1.
By
Dr. Shaloo Saini
Assistant Professor, MKCE
(CT Group of Institutions, Jalandhar, Punjab)

2.
Experimental
Designs
Pre-
Experimental
True-
Experimental
Quasi-
Experimental
Statistical
Designs

3.
These Research Designs follow the procedure of
Experimental designs but do not include a control
group. Here no comparison is made with a non
treatment group. The Pre Experimental Research
Design can be categorised as:
One Shot Case Study
One Group Pre Test Post Test study
Static Group Design

4.
 This design is also called After Only Design.
In this design there is a single group which is
exposed to the treatment and the effect of
treatment on the dependent variable is
measured.
 This design is least reliable because it lacks
random assignment, control groups and
multiple observations.

5.
 This design is better than one shot case study
case method because it includes a pre-test score.
 In this design the Dependent Variable is
measured before giving any experimental
treatment, then the experimental treatment is
given to the subjects, thereafter the Dependent
Variable is again measured.
 The effect of experimental treatment is measured
by subtracting the pre-treatment scores from the
post treatment scores.
 The significant difference in the pre-test and
post test scores determine the effectiveness of
experimental treatment.

6.
 This design is better than the previous two
designs because it overcomes the drawback of
absence of control group.
 In this design, two groups are chosen. One is
experimental group that receives the treatment.
Another is control group which does not receive
the treatment.
 This design is also called ‘After Only with Control
Design’ because it measures the scores of the
two groups after the treatment only.
 The drawback of this method is that the is no
pre-testing and the effect of extraneous
variables also persists.

7.
True Experimental Research Design follows the
Principle of Randomization and hence they
are superior to other types of Experimental
Research Designs. The True Experimental
Research Design can be categorised as:
Pre-Test -Post-Test with Control
Post-Test only with Control
Solomon Four Group Design

8.
 This Experimental Research Design measure the effect of a
variable on the carefully controlled sample.
 The test units are randomly assigned to the experimental
group and the control group.
 The Pre test scores of test units on the Dependent Variable
are recorded for both the groups. Then the test units are
exposed to the Treatment and thereafter the test scores
on the Dependent Variable are again recorded.
 The Treatment effect has been significant or not can be
determined by subtracting the change in Dependent
variable scores in the control area from the change in
Dependent Variable scores in the experimental area.
 The provision of control group and randomization makes
this design reliable.

9.
 In this Experimental Research Design only the post
treatment scores are recorded and considered to measure
the effect of Treatment given.
 The provision of control group and randomization makes
this design reliable.
 Each group is randomly chosen and the treatment is
administered to experimental group. Thereafter post
treatment scores are recorded to determine the significant
difference between the Experimental Group and Control
Group.
 This design is easy to administer, economical and simple
but it lacks pre test measure. Therefore it is difficult to
determine weather the difference in the scores is due to
effectiveness of the treatment or it is inherited difference
which existed even before the treatment was introduced.

10.
 This design is the extension of Pre Test Post
Test control group design.
 This design requires four groups. These
groups have four different experiences:
1. Pre Test-Treatment-Post Test
2. Pre Test- No Treatment-Post Test
3. Treatment-Post Test
4. No Treatment-Post Test
 The effectiveness of the treatment can be
evaluated by statistical comparisons between
group 1 and 2 and between group 3 and 4

11.
Quasi Experimental designs are quicker to use
and less expensive, but suffer from
drawbacks that they do not involve
randomization. Therefore this design lacks in
experimental control. The Quasi Experimental
Research Designs can be categorised as:
Time Series Design
Multiple Time Series Design

12.
 In this experimental design the pre testing
and post testing of subjects is done at
different intervals of time.
 This design determines the long term effect
of treatment therefore measurement is done
over a period of time.
 For example the effect of advertisements on
the consumer’s buying behaviour can be
recorded at repeatedly for a period of time.

13.
 The basic difference between time series
design and multiple time series design is that
along with experimental group a control
group is also introduced.
 In this experimental design the pre testing
and post testing of subjects in experimental
group and control group is done at different
intervals of time.

14.
Statistical Research Designs helps to measure and
eliminate the effect of Extraneous Variables. In
statistical Designs a ‘Blocking Factor’ is introduced.
It is the Extraneous Variable which the researcher is
able to isolate and eliminate in the effect. The
Statistical Research Designs can be categorised as:
Completely Randomised
Randomised Block Design
Latin Square Design
Factorial Design

15.
 This experimental research design is based
on Principles of Replications and Principles of
Randomization.
 It is applied when the Dependent Variable is
influenced by a single Independent Variable.
 This design can be represented using two
designs:
A. Two Group Simple Randomized Design
B. Random Replication Design

16.
 In this design two groups are formed
experimental group and control group. The test
units are randomly allotted to both the groups.
 These two groups are subjected to different
treatments of the Independent Variable.
 For example to test the effectiveness of some
new teaching method. Students can be randomly
allotted to control group and experimental
group. The experimental group will be taught
with new teaching method and control group will
be taught with traditional method.

17.
 In this design the test units are randomly
assigned to the experimental group and the
control group and the treatment is repeated
many times moreover the person who are
giving the treatment are also randomly
selected.
 This design not only controls the differential
effect of extraneous variables but also
randomizes the individual differences among
the people who conduct the study

18.
 In this design the principal of Local control is applied using the
blocks.
 The subjects are homogeneous within each block with respect to
selected variable.
 This variable is often the extraneous variable which influence the
dependent variable even though it does not explicitly form a part
of the study.
 For Example to study the effect of rise in fair(IV) on the
passenger traffic (DV), The residential Areas may act as
Extraneous Variable that may influence the passenger traffic.
This can be controlled by developing blocks of residential areas
like Urban Area, Rural Area, Suburban Areas. The Busses
operating within each block are randomly assigned to the
treatment.
 This design can be used to study the effect of fair rise on
passenger traffic and the interaction between Residential area
and fair rise by applying ANOVA.

19.
 Latin Square Design can be used to control two Extraneous
variables.
 Taking again the example of rise in fair and passenger
traffic. Two extraneous Variable Residential areas and
Type of Bus can be controlled by Latin Square.
 The rows contains Types of buses- Luxary, Delux and
Regular. The column contains the types of residential area
blocks- Urban, Rural, Suburban.
 The column reveals the effect of residential areas on the
passenger traffic and the rows reveal the effect of type of
bus on the passenger traffic.
 After the experiment is carried out and the net increase in
passengers under each treatment calculated the average
effect of treatment can also be worked out.

20.
 Factorial Designs are used where the effect of
more than one Independent Variable on the
Dependent Variable is to be measured.
 Unlike any other statistical designs, the Factorial
Designs helps to study the interaction between
the variables.
 Factorial Designs are of Two Types:
1. Simple Factorial Design: A simple factorial design studies
the effect of two factors on the Dependent Variable.
2. Complex Factorial Design: Complex Factorial Designs are
used when more than two factors are to be studied
simultaneously on the Dependent Variable.

21.
There are four Types of Experimental Research Designs which are,
1. Pre Experimental: These Research Designs follow the
procedure of experimental designs but do not include a
control group. Here no comparison is made with a non
treatment group.
2.True Experimental: These Research Design follows the Principle
of Randomization and hence they are superior to other types of
Experimental Research Designs.
3. Quasi Experimental: These Research Designs are quicker to use
and less expensive, but suffer from drawbacks that they do not
involve randomization. Therefore this design lacks in
experimental control.
4. Statistical Research Designs: These Research Designs helps to
measure and eliminate the effect of Extraneous Variables. In
statistical Designs a ‘Blocking Factor’ is introduced. It is the
Extraneous Variable which the researcher is able to isolate
and eliminate in the effect.

22.
Bajpai N. (2015). Research design formulations.
In Business research methods (pp. 49). Nodia:
Pearson Education.
Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., & Sharma, J. K. (2012).
Measurement scales. In Business Research
Methods (8th ed., pp. 341). New Delhi: Mc. Graw
Hill Education (India).
Gupta S.K. & Rangi P.(2017). Research Designs In
Research Methodology (4th ed., pp3.5).Punjab:
Kalyani Publishers(India).
Kothari C. R. & Garg G.(2019). Research Designs. In
Research Methodology Methods and Techniques( 4th
ed., pp.29-38) New Delhi: New Age International
Publishers(India).

23.
This Power Point Presentation has been made while
referring to the research books written by
eminent, renowned and expert authors as
mentioned in the references section. The purpose
of this Presentation is to help the research
students in developing an insight about the
Experimental Research Design(Part- II). I hope
the students will find this presentation useful for
them.
All the Best
Dr. Shaloo Saini