Medical Imaging health informatics clasess

1. Medical ImagingMedical Imaging
By Dr Asghar SattarBy Dr Asghar Sattar
Health informaticsHealth informatics
studentstudent

2. What is medical imaging ??What is medical imaging ??

3. Medical imagingMedical imaging
The Techniques and processes used toThe Techniques and processes used to
create image of the internal as well ascreate image of the internal as well as
external human body part for clinicalexternal human body part for clinical
purposepurpose

4. Purposes of Medical ImagingPurposes of Medical Imaging
• Primary purpose is to identify pathologicPrimary purpose is to identify pathologic
conditioncondition
• Requires recognition of normal anatomy ofRequires recognition of normal anatomy of
bodybody
• Its makes a surgical targets more clearIts makes a surgical targets more clear
• Proves a status of fetus development fromProves a status of fetus development from
4 weeks till 38 weeks4 weeks till 38 weeks

5. Major ModalitiesMajor Modalities
• Projection x-ray ( Radiography )Projection x-ray ( Radiography )
• X-ray Computerized Tomography (CT)X-ray Computerized Tomography (CT)
• FluoroscopyFluoroscopy
• MammogramMammogram
• MRIMRI
• Ultra soundUltra sound
• Nuclear Medicine Function Imaging TechniqueNuclear Medicine Function Imaging Technique
• EndoscopyEndoscopy
• ElectrographElectrograph
• Thermo grapyThermo grapy
• ECOECO
• TomographyTomography
• AngiographyAngiography

6. X-rayX-ray
Nov 8, 1895Nov 8, 1895
Wilhelm RoentgenWilhelm Roentgen
Reported discovery of new ( rays )Reported discovery of new ( rays )
Jan 13, 1896Jan 13, 1896
First clinical use of x-rays to find aFirst clinical use of x-rays to find a
needle in handneedle in hand

7. Production of X-raysProduction of X-rays
X-ray produced in x-ray tube.X-ray produced in x-ray tube.
The x-ray tube have two mainThe x-ray tube have two main
components Cathode and Anode.components Cathode and Anode.
X-ray are generated whenX-ray are generated when
electrons from the filament crosselectrons from the filament cross
the tube and when electrons enterthe tube and when electrons enter
the target tungsten and it producedthe target tungsten and it produced
heat and generate the x-raysheat and generate the x-rays

9. X-ray wavelength is too smaller andX-ray wavelength is too smaller and
therefore invisible to the human eyes,therefore invisible to the human eyes,
due to this small wavelength, x-raysdue to this small wavelength, x-rays
can not pass through solid objects.can not pass through solid objects.
When you pass an x-ray through aWhen you pass an x-ray through a
body the bone are the only part throughbody the bone are the only part through
which the x-ray are not pass, and if wewhich the x-ray are not pass, and if we
keep photographic paper on other sidekeep photographic paper on other side
the body then only those x-rays whichthe body then only those x-rays which
have passed through the body will turnhave passed through the body will turn
the paper dark.the paper dark.

10. Advantages andAdvantages and
disadvantages of x-raysdisadvantages of x-rays
AdvantagesAdvantages
First imaging technique in modernFirst imaging technique in modern
medicinemedicine
Commonly used in chest and fractureCommonly used in chest and fracture
Accurate, painless and DiagnosticAccurate, painless and Diagnostic
Use in dental problemUse in dental problem
Widely availableWidely available
Does not required any special preparationDoes not required any special preparation
Provide quick examinationProvide quick examination

11. DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Require radiation license and feesRequire radiation license and fees
to operateto operate
X-rays HazardsX-rays Hazards
Higher risk of getting cancerHigher risk of getting cancer
X-ray are able to change the baseX-ray are able to change the base
of the DNA causing a mutationof the DNA causing a mutation
X-ray makes our blood cells toX-ray makes our blood cells to
have higher level of hydrogenhave higher level of hydrogen
peroxide which could cause cellsperoxide which could cause cells
damagedamage

12. FluoroscopyFluoroscopy
It is a moving image of body and also showsIt is a moving image of body and also shows
movements of the body parts, organ and to seemovements of the body parts, organ and to see
small blood vessels. similar to an x-ray.small blood vessels. similar to an x-ray.
Fluoroscopy machine….Fluoroscopy machine….
Continuous x-ray passes through the body andContinuous x-ray passes through the body and
Beam passes into the television monitor andBeam passes into the television monitor and
then body parts and activity can be seen inthen body parts and activity can be seen in
great detail. Approximately 25-30 images pergreat detail. Approximately 25-30 images per
second.second.

13. MammographyMammography

14. A mammogram is a x-ray exam of the BreastA mammogram is a x-ray exam of the Breast
to detect and evaluate any change in theto detect and evaluate any change in the
breast.breast.
Expose less radiation in mammography.Expose less radiation in mammography.
How is Mammogram done?How is Mammogram done?
Breast is briefly compressed between 2 platesBreast is briefly compressed between 2 plates
attached to the mammogram machine whichattached to the mammogram machine which
an adjustable plate on top and a fixed platean adjustable plate on top and a fixed plate
on bottom which hold the x-ray film or theon bottom which hold the x-ray film or the
digital detector that makes the images.digital detector that makes the images.

15. Ultra SoundUltra Sound
Ultrasound imaging also called SonographyUltrasound imaging also called Sonography
U/S involves exposing part of the body to HighU/S involves exposing part of the body to High
frequency sound waves to produce pictures offrequency sound waves to produce pictures of
the inside of the body.the inside of the body.
No ionizing radiationNo ionizing radiation
U/S images are captured in real time, they canU/S images are captured in real time, they can
show the structure and movement of the bodyshow the structure and movement of the body
internal organ as well as blood flowing throughinternal organ as well as blood flowing through
blood vessels.blood vessels.

16. Computer Tomography ( CT )Computer Tomography ( CT )
It is medical imaging method.It is medical imaging method.
In this processing is used to generate a 3DIn this processing is used to generate a 3D
images of the internal of an objects from aimages of the internal of an objects from a
large series of 2D x-ray images taken aroundlarge series of 2D x-ray images taken around
a single axis rotationa single axis rotation
CT works similar like x-raysCT works similar like x-rays

17. How does CT procedureHow does CT procedure
works ?works ?

18. CT scanner is a machine that combines with x-CT scanner is a machine that combines with x-
ray equipment and advanced computerray equipment and advanced computer
The x-ray equipment spine around in a circleThe x-ray equipment spine around in a circle
inside the machine, the patient is put on a tableinside the machine, the patient is put on a table
that moves the patients slowly, the x-ray tubethat moves the patients slowly, the x-ray tube
and electronic x-ray detectors are locatedand electronic x-ray detectors are located
opposite each other in a ring, a small amount ofopposite each other in a ring, a small amount of
radiation is passed through the body, recordingradiation is passed through the body, recording
an images on photographic film.an images on photographic film.
Bone appear white on the x-ray film, soft tissueBone appear white on the x-ray film, soft tissue
such as organ show up in shades of gray andsuch as organ show up in shades of gray and
air appears black ,air appears black ,

20. Magnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging
MRIMRI
MRI is a medical imaging technique used inMRI is a medical imaging technique used in
radiology to visualize internal structures ofradiology to visualize internal structures of
the body in detail.the body in detail.
NoNo ionizing radiationionizing radiation
Painless procedurePainless procedure
Contrast agent used GALOLINIUMContrast agent used GALOLINIUM

21. How MRI procedure workHow MRI procedure work
63% of human body is Hydrogen Atoms and63% of human body is Hydrogen Atoms and
Hydrogen Nuclei have an Nuclear magneticHydrogen Nuclei have an Nuclear magnetic
resonance NMR signal.resonance NMR signal.
MRI use hydrogen, the hydrogen atoms protonMRI use hydrogen, the hydrogen atoms proton
called spin.called spin.
The spinning Hydrogen proton act like smallThe spinning Hydrogen proton act like small
weak magnets.weak magnets.

22. The patient is placed in a movable bed MRIThe patient is placed in a movable bed MRI
scanner surrounded by circular magnet.scanner surrounded by circular magnet.
Magnet create a strong magnetic field thatMagnet create a strong magnetic field that
Aligns the proton of Hydrogen atom whichAligns the proton of Hydrogen atom which
are then exposed to a Beam of Radioare then exposed to a Beam of Radio
waves, protons of body produced signalwaves, protons of body produced signal
that detected by the receiver proton of thethat detected by the receiver proton of the
MRI scanner, The receiver information isMRI scanner, The receiver information is
processed by computer and an images inprocessed by computer and an images in
processedprocessed

23. Use of MRIUse of MRI
• Brian tumoursBrian tumours
• Sport injuriesSport injuries
• Spinal problemSpinal problem
• Vascular abnormalitiesVascular abnormalities
• Female pelvic problemFemale pelvic problem
• Prostate problemProstate problem
• ENT,GIT conditionENT,GIT condition
• Cardiac pacemakerCardiac pacemaker
• Soft tissue and bone pathologySoft tissue and bone pathology

24. ThanksThanks