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Sundarban as a Green
Infrastructure
(グリーンインフラとしての
シュンドルボン)
Prepared by
Arzu Durjoy
Masters 1st year
Social Infrastructure Design Course
Tokushima University
Sundarban Mangrove Forest (スンダルバンマングローブ林)
Bangladesh
India
• Total Area of Sundarban forest is about 10,000 square
kilometers of which about 60% lies in Bangladesh and rest
in India. (WWF India).(約 10,000 平方キロメートルのス
ンダルバン森林の総面積のうち、約 60% がバングラ
デシュにあり、残りがインドにある)
• Relatively new and formed by the tectonic movement and
sediment deposition. (比較的新しく、地殻変動と堆積物堆
積によって形成された)
There are some dispute about the source of the name
`Sundar` meaning beautiful and `ban` meaning forest. Most
widely accepted theory is that it came from the name of the
`Sundari` tree (Heritiera fomes).
(美しいという意味の「スンダル」と森という意味の「バン」
という名前の語源については、いくつかの論争があります。
最も広く受け入れられている理論は、それが「スンダリ」の
木 (Heritiera fomes) の名前から来たというものです。)
Zoom in Red Circle
Why Mangrove Forest is Different(マングローブ林が違う理由)
Coastal Forest. Develop in the intertidal region. That is the region which goes
under water during high tide and out of water during low tide.
海岸林。 潮間帯で発生します。 それは、満潮時に水没し、干潮時に水
から出る領域です
Adapted to grow in high saline water. Trees have the ability to excrete salt
from their body.
高塩水域での生育に適応。 木は体から塩分を排出する能力を持ってい
ます。
As intertidal regions the soil where mangrove trees grow are poor in oxygen.
Again, most of the area goes under water every day. So, the trees develop
Pneumatophores, which is vertical projected part of roots that comes out of
soil and water. These pneumatophores can directly breath in oxygen from air
and breath out carbon dioxide to the air.
These pneumatophores also help reducing soil erosion.
潮間帯として、マングローブの木が生育する土壌は酸素が不足してい
ます。 繰り返しになりますが、この地域のほとんどは毎日水没してい
ます。 そのため、木は土と水から出てくる根の部分が垂直に突き出た
「気胞」を発達させます。 これらの気胞体は、酸素を直接吸い込み、
空気から二酸化炭素を吐き出すことができます。
これらの気胞はまた、土壌浸食を減らすのにも役立ちます
Low Tide. 干潮 High Tide. 満潮
Source of image: www.vedantu.com
Pneumatophore.気胞
https://www.worldatlas.com/forests/mangrove-forest.html
Fauna of Sundarban(スンダルバンの動物相)
Sundarban has High Biodiversity and place to different animals (スンダルバンは生物多様性が高く、さまざ
まな動物が生息しています.)
Below are some Notable animals found in the forest (以下は森で見つかったいくつかの注目すべき動物です)
• Bengal Tiger/Royal Bengal Tiger
(Panthera tigris)
• Largest Carnivore(最大の肉食動物) of
Sundarban
• Critically endangered. (絶滅危惧)
• Only about 180 left in Sundarban
according to a report of ‘The
Gurdian’ in 2015. (スンダルバンには
約180人しか残っていません)
• Spotted Deer/Chittal Deer
(Axis axis)
• Identified by the white spots (白い斑
点) on their skin (肌に).
• Only males possess antlers (男性だけ
が枝角を持っています)
• Irrawaddy Dolphine/ Shushuk
(Orcaella brevirostris)
• Found in rivers and near the
coastline of seas(川や海の海岸線近くで
発見).
• Hence, susceptible to human
interferences like fishing nets, noise
of boats etc.(したがって、漁網、ボート
の騒音などの人間の干渉の影響を受けやす
い)
Flora of Sundarban(スンダルバンの植物相)
Helal Siddiqui listed 230 species of plants in 2009 but all are not Mangrove trees. Only 28 species of mangrove
plants are present there(Helal Siddiquiは2009年に230種の植物をリストアップしましたが、すべてがマングロー
ブの木ではありません。そこには28種のマングローブ植物しか存在しません.)
About 70% of trees in the forest is Sundari tree or Heritiera fomes.(森の中の木の約70%はスンダリの木または
Heritiera fomes)
Other Notable plants are Keura (Sonneratia apetala), Golpata (Nypa fruticans)Geua (Excoecaria agallocha) etc.(他
の注目すべき植物は、ケウラ(Sonneratia apetala)、ゴルパタ (Nypa fruticans) ゲウワ(Excoecaria agallocha)
などです。)
Sundari Tree or Heritiera fomes(スンダリ木またはHeritiera fomes)
• About 70% of the trees of Sundarban is Sundari Tree.
(スンダルバンの木の約70%はスンダリの木です)
• Unlike other Mangrove trees, it prefers very low
saline water which is 5-15 ppt. (他のマングローブ
の木とは異なり、5〜15pptの非常に低い塩水を
好みます。)
• As a timber producing tree, it is threatened for over-
harvesting. (木材生産の木として、それは過剰伐採の
恐れがあります。)
• Evergreen and medium sized tree, grow up to 25m. (常緑樹と中
型の木、25メートルまで成長します。)
• Starts to grow pneumatophores at the age of three. (3歳で気胞
を成長させ始めます。)
• In the Heritiera genus only H. fomes grow pneumatophores.
(Heritiera属では、H. fomeseだけが気胞を成長させます。)
• The trunk is an ashy grey, with growths of moss and vegetation
in between its cracks giving a greenish hue. (幹は灰灰色で、亀裂
の間に苔と植生の成長があり、緑がかった色合いになっていま
す。)
• Locally the tree is believed to have medicinal properties and
used in traditional herbal medicine. (地元では、この木は薬効が
あると信じられており、伝統的な漢方薬に使用されています。)
Kewra Tree or Sonneratia apetala (ケウラ木または Sonneratia
apetala)
• Native to Bangladesh, India, Myanmar. (バングラデ
シュ、インド、ミャンマー原産。)
• As a restoration and reforestation project of lost
Mangrove forests, it was introduced in Hainan island
of China in 1985.(失われたマングローブ林の再生・植林プ
ロジェクトとして、1985年に中国海南島で導入されました。)
• Flowers are important source of wild honey. (花は野生
の蜂蜜の重要な供給源です。)
• It is a first choice for planting along newly raised
coastal areas for its quick adaptability and growth.
(それはその適応性と成長のために新しく育てられた沿岸地域
に沿って植えるための最初の選択肢です。)
• Because of high adaptability and seed production it
is termed as an invasive plant in China in a study. (高
い適応性と種子生産のために、それは研究で中国の侵略的植
物と呼ばれています。)
• Medium sized tree, grow up to 25m. (中型の木、25mまで成長し
ます。)
• Fruits and leaves extracts are found to have antibacterial and
antidiabetic properties.(果物や葉の抽出物は、抗菌性と抗糖尿病
性を持っていることがわかっています。)
Golpata/Nipa palm/Nypa fruticans(ゴルパタ/ニパヤシ/ Nypa
fruticans)
• Native to Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, China,
Indonesia, Australia, some islands of Oceania
continent etc. Also native to some islands of
Okinawa. (バングラデシュ、インド、ミャンマー、中国、イ
ンドネシア、オーストラリア、オセアニア大陸の一部の島々
などに自生。沖縄の一部の島々にも自生。)
• Considered as only palm adapted to mangrove
condition. (マングローブの状態に適応した唯一のヤシと考
えられています。)
• Generally trunks grow beneath the earth surface and other
parts like leaves, flowers and fruits grow above. (通常、幹は地表
の下で成長し、葉、花、果物などの他の部分は上で成長します。)
Whitish, fleshy
and sweet part of
fruit can be eaten.
(果実の白っぽく、肉
厚で甘い部分が食べ
られます。)
Its leaves are used to thatch eco-
friendly local houses. (その葉は、
環境にやさしい地元の家屋の屋根葺き
材として使用されています。)
Juice-like sweet sap comes out
of thinly sliced pedancle. (薄く
スライスした花柄からジュースのよ
うな甘い樹液が出てきます)
Solidifying by
heating(加熱
固化)
Traditional Sugar-
like material.(伝統
的な砂糖のような素
材。)
Nipa Palm
Fermenting
(発酵中)
Alcohol and
Vinegar.(お酒とお
酢。)
Benefits of Sundarban (スンダルバンのメリット)
• Acts as a Buffer zone during Cyclones and storms.(サイクロ
ンや嵐の際に緩衝地帯として機能します。)
• Absorbs initial thrust of wind and resist storm flooding. (風
の初期推力を吸収し、嵐の洪水に抵抗します。)
• In a study after super cyclone Sidr found that, quantifiable
monetary loss per household of villages protected by
sundarban was 1025 USD, about half that of househods in
villages not protected by sundarban.(スーパー サイクロン
Sidr の後の調査では、sundarban によって保護された村の世帯
あたりの定量化可能な金銭的損失は 1025 米ドルであり、
sundarban によって保護されていない村の世帯の約半分である
ことがわかりました。)
• Pneumatophores and root systems of mangrove forest
protect against coastal erosion.(マングローブ林の気胞と根系
は、海岸侵食から保護します。)
• Mangrove trees have wide root
system, which allow them to store
more carbon. Studies found that,
mangrove forests can store four
times more carbon than other
forests. (マングローブの木は広い根系
を持っているため、より多くの炭素を
蓄えることができます. 調査によると、
マングローブ林は他の種類の森林より
も 4 倍の炭素を貯蔵できる。)
• Having high biodiversity, home to
different plants and animals. (生物多
様性が高く、さまざまな動植物が生息
しています。)
Disaster Related (災害関連) Environment
Related (環境関連)
Has huge contribution in local economy by
providing foods, medicine and building
materials and as a tourist spot. (食料、医薬品、
建材の供給、観光地として地域経済に大きく貢献。
)
Economy
Related (経
済関連)
References(参考文献)
1. Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Overview of Heritiera fomes: Future Prospects. Imran Mahmud et
al.
2. DISASTER IMPACT ON SUNDARBANS -A CASE STUDY ON SIDR AFFECTED AREA. Zakir Hossain Khan.
3. Bangladesh Sundarbans: Present Status of the Environment and Biota. Abdul Aziz et al.
4. Flora of the Sundarbans. Asm Helal Siddiqui.
5. Insight on Excoecaria agallocha: An Overview. Satyavani Kaliamuthi et al.
6. Sonneratia apetala Buch.Ham in the mangrove ecosystems of China: An invasive species or restoration
species? Hai Ren et al.
7. STATUS OF THE MAMMAL FAUNA IN SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE, WEST BENGAL – INDIA. Jayanta Kumar
Mallick.
8. The Promises and Potentials of Nypa fruticans Wurmb (nipa). Richard F. Clemente.
9. Biodiversity and its conservation in the Sundarban Mangrove Ecosystem. Brij Gopal et al.
10. Storm protection service of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh. Md. Ali Akber et al.
11. Sustainable Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) Product Utilization in Thailand. Onanong Cheablam et al.
12. Fractionation of phenolic compounds from Sonneratia apetala pneumatophores and their bioactivities.
Mai Nguyen et al.

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Sundarban as a Green Infrastructure

  • 1. Sundarban as a Green Infrastructure (グリーンインフラとしての シュンドルボン) Prepared by Arzu Durjoy Masters 1st year Social Infrastructure Design Course Tokushima University
  • 2. Sundarban Mangrove Forest (スンダルバンマングローブ林) Bangladesh India • Total Area of Sundarban forest is about 10,000 square kilometers of which about 60% lies in Bangladesh and rest in India. (WWF India).(約 10,000 平方キロメートルのス ンダルバン森林の総面積のうち、約 60% がバングラ デシュにあり、残りがインドにある) • Relatively new and formed by the tectonic movement and sediment deposition. (比較的新しく、地殻変動と堆積物堆 積によって形成された) There are some dispute about the source of the name `Sundar` meaning beautiful and `ban` meaning forest. Most widely accepted theory is that it came from the name of the `Sundari` tree (Heritiera fomes). (美しいという意味の「スンダル」と森という意味の「バン」 という名前の語源については、いくつかの論争があります。 最も広く受け入れられている理論は、それが「スンダリ」の 木 (Heritiera fomes) の名前から来たというものです。) Zoom in Red Circle
  • 3. Why Mangrove Forest is Different(マングローブ林が違う理由) Coastal Forest. Develop in the intertidal region. That is the region which goes under water during high tide and out of water during low tide. 海岸林。 潮間帯で発生します。 それは、満潮時に水没し、干潮時に水 から出る領域です Adapted to grow in high saline water. Trees have the ability to excrete salt from their body. 高塩水域での生育に適応。 木は体から塩分を排出する能力を持ってい ます。 As intertidal regions the soil where mangrove trees grow are poor in oxygen. Again, most of the area goes under water every day. So, the trees develop Pneumatophores, which is vertical projected part of roots that comes out of soil and water. These pneumatophores can directly breath in oxygen from air and breath out carbon dioxide to the air. These pneumatophores also help reducing soil erosion. 潮間帯として、マングローブの木が生育する土壌は酸素が不足してい ます。 繰り返しになりますが、この地域のほとんどは毎日水没してい ます。 そのため、木は土と水から出てくる根の部分が垂直に突き出た 「気胞」を発達させます。 これらの気胞体は、酸素を直接吸い込み、 空気から二酸化炭素を吐き出すことができます。 これらの気胞はまた、土壌浸食を減らすのにも役立ちます Low Tide. 干潮 High Tide. 満潮 Source of image: www.vedantu.com Pneumatophore.気胞 https://www.worldatlas.com/forests/mangrove-forest.html
  • 4. Fauna of Sundarban(スンダルバンの動物相) Sundarban has High Biodiversity and place to different animals (スンダルバンは生物多様性が高く、さまざ まな動物が生息しています.) Below are some Notable animals found in the forest (以下は森で見つかったいくつかの注目すべき動物です) • Bengal Tiger/Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris) • Largest Carnivore(最大の肉食動物) of Sundarban • Critically endangered. (絶滅危惧) • Only about 180 left in Sundarban according to a report of ‘The Gurdian’ in 2015. (スンダルバンには 約180人しか残っていません) • Spotted Deer/Chittal Deer (Axis axis) • Identified by the white spots (白い斑 点) on their skin (肌に). • Only males possess antlers (男性だけ が枝角を持っています) • Irrawaddy Dolphine/ Shushuk (Orcaella brevirostris) • Found in rivers and near the coastline of seas(川や海の海岸線近くで 発見). • Hence, susceptible to human interferences like fishing nets, noise of boats etc.(したがって、漁網、ボート の騒音などの人間の干渉の影響を受けやす い)
  • 5. Flora of Sundarban(スンダルバンの植物相) Helal Siddiqui listed 230 species of plants in 2009 but all are not Mangrove trees. Only 28 species of mangrove plants are present there(Helal Siddiquiは2009年に230種の植物をリストアップしましたが、すべてがマングロー ブの木ではありません。そこには28種のマングローブ植物しか存在しません.) About 70% of trees in the forest is Sundari tree or Heritiera fomes.(森の中の木の約70%はスンダリの木または Heritiera fomes) Other Notable plants are Keura (Sonneratia apetala), Golpata (Nypa fruticans)Geua (Excoecaria agallocha) etc.(他 の注目すべき植物は、ケウラ(Sonneratia apetala)、ゴルパタ (Nypa fruticans) ゲウワ(Excoecaria agallocha) などです。)
  • 6. Sundari Tree or Heritiera fomes(スンダリ木またはHeritiera fomes) • About 70% of the trees of Sundarban is Sundari Tree. (スンダルバンの木の約70%はスンダリの木です) • Unlike other Mangrove trees, it prefers very low saline water which is 5-15 ppt. (他のマングローブ の木とは異なり、5〜15pptの非常に低い塩水を 好みます。) • As a timber producing tree, it is threatened for over- harvesting. (木材生産の木として、それは過剰伐採の 恐れがあります。) • Evergreen and medium sized tree, grow up to 25m. (常緑樹と中 型の木、25メートルまで成長します。) • Starts to grow pneumatophores at the age of three. (3歳で気胞 を成長させ始めます。) • In the Heritiera genus only H. fomes grow pneumatophores. (Heritiera属では、H. fomeseだけが気胞を成長させます。) • The trunk is an ashy grey, with growths of moss and vegetation in between its cracks giving a greenish hue. (幹は灰灰色で、亀裂 の間に苔と植生の成長があり、緑がかった色合いになっていま す。) • Locally the tree is believed to have medicinal properties and used in traditional herbal medicine. (地元では、この木は薬効が あると信じられており、伝統的な漢方薬に使用されています。)
  • 7. Kewra Tree or Sonneratia apetala (ケウラ木または Sonneratia apetala) • Native to Bangladesh, India, Myanmar. (バングラデ シュ、インド、ミャンマー原産。) • As a restoration and reforestation project of lost Mangrove forests, it was introduced in Hainan island of China in 1985.(失われたマングローブ林の再生・植林プ ロジェクトとして、1985年に中国海南島で導入されました。) • Flowers are important source of wild honey. (花は野生 の蜂蜜の重要な供給源です。) • It is a first choice for planting along newly raised coastal areas for its quick adaptability and growth. (それはその適応性と成長のために新しく育てられた沿岸地域 に沿って植えるための最初の選択肢です。) • Because of high adaptability and seed production it is termed as an invasive plant in China in a study. (高 い適応性と種子生産のために、それは研究で中国の侵略的植 物と呼ばれています。) • Medium sized tree, grow up to 25m. (中型の木、25mまで成長し ます。) • Fruits and leaves extracts are found to have antibacterial and antidiabetic properties.(果物や葉の抽出物は、抗菌性と抗糖尿病 性を持っていることがわかっています。)
  • 8. Golpata/Nipa palm/Nypa fruticans(ゴルパタ/ニパヤシ/ Nypa fruticans) • Native to Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, China, Indonesia, Australia, some islands of Oceania continent etc. Also native to some islands of Okinawa. (バングラデシュ、インド、ミャンマー、中国、イ ンドネシア、オーストラリア、オセアニア大陸の一部の島々 などに自生。沖縄の一部の島々にも自生。) • Considered as only palm adapted to mangrove condition. (マングローブの状態に適応した唯一のヤシと考 えられています。) • Generally trunks grow beneath the earth surface and other parts like leaves, flowers and fruits grow above. (通常、幹は地表 の下で成長し、葉、花、果物などの他の部分は上で成長します。) Whitish, fleshy and sweet part of fruit can be eaten. (果実の白っぽく、肉 厚で甘い部分が食べ られます。) Its leaves are used to thatch eco- friendly local houses. (その葉は、 環境にやさしい地元の家屋の屋根葺き 材として使用されています。) Juice-like sweet sap comes out of thinly sliced pedancle. (薄く スライスした花柄からジュースのよ うな甘い樹液が出てきます) Solidifying by heating(加熱 固化) Traditional Sugar- like material.(伝統 的な砂糖のような素 材。) Nipa Palm Fermenting (発酵中) Alcohol and Vinegar.(お酒とお 酢。)
  • 9. Benefits of Sundarban (スンダルバンのメリット) • Acts as a Buffer zone during Cyclones and storms.(サイクロ ンや嵐の際に緩衝地帯として機能します。) • Absorbs initial thrust of wind and resist storm flooding. (風 の初期推力を吸収し、嵐の洪水に抵抗します。) • In a study after super cyclone Sidr found that, quantifiable monetary loss per household of villages protected by sundarban was 1025 USD, about half that of househods in villages not protected by sundarban.(スーパー サイクロン Sidr の後の調査では、sundarban によって保護された村の世帯 あたりの定量化可能な金銭的損失は 1025 米ドルであり、 sundarban によって保護されていない村の世帯の約半分である ことがわかりました。) • Pneumatophores and root systems of mangrove forest protect against coastal erosion.(マングローブ林の気胞と根系 は、海岸侵食から保護します。) • Mangrove trees have wide root system, which allow them to store more carbon. Studies found that, mangrove forests can store four times more carbon than other forests. (マングローブの木は広い根系 を持っているため、より多くの炭素を 蓄えることができます. 調査によると、 マングローブ林は他の種類の森林より も 4 倍の炭素を貯蔵できる。) • Having high biodiversity, home to different plants and animals. (生物多 様性が高く、さまざまな動植物が生息 しています。) Disaster Related (災害関連) Environment Related (環境関連) Has huge contribution in local economy by providing foods, medicine and building materials and as a tourist spot. (食料、医薬品、 建材の供給、観光地として地域経済に大きく貢献。 ) Economy Related (経 済関連)
  • 10. References(参考文献) 1. Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Overview of Heritiera fomes: Future Prospects. Imran Mahmud et al. 2. DISASTER IMPACT ON SUNDARBANS -A CASE STUDY ON SIDR AFFECTED AREA. Zakir Hossain Khan. 3. Bangladesh Sundarbans: Present Status of the Environment and Biota. Abdul Aziz et al. 4. Flora of the Sundarbans. Asm Helal Siddiqui. 5. Insight on Excoecaria agallocha: An Overview. Satyavani Kaliamuthi et al. 6. Sonneratia apetala Buch.Ham in the mangrove ecosystems of China: An invasive species or restoration species? Hai Ren et al. 7. STATUS OF THE MAMMAL FAUNA IN SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE, WEST BENGAL – INDIA. Jayanta Kumar Mallick. 8. The Promises and Potentials of Nypa fruticans Wurmb (nipa). Richard F. Clemente. 9. Biodiversity and its conservation in the Sundarban Mangrove Ecosystem. Brij Gopal et al. 10. Storm protection service of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh. Md. Ali Akber et al. 11. Sustainable Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) Product Utilization in Thailand. Onanong Cheablam et al. 12. Fractionation of phenolic compounds from Sonneratia apetala pneumatophores and their bioactivities. Mai Nguyen et al.