1.
Human trafficking

2.
Introduction
• Human trafficking is the third largest organized crime after drugs and
the arms trade across the globe.
• According to the definition of the United Nations – “trafficking is any
activity leading to recruitment, transportation, harbouring or receipt
of persons, by means of threat or use of force or a position of
vulnerability”.
• Close to 80% of the human trafficking across the world is done for
sexual exploitation and the rest is for bonded labor and India is
considered as the hub of this crime in Asia.

3.
Human trafficking
• According to an article in Firstpost, Delhi is the hub of human
trafficking trade in India and half of the world’s slaves live in India.
• Delhi is the hotspot for illegal trade of young girls for domestic labour,
forced marriage and prostitution.
• Delhi is also the transit point for human trafficking.
• The New York Times has reported on the widespread problem of
human trafficking in India especially in the state of Jharkhand.
• Also in the report it is stated that children and young girls are
trafficked from neighboring Nepal and Bangladesh to India.

4.
Human trafficking
• Kids especially girl and young women are taken from their homes and
sold in faraway states of India for sexual exploitation and to work as
bonded labour by the agents who lure their parents with education,
better life, and money for these kids .
• Agents do not send these kids to school but sell them to work in brick
kilns, carpentry units, as domestic servants, beggars etc.
• Whereas girls are trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation.
• Even these girls are forced to marry in certain regions where female
to male sex ratio is highly disturbed.

5.
Statistics report
• As per the statistics of the government – in every eight minutes a
child goes missing in our country.
• In 2011 about 35,000 children were reported missing and more than
11,000 out of these were from West Bengal.
• Further, it is assumed that only 30% of the total cases are reported, so
the actual number is pretty high.
• As per the data from Home Ministry, 1379 cases of human trafficking
were reported from Karnataka in the period of four years, in Tamil
Nadu the number is 2,244 whereas Andhra Pradesh has 2,157 cases
of human trafficking.

6.
Figures in India
• In 1998, between 5,000 and 7,000 Nepalese girls, some barely 9–10 years
old were trafficked into the red light districts in Indian cities, and 200,000
to over 250,000 Nepalese women and girls were already in Indian brothels.
• In 2009, it was estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked worldwide for
sexual exploitation, including for prostitution or the production of sexually
abusive images.
• Only 10% of human trafficking in India is international, while almost 90% is
interstate.
• According to a report by the National Human Rights Commission of India,
40,000 children are abducted each year, leaving 11,000 untraced.
• There is an estimated 300,000 child beggars in India.

7.
Figures in India
• Every year, 44,000 children fall into the clutches of the gangs.
• According to the CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) reports of 2009,
there are an estimated 1.2 million children involved in prostitution in India.
• In 2014, 76% of people trafficked in India were women and girls.
• In 2015, in India 4,203 human trafficking cases were investigated.
• Children make up roughly 40% of prostitutes.
• It is estimated that over 2 million women and children are trafficked for sex
into the red-light districts in India.
• The Indian Government estimates that girls make up the majority of
children in sex trafficking.

8.
Types
• Forced Labour
• Bonded Labour
• Sex Trafficking and Prostitution
• Debt Bondage and Involuntary Servitude Among Migrant Labourers
• Involuntary Domestic Servitude
• Forced Child Labour
• Child Soldiers
• Children Exploited for Commercial Sex
• Child Sex Tourism

9.
Forced Labour
• These workers are made more vulnerable to forced labour practices
because of unemployment, poverty, crime, discrimination, corruption,
political conflict, and cultural acceptance of the practice.
• Forced labor is a form of human trafficking that can be harder to
identify and estimate than sex trafficking.
• It may not involve the same criminal networks profiting from
transnational sex trafficking, but may instead involve individuals who
subject anywhere from one to hundreds of workers to involuntary
servitude, perhaps through forced or coerced household work or work
at a factory.

10.
Bonded Labour
• One form of force or coercion is the use of a bond, or debt, to keep a
person under subjugation.
• This is referred to in law and policy as “bonded labor” or “debt
bondage.”
• Many workers around the world fall victim to debt bondage when
traffickers or recruiters unlawfully exploit an initial debt the worker
assumed as part of the terms of employment, or when workers
inherit debt in more traditional systems of bonded labor.
• Traditional bonded labor in South Asia enslaves huge numbers of
people from generation to generation.

11.
Sex Trafficking and Prostitution
• Sex trafficking comprises a significant portion of overall trafficking and
the majority of transnational modern-day slavery.
• Sex trafficking would not exist without the demand for commercial
sex flourishing around the world.
• Turning people into dehumanized commodities creates an enabling
environment for human trafficking.
• Female victims of forced or bonded labor, especially women and girls
in domestic servitude, are often sexually exploited as well.

12.
Debt Bondage and Involuntary Servitude
Among Migrant Labourers
• The vulnerability of migrant laborers to trafficking schemes is especially
disturbing because this population is so sizeable in some regions.
• Three potential contributors can be discerned:
• 1) Abuse of contracts;
• 2) Inadequate local laws governing the recruitment and employment of migrant
laborers; and
• 3) The intentional imposition of exploitative and often illegal costs and debts on
these laborers in the source country or state, often with the complicity and/or
support of labor agencies and employers in the destination country or state.
• Costs imposed on laborers for the “privilege” of working abroad can place
laborers in a situation highly vulnerable to debt bondage.

13.
Involuntary Domestic Servitude
• Domestic workers may be trapped in servitude through the use of
force or coercion, such as physical (including sexual) or emotional
abuse.
• Children are particularly vulnerable. Domestic servitude is particularly
difficult to detect because it occurs in private homes, which are often
unregulated by public authorities.
• For example, there is great demand in some wealthier countries of
Asia and the Middle East for domestic servants who sometimes fall
victim to conditions of involuntary servitude.

14.
Forced Child Labour
• Most international organizations and national laws recognize that
children may legally engage in light work.
• In contrast, the worst forms of child labour are being targeted for
eradication by nations across the globe.
• The sale and trafficking of children and their entrapment in bonded
and forced labour are clearly among the worst forms of child labour.
• Any child who is subject to involuntary servitude, debt bondage,
peonage, or slavery through the use of force, fraud, or coercion is a
victim of trafficking in persons regardless of the location of that
exploitation.

15.
Child Soldiers
• Child soldiering is a unique and severe manifestation of trafficking in
persons that involves the unlawful recruitment of children through
force, fraud, or coercion to be exploited for their labour or to be
abused as sex slaves in conflict areas.
• Such unlawful practices may be perpetrated by government forces,
paramilitary organizations, or rebel groups.
• UNICEF estimates that more than 300,000 children under 18 are
currently being exploited in more than 30 armed conflicts worldwide.
• While the majority of child soldiers are between the ages of 15 and
18, some are as young as 7 or 8 years of age.

16.
Children Exploited for Commercial Sex
• Each year, more than two million children are exploited in the global
commercial sex trade.
• Many of these children are trapped in prostitution.
• The commercial sexual exploitation of children is trafficking,
regardless of circumstances.
• International covenants and protocols obligate criminalization of the
commercial sexual exploitation of children.
• Terms such as “child sex worker” are unacceptable because they
falsely sanitize the brutality of this exploitation.

17.
Child Sex Tourism
• Child sex tourism (CST) involves people who travel from their own
country—often a country where child sexual exploitation is illegal or
culturally abhorrent—to another country where they engage in
commercial sex acts with children.
• CST is a shameful assault on the dignity of children and a form of
violent child abuse.
• The commercial sexual exploitation of children has devastating
consequences for minors, which may include long-lasting physical and
psychological trauma, disease (including HIV/AIDS), drug addiction,
unwanted pregnancy, malnutrition, social ostracism, and possibly
death.

18.
Causes
• Poverty
• Political condition
• War
• Social and cultural practices
• Demand of cheap labour
• Child marriage
• Mutilation
• Sex-tourism
• Child labour
• migration

19.
Causes
• Poverty
• Poverty is a major factor in human trafficking industry.
• The victims look for any means to get out of the curse of poverty.
• These helpless condition of the victims gives ample scope to the traffickers to
entrap the victims in their nets.
• The traffickers lure the victims with better life facilities by way of moving to
foreign countries.
• Large populations of Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Nigeria, Thailand and
Ukraine are affected by extreme poverty and exploited by Traffickers.

20.
Causes
• Political condition
• Political instability, militarism, generalized violence or civil unrest increase in
trafficking as well.
• The destabilization and scattering of population increase their vulnerability to
unfair treatment and abuse via trafficking and forced labour.
• War
• A large number of children who have lost their family members in war are
vulnerable to trafficking.
• Armed conflicts lead to massive gross displacement of people.

21.
Causes
• Social and cultural practices
• Most of the women and girls are generally exploited and abused due to social
and cultural practices and are forced to live in dangerous condition.
• They are more vulnerable to human trafficking as they get little opportunity
of upward mobility.
• In our society a single mother, divorced woman, widowed and sexually
abused woman and young girls are easy prey to the traffickers because of the
social stigma.

22.
Causes
• Demand of cheap labour
• Demand of cheap labour particularly in restaurants and kitchens help
traffickers to exploit employees who are often initially promised a safe work
space and a steady salary, though they are paid less than minimum wage and
are forced to work on overtime.
• As the victims of trafficking are unable to protest for having very few
alternatives, the business owners never cease to practices these illegal norms.
• According to ILO there are more than 11.7 million people working as forced
labour in Asia for specific reason

23.
Causes
• Child marriage
• In our country child marriage is the easiest way of human trafficking. In village
community it is a matter of shame for the poor parents who are unable to
arrange the marriage of their daughter.
• So they easily accept the offer of the traffickers who approach the poor
families with marriage proposal without dowry, rather with cash rewards
(between Rs. 1000- Rs. 5000 on an average).
• After marriage, the girls are sold and resold until they reach ultimate
destination. In South Africa range between 28,000 and 30,000 persons
approximately half of whom are between 10-14 years of age, half of whom
are between 15-18 years of age are trafficked for commercial sex.

24.
Causes
• Mutilation
• People are trafficked for their organs, particularly kidneys.
• It is a rapidly growing field of commercial activity.
• The life of the victim is at risk as operations are carried out in clandestine
conditions with no medical care at all.
• According to NCRB (2015), 15 cases were registered under the
Transplantation of Human Organ Act, 1994 in India.

25.
Causes
• Sex-tourism
• In recent time globalization has played an important role for the growth of
tourism business and entertainment industries.
• As a result, sex related trades like sex tourism have grown rapidly. At the same
time rising male migration to urban areas as well as stressful working of the
BPO sector workers have also contributed to growing demand for commercial
sex in the cities.
• Statistics say that many women are trafficked from Philipines, Thailand to
Netherland and Spain for sex tourism.
• The communication revolution occurred with the development of internet,
increases the growth of sex tourism industry.

26.
Causes
• Child labour
• Child labour means work performed by a child under the age of 14 for
economic purpose.
• Children are deprived of their childhood and regular attendance to school.
• Though all the work done by children is not detrimental or exploitive, but this
practice is hazardous and harmful to the physical and mental health of a child.
• Across the globe, traffickers supply child for use in forced labour activities.
• Some of the children are trafficked into the commercial sex industry.
• In Ghana about one in every six children ages 4-17 is engaged in child labour.

27.
Causes
• Migration
• Migration means the movement by people from one place to another with an
objective mind.
• When people take irregular means for migration, they are easily victimised by
human traffickers which poses a great danger to children and young woman
in particular.
• Migrants from Bangladesh are sometimes trafficked and sold into prostitution
or forced labour.

28.
Consequences
• The victims in the process of trafficking in persons are abused and
exploited in certain conditions which may result in short term and long
term minor and severe psychological and physical attacks, diseases
especially sexually transmitted diseases or HIV viruses.
• This condition can even lead to the permanent disability and death.
• The direct consequences of human trafficking are aggression, depression,
disorientation, alienation and difficultiesin concentration.
• Many studies have shown that injuries and traumas acquired during the
process of trafficking can last for a long period even after the person has
become free from exploitation and this mainly occurs when the victim is
not given with proper care and counsel.

29.
Consequences
• Although the victims are brought out from the physical problems, the
trauma and the psychological problems does not allow the victim to
totally recover from the consequences.
• Some of the victims find it difficult to adapt to the normal lives that
they previously carried out.
• The sad part about the victims of human trafficking is that the rights
of the victims are violated even after they come out from the status
of exploitation.
• In many cases they face re-victimization.

30.
Preventive Measures of
Human Trafficking

31.
Legal Framework to address Trafficking in
India
• Article 23 of the Constitution: Guarantees right against exploitation,
prohibits trafficking human beings and forced labour and makes their
practice punishable under law.
• Article 24 of the Constitution: Prohibits employment of children
below 14 years of age in factories, mines or other hazardous
employment.

32.
Indian Penal Code (IPC)
• There are 25 provisions relevant to trafficking; significant among them are
• Section 366A- Procuration of a minor girl (below 18 years of age) from one part of
the country to the another is punishable.
• Section 366B- Importation of a girl below 21 years of age is punishable.
• Section 372- Selling of girls for prostitution.
• Section 373- Buying of girls for prostitution
• Section 374- Provides punishment for compelling any person to labour against his
will.
• Human Trafficking(Section 370 and 370A IPC) after enactment of the criminal law
(amendment) Act 2013, the Bureau has also started collecting data under this
section.

33.
Major Act to prohibit trafficking in India
• Trafficking in Women and Girls Act in 1956 popularly known as SITA:
SITA is broadly defined prostitution as selling of sex by a female in
return of money.
• Child Labour (Protection and Regulation)Act,1986: Prohibits
employment of children in certain specified occupation and lay down
conditions of work of children.
• Immoral Traffic (Prevention)Act,1956 (ITPA): Punish those who are
engaged in the business of trafficking in women and girls for immoral
purpose.

34.
Other Important Act
• Probation of Offenders Act ,1985
• Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986
• The Child Marriage Restraint Act,1929
• The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS)Act,1985
• The Children(Pledging and Labour) Act,1986
• The Bonded Labour System (Abolition)Act,1976
• The Transplantation of Human Organ Act,1994
• Prohibition of Child Marriage Act,2006

35.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Everyday there are chilling reports of abducted women and children
in India.
• This form of modern day slavery involves people abducting, luring or
pressuring victims for the purpose of using them for forced labour or
forced sexual acts for money.
• Young women are the most likely to be trafficked and forced to
become sex slaves, prostitutes, workers or even street beggars.
• The preventive measures of human trafficking are:

36.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Be Vigilant Of Your Surroundings
• Always be vigilant and aware of your surroundings.
• People are often distracted by their phones or other little things when
walking.
• Make sure that you’re aware of what’s going on around you so that
you can spot when something is off.
• If you notice a person or a car following you, alert someone you trust
immediately.

37.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Avoid Walking Alone
• Women have been forcibly kidnapped while walking on the street.
• You shouldn’t have to be restricted when you go out and it may seem
unfair that you always have to be on the lookout, but for your own
safety, try not to walk alone – especially in quiet areas.

38.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Act Swiftly If Suspicious
• Go into the nearest building and wait for the person or car to leave.
• Alert someone in the building that you’re being followed or call
someone to pick you up if you can.
• Also, let someone you know that you’re going out and what time they
can expect you to arrive at your destination.

39.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Don’t Trust Easily
• Some people who are trafficked are approached by strangers offering them
a job or some kind of opportunity (like a modeling or singing career).
• Traffickers can approach you anywhere, on social media, at school, in the
mall and even outside your house.
• Some traffickers might try to befriend you or form a relationship with you
so that you trust them enough.
• Women can also be traffickers and are often used to lure victims because
they seem more trusting than men.

40.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Use Social Media Wisely
• Be suspicious of strangers who approach you after you’ve posted
something personal on your social media profile and their suddenly
offering you help, advice, money, a place to stay or a job opportunity.
• If you’re getting random messages from people on social media, check your
privacy settings, turn off your location settings on social media and only
make your posts visible to your friends (not to the public).
• Also avoid checking in to places on social media (while you’re at the place
especially).

41.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Be Ready For Anything
• Carry pepper spray with you on your key-chain.
• You also need to mentally prepare yourself to fight off the abductor.
• If you begin to be attacked, make a scene, yell for help, and fight back
like your life depends on it (because it probably does)

42.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Use Your Phone
• Allow 3 of your closest friends or family members to track your phone
via GPS so they know your whereabouts at all times.
• You can do with on most cell phones and allow a select few to have
access to your location for 1 hour, 1 day, or indefinitely.

43.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Trust Your Instincts
• Listen to the intuitive voice inside your head.
• Check with family and friends for advice if you get offers that are too
good to be true.
• Do Internet searches or background checks on the person wanting
you to meet with them. Say no and see how they react.
• Look for signs of abusive or possessive behaviors. Is the person trying
to isolate or turn you against family and friends? If so, avoid that
person.

44.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Meet Strangers In Public Places
• Don’t let anyone know where you live until you get to know them.
• So for a date, meet them at a public place for the first few times until
you get to know them and feel comfortable.
• Also stay in contact with friends and family if you’re out and about
alone or with someone you don’t know very well

45.
Preventive Measures of Human Trafficking
• Seek Help From Reliable Organizations
• Traffickers also prey on young people who run away from home.
• If you’re having trouble at home, instead of running away and putting
yourself at risk of being kidnapped or lured into dangerous, life-
threatening situations by traffickers, rather seek help.

46.
Ways You Can Help Fight Human Trafficking
• Learn the indicators of human trafficking so you can help identify a
potential trafficking victim.
• To report in India, call Shakti Vahini on +91-11-42244224, +91-9582909025
or the national helpline Child line on 1098.
• Be a conscientious and informed consumer.
• Encourage companies to take steps to investigate and prevent human
trafficking in their supply chains and publish the information, including
supplier or factory lists, for consumer awareness.
• Volunteer and support anti-trafficking efforts in your community.

47.
Ways You Can Help Fight Human Trafficking
• Meet with and/or write to your local, state and central government
representatives to let them know you care about combating human
trafficking, and ask what they are doing to address it.
• Host an awareness-raising event to watch and discuss films about human
trafficking. For example, learn how modern slavery exists today; watch an
investigative documentary about sex trafficking; or discover how human
trafficking can affect global food supply chains. Also, check out CNN’s
Freedom Project for more stories on the different forms of human
trafficking around the world.

48.
Thank you