These are 3 presentation

1. Echocardiography 2
By : Akhtar Totakhail
Paktia university Gardiz city
Faculty of Medicine
2022

3. Near Field and Far Field Gain
• The near field
refers to the
top half of the
ultrasound
screen and the
far field refers
to the bottom
half of the
ultrasound
screen.

4. Time Gain Compensation (TGC)
• Most other
ultrasound
machines will
allow you to
further adjust
the gain in even
more specific
areas of your
ultrasound
screen.

6. Focus
• focus you are
simply
concentrating your
ultrasound waves
at a specific depth
of the image to
maximize the
resolution at that
depth.

7. • the “freeze”
button freezes
a frame for you
so you have
time to view it
in more detail.

8. caliper
• allows you to
measure the
distance of
specific
structures of
interest.

9. Basic Ultrasound Modes
• B-Mode (Brightness Mode)
– in ultrasound is a setting that creates a two-dimensional (2D)
greyscale image on your ultrasound screen and is the most
commonly used mode.
– It is also commonly called 2D mode.
– B (just the letter) – GE machines
– 2D (Sonosite and Philips)
• M-Mode (Motion Mode) Motion Mode,
– The motion is represented by the Y-axis and
– time is represented by the X-axis.

11. Advanced Ultrasound Modes (Doppler)
• Doppler settings are simply meant to detect speed going either
Towards or Away from probe
• shift in frequency in accordance with the Doppler effect
• Color Doppler,
• Pulse wave Doppler,
• continuous wave doppler

13. Color Doppler Mode
• This mode allows you to see the movement of blood in arteries
and veins with blue and red patterns on the ultrasound screen.
• RED means there is flow TOWARDS the ultrasound probe and
• BLUE means that there is flow AWAY

15. Pulse Wave (PW) Doppler Mode
• Pulse Wave (PW) Doppler allows you to measure the velocity of
blood flow (at a single point).
• It’s usually seen by two horizontal lines along cursor.
• there is a limit on the maximum speed )200cm/second(
• Anything past this limit (termed Nyquist Limit) will cause the signal
to alias.
• do not want to use Pulse Wave Doppler for any applications that
require measuring speed above 200cm/second.

19. Continuous Wave (CW) Doppler Mode
• Continuous Wave Doppler is very similar to pulse wave Doppler
except it does not alias
• can detect very high velocities (greater than 1000cm/second).
• Continuous Wave Doppler is the optimal choice for measuring
high-velocity applications
– valvular stenosis and
– regurgitation.

21. Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) Mode
• Tissue Doppler is just another form of Pulse Wave Doppler that
allows to measure the much slower speeds
of tissue/muscle movement (from 1cm/s – 20cm/s) compared to
Pulse Wave Doppler that measures the much faster speed of
blood (30cm/s – 200cm/s).