Blood Different colors of Blood Basic components of Blood Functions of Blood Blood Disorders

2. What is Hematology?
the branch of medicine involving study and treatment of the blood.
study of blood in health and disease
problems with the red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
blood vessels
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen
the proteins involved in bleeding and clotting

3. Color of blood

4. Blood
Specialized body fluid.
pH 7.35-7.45
Slightly basic
average density around 1060 kg/m3
very close to pure water's density of 1000 kg/m3
PO2 80-100 mmHg
PCO2 35-45 mmHg
Oxygen saturation Oxygenated 98-99% (Bright Red)
 Deoxygenated 75% (Dark red)

5. Blood constitutes approximately 8 percent of adult body weight. Adult males
typically average about 5 to 6 liters of blood. Females average 4–5 liters.
Blood is viscous and somewhat sticky to the touch. It has a viscosity
approximately five times greater than water. Viscosity is a measure of a
fluid’s thickness or resistance to flow, and is influenced by the presence of the
plasma proteins and formed elements within the blood.
The normal temperature of blood is slightly higher than normal body
temperature—about 38 °C (or 100.4 °F), compared to 37 °C (or 98.6 °F) for an
internal body temperature reading, although daily variations of 0.5 °C are
normal.

6. Components of Blood
four main components
Plasma- 55%
red blood cells-40-45%
white blood cells –less than 1%
Platelets- less than 1 %

7. Blood centrifuged
We may have three types
1. normal
If plasma is 45-63%
RBC are 45%
2. polycythemia
If plasma is less than normal and RBC are
high
3. anemia
RBC is less than 45%

8. Plasma
45-63% normal
The liquid component of blood is called plasma
a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts.
The main job of the plasma is to transport blood cells
throughout your body along with nutrients, waste
products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical
messengers such as hormones, and proteins
help maintain the body's fluid balance.

9. 0.9% Inorganic Salts
◦ Sodium 135-146 mM
◦ Potassium 3.5-5.2 mM
◦ Calcium 2.1-2.7 mM
◦ Carbonate 23-31 mM
◦ Phosphate 0.7-1.4 mM
1.1% organic substances

10. Red Blood Cells
Known as erythrocytes or RBC
bright red color
40 to 45 percent of its volume.
Looks like biconcave disk with a flattened center
Donut’s shape
Without nucleus
Flexible
Can change shape easily
Can pass through very small veins
As they pass through small veins their outer membrane layer damaged
Life 100-120 days only
Typically 4-8 x 106 cells per µl
Composed approx 90% hemoglobin

11. Production of RBC
Production of red blood cells is controlled by
erythropoietin
RBC blood cells start as immature cells in the
bone marrow
after approximately seven days of maturation
are released into the bloodstream.
After death stored in liver and then sent to
spleen from there removed from body

12. Function of RBC
Red cells contain a special protein called hemoglobin
Which is iron complex
which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest
of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the
body to the lungs so it can be exhaled.
Blood appears red because of the large number of
red blood cells, which get their color from the
hemoglobin.

13. White Blood Cells
Leukocytes
Less than 1 percent of total blood
protect the body from infection.
Two main types
Neutrophil (56%) -maintain protection against infection
Lymphocyte (25%)- divided into two types
T lymphocytes- regulate the function of other immune
cells and directly attack various infected cells and
tumors.
B lymphocytes make antibodies, which are proteins
that specifically target bacteria, viruses, and other
foreign materials.

14. Other types of WBC are
Basophils 3% of total WBC
Eosinophils 4% of total WBC
Blood Composition on the Cellular Level
For every 600 red blood cells, there are approximately 40 platelets and one white cell.

15. Platelets
Thrombocytes
platelets are not actually cells but rather small fragments of cells.
help the blood clotting process (or coagulation)
Making a fibrin clot
Fibrin is water non-soluble protein
A higher than normal number of platelets can cause unnecessary
clotting, which can lead to strokes and heart attacks
Typically 150,000-350,000 per µl
Platelets circulate for an average of 9-10 days before removal by the
spleen.

16. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A test gives your doctor important information about the types and numbers of
cells in your blood
especially the red blood cells
their percentage
protein content (hemoglobin)
white blood cells
platelets.
diagnose conditions like anemia
Infection
 other disorders.

17. Where Do Blood Cells Come From?
Blood cells develop from
hematopoietic stem cells and are
formed in the bone marrow
through the highly regulated
process of hematopoiesis.
Hematopoietic stem cells are
capable of transforming into red
blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets. These stem cells can be
found circulating in the blood and
bone marrow in people of all ages,
as well as in the umbilical cords of
newborn babies.

18. Functions of Blood
Blood Provides the Body's Cells with Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide
Blood absorbs oxygen from air
transports oxygen to cells throughout the body
removes waste carbon dioxide from the cells
carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the air and is exhaled.

19. Functions of Blood
Blood Transports Nutrients and Hormones
Blood plays vital role in digestion and
endocrine system functions.
Digested nutrients are absorbed into the
bloodstream through capillaries in the villi
that line the small intestine.
These nutrients include glucose, amino
acids, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and
fatty acids.

20. Functions of Blood
Regulates Body Temperature
Blood absorbs and distributes heat throughout
the body.
It helps to maintain homeostasis (process to
prevent and stop bleeding, meaning to keep
blood within a damaged blood vessel.)
Blood vessels expand and contract when they
react to outside organisms, such as bacteria, and
to internal hormone and chemical changes.

21. Functions of Blood
Platelets and plasma protein Clot Blood at Sites
of Injury
When a blood vessel tears, platelets and plasma
proteins work together to stop blood loss.
Making fibrins, water non-soluble protein which
covers the injury like a thin membrane

22. Functions of Blood
Blood Brings Waste Products to the Kidneys and
Liver
Blood transports waste substances to the organs
Blood flows into the kidneys
kidneys filter substances such as urea, uric acid,
and creatinine to the blood plasma
Liver removes toxins from blood

23. Functions of Blood
White Blood Cells Protect the Body from
Pathogens
WBC are disease-fighting components
They multiply during infection or inflammation.
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,
lymphocytes, and monocytes.

24. Disorders
Disorder in blood can be dangerous
Main disorders are
1. Anemia:- shortage of RBC or change shape
the cells do not transport oxygen effectively
Symptoms- pale skin and fatigue
2. Blood clots:- some clot produced blockage of blood
vessels
Results Heart attack
3. Blood cancers:- mutated blood cells multiply more than
the normal
Cause- Leukemia, lymphoma

25. 4. Sulf-hemoglobin-anemia
Green color blood (green derivative of hemoglobin which can not be converted back
5. Polycythimia
Excess of RBC than normal 45%
Oxidation of cells, aging etc
6. Kawasaki disease
is an illness that causes inflammation (swelling and redness) in blood vessels throughout the
body

26. 7. Iron overload disease
Body absorb and store more iron. Our body do not have a mechanism to get rid of extra iron.
Organs damaged
8. Lecocytosis
Our body make more white blood cells during infection and after infection white blood count
returns to normal. Some times white blood count not returned to original value.
Immune system weaken and weaken

27. 9. Covid-19
Coronavirus attach 1-beta chain of hemoglobin dissociating iron to
form porphyrin
The attack will cause less and less hemoglobin that can carry oxygen
and carbon dioxide, producing symptoms of respiratory distress.

28. References
1. Oxford handbook of clinical Hematology, Drew privan, Trevor Baglin, Inderjeet
Dokal, Johannes de Vos
2. https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/circulatory/circulatory-functions-of-the-blood
3. https://chemrxiv.org/articles/COVID19_Disease_ORF8_and_Surface_Glycoprotein_In
hibit_Heme_Metabolism_by_Binding_to_Porphyrin/11938173