This document discusses apomixis, which is the natural ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds. It describes the differences between sexual and apomictic reproduction in plants. It also outlines different types and methods of identifying apomixis, as well as the potential benefits it could provide, such as rapid hybrid variety development and economic hybrid seed production. The document then discusses current research on apomixis and related patents, and how introducing apomixis into crop plants could both accelerate hybrid variety development and benefit farmers globally.
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
Apomixis
1. APOMIXISAPOMIXIS
Dr. Vikrant Singh (Ph.D Genetics and Plant Breeding)Dr. Vikrant Singh (Ph.D Genetics and Plant Breeding)
I.D. No. 39352I.D. No. 39352
2. What is Apomixis?What is Apomixis?
Apomixis is the naturally occurring ability ofApomixis is the naturally occurring ability of
some plant species to reproduce asexuallysome plant species to reproduce asexually
through seeds.through seeds.
3. SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION
APOMICTICREPRODUCTIONAPOMICTICREPRODUCTION
UNREDUCED SOMATIC CELLUNREDUCED SOMATIC CELL
REDUCTIONAL DIVISIONREDUCTIONAL DIVISION NO REDUCTIONNO REDUCTION
REDUCED EGGREDUCED EGG UNREDUCED EGGUNREDUCED EGG
REDUCED CENTRAL CELLREDUCED CENTRAL CELL UNREDUCED CENTRAL CELLUNREDUCED CENTRAL CELL
DOUBLE FERTILISATIONDOUBLE FERTILISATION PARTHENOGENESISPARTHENOGENESIS
FERTILIZATIONFERTILIZATION
AUTONOMOUSAUTONOMOUS
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
SEXUAL EMBRYOSEXUAL EMBRYO APOMICTIC EMBRYOAPOMICTIC EMBRYO
4. TYPE OF APOMIXISTYPE OF APOMIXIS
GametophyticGametophytic
Sporophytic / Adventitious EmbryonySporophytic / Adventitious Embryony
5. METHODS OFMETHODS OF
IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION
Phenotypic IdentificationPhenotypic Identification
Cytoembryological detectionCytoembryological detection
Microbiological MethodMicrobiological Method
Molecular and Conventional MarkersMolecular and Conventional Markers
6. THE POTENTIAL BENEFITSTHE POTENTIAL BENEFITS
OF APOMIXISOF APOMIXIS
Rapid development of new hybridRapid development of new hybrid
varietiesvarieties
Economic hybrid seed productionEconomic hybrid seed production
Propagation of hybrid seedPropagation of hybrid seed
Resistance against pathogenResistance against pathogen
Handling of propagation materialHandling of propagation material
Increased reproduction efficiencyIncreased reproduction efficiency
7. INTRODUCTION OFINTRODUCTION OF
APOMIXIS INTO CROPAPOMIXIS INTO CROP
PLANTPLANT
Introgression : wide hybridizationIntrogression : wide hybridization
between a crop species & an apomicticbetween a crop species & an apomictic
relative, followed by a backcrossingrelative, followed by a backcrossing
programmeprogramme
Synthesis : crossing plant with mutationsSynthesis : crossing plant with mutations
in key processesin key processes
8. Current research onCurrent research on
apomixisapomixis
Apomixis species/Apomixis species/
approachapproach
OrganizationOrganization LocationLocation
Evolution of apomictsEvolution of apomicts
Utah State UniversityUtah State University Logan, UT, USALogan, UT, USA
History of apomixisHistory of apomixis
Jagellonian UniversityJagellonian University Krakov, PolandKrakov, Poland
Molecular tool forMolecular tool for
apomixisapomixis
CAMBIACAMBIA Canberra, AustraliaCanberra, Australia
Somatic embryogenesisSomatic embryogenesis
WageningenWageningen
Agriculture UniversityAgriculture University
Wageningen, theWageningen, the
HollandHolland
WheatWheat
Institute of PlantInstitute of Plant
GeneticsGenetics
Gatersleben,Gatersleben,
GermanyGermany
RiceRice
Academia SinicaAcademia Sinica Bejing, ChinaBejing, China
9. Possible impact of apomixisPossible impact of apomixis
on agricultural biodiversityon agricultural biodiversity
results in the formation of large clonalresults in the formation of large clonal
populations, it represents a form ofpopulations, it represents a form of
monoculturemonoculture
facilitates the incorporation of severalfacilitates the incorporation of several
resistance genes in a new variety,resistance genes in a new variety,
reducing the possibility of future collapsereducing the possibility of future collapse
encourage the wider use of ‘synthetic’encourage the wider use of ‘synthetic’
10. Patents related to ApomixisPatents related to Apomixis
PublicationPublication
numbernumber
TitleTitle Applicant(s)Applicant(s)
WO9743427(13 MayWO9743427(13 May
1996)1996)
Production ofProduction of
apomictic seedapomictic seed
NovartisNovartis
US5710367(22Sept.US5710367(22Sept.
1995)1995)
Apomictic maizeApomictic maize USDAUSDA
US5811636(22Sept.US5811636(22Sept.
1995)1995)
WO9710704(23Sept.WO9710704(23Sept.
1996)1996)
Apomixis forApomixis for
producing true-producing true-
breeding plantbreeding plant
progeniesprogenies
USDAUSDA
WO8900810(9Feb19WO8900810(9Feb19
89) EP329736,89) EP329736,
AU629796,AU629796,
Asexual induction ofAsexual induction of
heritable male sterilityheritable male sterility
& apomixis in plants& apomixis in plants
Maxell Hybrids Inc.Maxell Hybrids Inc.
11. Patents related to ApomixisPatents related to Apomixis
PublicationPublication
numbernumber
TitleTitle Applicant(s)Applicant(s)
WO9836090(17 Feb.WO9836090(17 Feb.
1989)1989)
Means for identifyingMeans for identifying
nucleotide seq.nucleotide seq.
involved in apomixisinvolved in apomixis
CIMMTY-ABCCIMMTY-ABC
WO 9833374(5 Feb.WO 9833374(5 Feb.
1998)1998)
Methods forMethods for
producing apomicticproducing apomictic
plantplant
Utah State UniversityUtah State University
CN1124564(19JuneCN1124564(19June
1996)1996)
Hybrid vigor fixingHybrid vigor fixing
breeding process forbreeding process for
rice apomixisrice apomixis
Chen JiansenChen Jiansen
WO9828431(24 Dec.WO9828431(24 Dec.
1997)1997)
TranscriptionalTranscriptional
regulation in plantregulation in plant
John Innes CentreJohn Innes Centre
Innovations Ltd.Innovations Ltd.
12. DISTRIBUTING THEDISTRIBUTING THE
BENEFITS OF APOMIXISBENEFITS OF APOMIXIS
Accelerate the rate of hybrid varietyAccelerate the rate of hybrid variety
Stimulate ‘boutique breeding’ towards specificStimulate ‘boutique breeding’ towards specific
uses, production region & framing practicesuses, production region & framing practices
provide advantage to both large & smallprovide advantage to both large & small
producers of the developed & developing worldproducers of the developed & developing world
Advantage to resource poor farmers inAdvantage to resource poor farmers in
developing nationdeveloping nation
Encourage local hybrid breeding programmesEncourage local hybrid breeding programmes