Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
Ancient china.
1. Ms. Eunice Antoinette M. FranciscoMs. Eunice Antoinette M. Francisco
III-CommunionsIII-Communions
World HistoryWorld History
Ms. Eunice Antoinette M. FranciscoMs. Eunice Antoinette M. Francisco
III-CommunionsIII-Communions
World HistoryWorld History
9. Overview
• Time span of the dynasties
– 21st
century B.C. thru
– 1911 A.D.
– Almost 4000 years
• Over 30 different dynasties
• We will present 13 of the most important one.
10.
11. Xia Dynasty
(21st
until 16th
B.C.)
• First prehistoric dynasty
• Excavations made at Anyang, Henan in 1928
• Evolutionary stage between:
– Late Neolithic culture
• Hunter gatherers
• Stone tools
– Chinese civilization
• Agricultural communities
• Silk and pottery
12. Yu, the Great – FounderYu, the Great – Founder
of the Hsiaof the Hsia
13. ““Huangdi”Huangdi” ––
EmperorEmperor The “YellowThe “Yellow
Emperor.”Emperor.”
Legend has it thatLegend has it that
he ruled for overhe ruled for over
100 years.100 years.
Associated with theAssociated with the
invention ofinvention of
wheeled vehicles,wheeled vehicles,
ships, armor,ships, armor,
pottery, andpottery, and
silk-making.silk-making.
14. Emperor FuxiEmperor Fuxi
Mythical HsiaMythical Hsia
ruler.ruler.
Taught theTaught the
Chinese howChinese how
to read andto read and
write,write,
according toaccording to
legend.legend.
19. Shang Dynasty
(17st until 11th
B.C.)
• Cradle of Chinese civilization
– Based on agriculture
– Developed a writing system
– High level of civilization: bronze
workmanship
• Ruled by kings
– Cities were centers of glittering court life
– Court rituals honoring ancestors
– Slaves buried alive in royal tombs
22. The Evolution ofThe Evolution of
ChineseChinese
Writing during theWriting during the
ShangShang
PictographsPictographs Semantic-PhoneticsSemantic-Phonetics
28. Zhou Dynasty
10th
until 2nd
century B.C.
• Capital at Hao (near Xi’an) in Wei Valley
• Ruled much of China north of Yangtze river
• Extended Shang culture
• Early rule: Feudal
– Decentralized; control based on family ties
• Later: City States
– Central control over local governments
– Impersonal political and economic institutions
– Culture: philosophy, poetry and prose
35. ““T’ien Ming”T’ien Ming”
The Mandate of HeavenThe Mandate of Heaven
1.1.The leader must lead by ability andThe leader must lead by ability and
virtue.virtue.
2.2.The dynasty's leadership must beThe dynasty's leadership must be
justified by succeeding generations.justified by succeeding generations.
3.3.The mandate could be revoked byThe mandate could be revoked by
negligence and abuse; the will ofnegligence and abuse; the will of
the people was important.the people was important.
36. Qin
(221 until 207 B.C.)
• Achievements:
– Standardized language & Writing
– Standardized currency
– Standardized measurements
– Public Works
• Great Wall
• Roads & Irrigation canals
• Leader: Shi Huangdi
37. Western Han (206 B.C.- 9 A.D.)
Eastern Han (25-225 A.D.)
• Achievements:
– Silk Road
• Better Tools—Iron
– Agriculture
» Crop Rotation
– Education
– Paper and Porcelain
38. Xin
(9 - 24 A.D.)
• Brief Interlude
• One Family Member had too
much power
• Introduced Imperial Seal
40. Sui Dynasty (581-617)
Reunified China in 589Reunified China in 589
High Taxes and Compulsory LaborHigh Taxes and Compulsory Labor
Completion of the Grand Canal (connect YellowCompletion of the Grand Canal (connect Yellow
and Yangtze/ Beijing to Hangzhou)and Yangtze/ Beijing to Hangzhou)
Campaign against Korea in the early 7Campaign against Korea in the early 7thth
centurycentury
A lot of revolts and assassinationsA lot of revolts and assassinations
41. Tang Dynasty (618-907)
High point of ChineseHigh point of Chinese
civilization (comparable tocivilization (comparable to
Han Dynasty)Han Dynasty)
Golden age of literature and artGolden age of literature and art
• India and Middle-EastIndia and Middle-East
relations stimulatedrelations stimulated
creativitycreativity
• Buddhism (from India) wasBuddhism (from India) was
widely promoted (Confuciuswidely promoted (Confucius
era)era)
• Block printing was inventedBlock printing was invented
42. Tang Dynasty (618-907) Cont’d
Better government systemBetter government system
• Civil service examination andCivil service examination and
other competitive entranceother competitive entrance
procedures (why?)procedures (why?)
• Independent from aristocracyIndependent from aristocracy
and warlords (why? How?)and warlords (why? How?)
• ““Scholar-officials” (who? dutyScholar-officials” (who? duty
and privileges?)and privileges?)
Fragmentation of China (5 northFragmentation of China (5 north
dynasties, 10 south kingdoms)dynasties, 10 south kingdoms)
• Economic, politic, societalEconomic, politic, societal
reasons + Arab warsreasons + Arab wars
• North invadersNorth invaders
43. Song Dynasty (960-1279)
2 Phases: Northern (960-1127) and2 Phases: Northern (960-1127) and
Southern Song (1127-1279)Southern Song (1127-1279)
Centralized bureaucracy (more power on emperor)Centralized bureaucracy (more power on emperor)
(regional governors(regional governors centrally appointedcentrally appointed
officials)officials)
City developments (admin., trade, industry,City developments (admin., trade, industry,
maritime commerce)maritime commerce)
Mercantile classMercantile class
• Printing and education spreadPrinting and education spread
• Private trade grewPrivate trade grew
• Market network grewMarket network grew
The Neo Confucius Philosophy (by Zhu Xi)The Neo Confucius Philosophy (by Zhu Xi)
inhibited pre modern societal developmentinhibited pre modern societal development
44. Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)
Mongolian Rule
• Kublai KhanKublai Khan
• Established the YuanEstablished the Yuan
dynasty (1279-1368dynasty (1279-1368
• Moves Capital to BejingMoves Capital to Bejing
• Marco Polo visitsMarco Polo visits
BejingBejing
• Drama and novels are
developed
45. Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644)
Construction of the Forbidden City
Completion of the Great WallCompletion of the Great Wall
Ocean voyages as far as Africa by Zheng HeOcean voyages as far as Africa by Zheng He
47. The
Dynastic
Cycle
The
Dynastic
Cycle
A new
dynasty
comes to power.
A new
dynasty
comes to power.
Lives of common
people improved;
taxes reduced;
farming encouraged.
Lives of common
people improved;
taxes reduced;
farming encouraged.
Problems begin
(extensive wars,
invasions, etc.)
Problems begin
(extensive wars,
invasions, etc.)
Taxes increase;
men forced to
work for army.
Farming neglected.
Taxes increase;
men forced to
work for army.
Farming neglected.
Govt. increases
spending;
corruption.
Govt. increases
spending;
corruption.
Droughts,
floods,
famines occur.
Droughts,
floods,
famines occur.
Poor lose
respect for govt.
They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Poor lose
respect for govt.
They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Rebel bands find
strong leader who
unites them.
Attack the emperor.
Rebel bands find
strong leader who
unites them.
Attack the emperor.
Emperor is
defeated !!
Emperor is
defeated !!
The emperor
reforms the govt.
& makes it more
efficient.
The emperor
reforms the govt.
& makes it more
efficient.
Start here
48. Geographical Influences
• Mountains, sea, and desert provide some
protection and isolation
• Vulnerable to northwest
• River valleys 1. Yellow(Huang Ho) earliest
civilization - damaging floods 2. Yangtze-
very important in unification-
transportation- irrigation
49. Earliest Civilizations- most
isolated
• Earliest- Neolithic- Ban Po- similar to other parts
of the world/ one of the oldest
• Shang Dynasty 1500-11 BCE in No China along
the Huang Ho- raised silk worms- silk part of lure
and fascination of China, famous for bronze
sculpture, daggers, jade jewelry paid homage to
ancestors- family important
• Chou (Zhou) 1027-256-longest-developed
foundations for Chinese society
50. Ancient China
Way of Life- Confucianism p58-
59• Moral and ethical code highly developed
treat everyone with consideration
• Advocated paternalistic government
• Value on family head- ancestor respect
• Values- loyalty, righteousness, wisdom,
sincerity
• very practical and humanistic Gentility
51. Daoism (Taoism)
LaoTzu (Lao Zi) p 60
• contemporary of Confucius
• Tao= the road way
• Absolute=sum of existence
• Goal to bring people into harmony
• very introspective
• not as influential as Confucius
52. ANCIENT CHINA
• Great Wall
• Began 2000 B.C.
• Mandate of
Heaven
• Dynasties
• Silk
• astronomy
53. As in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and along the Indus
River, Chinese civilization began within a major
river valley. Modern China itself is a huge
geographical expanse. Around 4000 BC, this huge
area contained an almost infinite number of ethnic
groups and languages. This history, in which a vast
area populated by diverse ethnic groups became,
over time, a more or less single culture, began in
the Yellow River Valley.
54. Yellow River Civilization
• G:Ancient China
was formed around
the Yellow River.
• The color yellow
symbolized
“centrality”, as in
China is the center
of the world.
55. Chinese accomplishments
• During the Zhou and
Shang periods, the
Chinese made
remarkable
achievements in
astronomy and
bronzework, learned
to make silk and
create books, and
developed a complex
system of writing
56. E:Chinese invented silk
• Silk was exotic and
expensive, so it was
good for trading with
the rest of the world.
• It is made from silk
worms.
• Silk also makes
“paper”
58. S:Chinese astronomy
•2137 BC - Chinese book 书经 records the earliest known solar eclipse on
October 22.
•ca. 2000 BC - Chinese determine that Jupiter needs 12 years to complete
one revolution of its orbit.
•ca. 1400 BC - Chinese record the regularity of solar and lunar eclipses and
the earliest known solar variation 日珥 .
•ca. 1200 BC - Chinese divide the sky into twenty eight regions 二十八宿 for
recognitions of the stars.
•ca. 1100 BC - Chinese first determine the spring equinox 黄赤交角 .
•776 BC - Chinese make the earliest reliably record of solar eclipse.
59. In the Middle Ages the Arabs made known throughout
Muslim Spain a material which was to replace all its
predecessors. This was paper, whose manufacture they
imported from far distant and mysterious realm of China.
The first paper appeared in China about 200 BC. Its
name is derived from papyrus. Silk was transformed into
paper by a process of pasting, but because silk was
expensive, wool and cotton came to be used instead.
This invention was attributed to Ts'ai Lun.
In the picture above, the manufacturing process used by
the Chinese. They steeped mulberry or bamboo bark in
water, then kneaded it to produce a paste from which
they obtained smooth thin sheets of paper.
60. According to Chinese political theory, every
dynasty goes through the so-called dynastic
cycle:
1.A new ruler unites China and founds a new
dynasty.
2.China, under the new dynasty, achieves
prosperity and a new golden age.
3.The royal family of the dynasty begins to
decay, corruption becomes rampant in the
imperial court, and the empire begins to enter
decline and instability.
4.The dynasty loses the Mandate of Heaven,
their legitimacy to rule, and is overthrown by a
66. Contributions.Contributions.
The ancient Chinese provided the world with its first paper,ink andThe ancient Chinese provided the world with its first paper,ink and
gunpowder . It offered various philosophies like Confucianism and Taoism togunpowder . It offered various philosophies like Confucianism and Taoism to
answer life’s big questions.answer life’s big questions.
It introduced different items for practicas and enjoyable use, like theIt introduced different items for practicas and enjoyable use, like the
chopstick, kite, and umbrella. It also presented the world with its own brand ofchopstick, kite, and umbrella. It also presented the world with its own brand of
grand architecture, as shown by the Great Wall of China, which has an imposinggrand architecture, as shown by the Great Wall of China, which has an imposing
presence even in modern times.presence even in modern times.
67. Governments
China
-is divided among three bodies: the Communist Party of China, the state, and
the People's Liberation Army (PLA). This article is concerned with the formal
structure of the state, its departments and their responsibilities. Most, but not all,
positions of significant power in the state structure and in the army are occupied by
members of the Communist Party of China which is controlled by the Politburo
Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, a group of 4 to 9 people,
usually all older men, who make all decisions of national significance. As the role of
the Army is to enforce these decisions in times of crisis, support of the PLA is
important.
The legal power of the Communist Party is guaranteed by the PRC constitution and
its position as the supreme political authority in the PRC is realised through its
comprehensive control of the state, military, and media. According to a prominent
government spokesman:
We will never simply copy the system of Western countries or introduce a system of
multiple parties holding office in rotation, although China’s state organs have
different responsibilities, they all adhere to the line, principles and policies of the
party.
68. MAO ZEDONG-Mao Zedong (also Mao Tse-
Tung) was the world's most prominent Chinese
communist during the 20th century. Mao's Red Army
overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek in 1949, and the communists
seized power of mainland China.
70. DENG XIAOPING-a
Chinese politician, statesman,
theorist, and diplomat. As leader
of the Communist Party of China,
Deng was a reformer who led
China towards a market
economy.
Deng Xiaoping in 1979
