Dmitri Nesteruk
dmitri@activemesa.com
http://activemesa.com
http://spbalt.net
http://devtalk.net

“Premature optimization is the root of all evil.”
Donald Knuth
Structured Programming with go to Statements, ACM
Journal Computing Surveys, Vol 6, No. 4, Dec. 1974. p.268.
“In practice, it is often necessary to keep performance goals in mind
when first designing software, but the programmer balances the goals
of design and optimization.”
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization

Brief intro
Why unmanaged code?
Why parallelize?
P/Invoke
SIMD
OpenMP
Intel stack: TBB, MKL, IPP
GPGPU: Cuda, Accelerator
Miscellanea

Today Tomorrow
Threads & ThreadPool Tasks and TaskManager
Sync structures Task
Monitor.(Try)Enter/Exit Future
ReaderWriterLock(Slim)
Mutex Data-level parallelism
Semaphore Parallel.For/ForEach
Wait handles
Manual/AutoResetEvent
Parallel LINQ
AsParallel()
Pulse & wait
Async delegates
Async simplifications
F# async workflow
AsyncEnumerator (PowerThreading)

Performance Managed interfaces for
Low-level (fine-tuning) SIMD/MPI-optimized
framework libraries
Instruction-level Threading tools
parallelism Debugging
GPU SIMD Profiling
Inferencing
General vectorization
Cross-machine
Simple cross-machine
debugging
framework
Task management UI

WTF?!? Isn’t C# 5% faster than C?
It depends.
Why is there a difference?
More safety (e.g., CLR array bound checking)
JIT: No auto-parallelization
JIT: No SIMD
Lack of fine control
IL can be every bit as fast as C/C++
But this is only true for simple problems
The code is only as good as the JITter

Libraries (MKL, IPP)
OpenMP
Intel TBB, Microsoft PPL
SIMD (CPU & GPGPU)

Part I

A way of calling unmanaged C++ from .Net
Not the same as C++/CLI
For interaction with ‘legacy’ systems
Can pass data between managed and
unmanaged code
Literals (int, string)
Pointers (e.g., pointer to array)
Structures
Marshalling is taken care of by the runtime

Make a Win32 C++ DLL
MYLIB_API int Add(int first, int second)
{
return first + second;
}
Specify a post-build step to copy DLL to .Net assembly
Important: default DLL location is solution root
Build the DLL
Make a .Net application
[DllImport("MyLib.dll")]
public static extern int Add(
int first, int second);
Call the method

Basic C# ↔ C++ Interop

DLL not found Entry point not found
Make sure post-build step Make sure method names and
copies DLL to target folder signatures are equivalent
Or that DLL is in PATH Make sure calling convention
An attempt was made to load matches
[DllImport(…,
DLL with incorrect format CallingConvention=))
DLL relies on other DLLs which On 64-bit systems, specify entry
are not found name explicitly
Open Visual Studio command Use dumpbin /exports
prompt
[DllImport(…,
Use dumpbin /dependents EntryPoint = "?Add@@YAHHH@Z"
mylib.dll to find out
No, extern "C " does not help
Copy files to target dir
This is common in Debug mode It all works
32-bit/64-bit mismatch Congratulations!

Special cases Handling them
String handling Marshal
Unicode vs. ANSI MarshalAsAttribute
LP(C)WSTR [In] and [Out]
Arrays StructLayout
fixed
IntPtr
Memory allocation
… and lots more
Calling convention
“Bitness” issues
Handle on a case-by-case
… and lots more!
basis

Make sure signatures
match
Including return types!
To debug
If your OS is 64-bit, make
sure .Net assemblies
compile in 32-bit mode
Make sure unmanaged
code debugging is turned
on
In 64-bit Visit the P/Invoke wiki @
Launch target DLL with http://pinvoke.net
the .Net assembly as target
Good luck! :)

Part II

An API for multi-platform
shared-memory parallel
programming in C/C++
and Fortran.
Uses #pragma statements
to decorate code
Easy!!!
Syntax can be learned very
quickly
Can be turned off and on
in project settings

Enable it (disabled by default)
Use it!
No further action necessary
To use configuration API
#include <omp.h>
Call methods, e.g., omp_get_num_procs()

void MultiplyMatricesDoubleOMP(
int size, double* m1[], double* m2[], double* result[])
{
int i, j, k;
#pragma omp parallel for shared(size,m1,m2,result) private (i,j,k)
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
{ #pragma omp parallel for
for (j = 0; j < size; j++) Hints to the compiler that it’s
{ worth parallelizing loop
result[i][j] = 0;
for (k = 0; k < size; k++) shared(size,m1,m2,result)
{ Variables shared between all
result[i][j] += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]; threads
}
} private(i,j,k)
Variables which have differing
}
values in different threads
}

Using OpenMP in your C++ app

Homepage
http://openmp.org
cOMPunity (community of OMP users)
http://www.compunity.org/
OpenMP debug/optimization article (Russian)
http://bit.ly/BJbPU
VivaMP (static analyzer for OpenMP code)
http://viva64.com/vivamp-tool

Part III

Libraries save you from reinventing the wheel
Tested
Optimized (e.g., for multi-core, SIMD)
These typically have C++ and Fortran
interfaces
Some also have MPI support
Of course, there are .Net libraries too :)
The ‘trick’ is to use these libraries from C#
Fortran-compatible API is tricky!
Data structure passing can be quite arcane!

Intel makes multi-core processors
Multi-core know-how
Parallel Composer
C++ Compiler (autoparallelization, OpenMP 3.0)
Intel Parallel Studio
Libraries (Math Kernel Library, Integrated Performance
Primitives, Threading Building Blocks)
Parallel debugger extension
Parallel inspector (memory/threading errors)
Parallel amplifier (hotspots, concurrency, locks and
waits)
Parallel Advisor Lite

Low-level parallelization
framework from Intel
Lets you fine-tune code
for multi-core
Is a library
Uses a set of primitives
Has OSS license

#include "tbb/parallel_for.h"
#include "tbb/blocked_range.h"
using namespace tbb; Functor
struct Average {
float* input;
float* output;
void operator()( const blocked_range<int>& range ) const {
for( int i=range.begin(); i!=range.end( ); ++i )
output[i] = (input[i-1]+input[i]+input[i+1])*(1/3.0f);
}
};
// Note: The input must be padded such that input[-1] and input[n]
// can be used to calculate the first and last output values.
void ParallelAverage( float* output, float* input, size_t n ) {
Average avg;
avg.input = input;
avg.output = output;
Library
parallel_for(blocked_range<int>( 0, n, 1000 ), avg);
} call

Integrated Performance Math Kernel Library
Primitives
High-performance libraries for Optimized, multithreaded
Signal processing library for math
Image processing Support for
Computer vision BLAS
Speech recognition LAPACK
Data compression ScaLAPACK
Cryptography Sparse Solvers
String manipulation Fast Fourier Transforms
Audio processing Vector Math
Video coding … and lots more
Realistic rendering
Also support codec
construction

Part IV

CPU support for performing operations on
large registers
Normal-size data is loaded into 128-bit
registers
Operation on multiple elements with a single
instruction
E.g., add 4 numbers at once
Requires special CPU instructions
Less portable
Supported in C++ via ‘intrinsics’

SSE is an instruction set
Initially called MMX (n/a on 64-bit CPUs)
Now SSE and SSE2
Compiler intrinsics
C++ functions that map to one or more SSE
assembly instructions
Determining support
Use cpuid
Non-issue if you are
A systems integrator
Run your own servers (e.g., Asp.Net)

128-bit data types
__m128
__m128i (integer intrinsics)
__m128d (double intrinsics) } sse2
Operations for load and set
__m128 a = _mm_set_ps(1,2,3,4);
To get at data, dereference and choose type
E.g., myValue.m128_f32[0] gets first float
Perform operations (add, multiply, etc.)
E.g., _mm_mul_ps(first, second) multiplies two
values yielding a third

Make or get data
Either create with initialized values
static __m128 factor =
_mm_set_ps(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.59f, 0.11f);
Or load it into a SIMD-sized memory location
__m128 pixel;
pixel.m128_f32[0] = s->m128i_u8[(p<<2)];
Or convert an existing pointer
__m128* pixel = (__m128*)(&my_array + p);
Perform a SIMD operation and get data
pixel = _mm_mul_ps(pixel, factor);
Get the data
const BYTE sum = (BYTE)(pixel.m128_f32[0]);

Image processing with SIMD

Part IV

Graphics cards have GPUs
These are highly parallelized
Pipelining
Useful for graphics
GPUs are programmable
We can do math ops on vectors
Mainly float, with double support emerging

GPUs have programmable parts
Vertex shader (vertex position)
Pixel shader (pixel colour)
Treat data as texture (render target)
Load inputs as texture
Use pixel shader
Get data from result texture
Special languages used to program them
HLSL (DirectX)
GLSL (OpenGL)
High-level wrappers (CUDA, Accelerator)

A Microsoft Research project
Not for commercial use
Uses a managed API
Employs data-parallel arrays
Int
Float
Bool
Bitmap-aware
Requires PS 2.0

Sorry! No demo.
Accelerator does not work on 64-bit :(

If a library already exists, use it
If C# is fast enough, use it
To speed things up, try
TPL/PLINQ
Manual Parallelization
unsafe (can be combined with TPL)
If you are unhappy, then
Write in C++
Speculatively add OpenMP directives
Fine-tune with TBB as needed

System.Drawing.Bitmap is slow
Has very slow GetPixel()/SetPixel()
methods
Can fix bitmap in memory and manipulate it in
unmanaged code
What we need to pass in
Pointer to bitmap image data
Bitmap width and height
Bitmap stride (horizontal memory space)

Image-rendered headings with subpixel
postprocessing (http://bit.ly/10x0G8)
WPF FlowDocument for initial generation
C++/OpenMP for postprocessing
Asp.Net for serving the result
Freeform rendered text with OpenType
features (http://bit.ly/1cCP50)
Bitmap rendering in Direct2D (C++/lightweight
COM API)
OpenType markup language

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