineering allows scientists to precisely manipulate the DNA from plants and impart desirable qualities from one plant to its offspring much more quickly. Illustration: Desired gene sequence from the donor D N A is shown to be isolated and inserted into recipient D N A. The resultant D N A carries the desired D N A sequence within the recipient D N A sequence. Ladder-like structures represent the donor, recipient, and the resultant D N A strands.