3. Dental Plaque
Plaque is defined as a highly specific variable
structural entity formed by sequential
colonization of microorganism on the tooth surface,
epithelium and restoration.
11. History of tooth brush
China--- 1600 BC
Western countries---1640
William Addis--- 1780
European countries--- 1800
Nylon--- 1938
World war ii
Powered tooth brush--- 1960
12. Types of tooth brush
Manual
Powered
Sonic and ultra sonic
Ionic
33. Advantages
Effective method
Gingival stimulation
Easy to learn
Disadvantages
Time consuming
Injury to gingival margin
Dexterity requirement is too high
34. Modified
Indication
Routine oral hygiene
Intrasulcular cleaning
Technique
combination of vibratory motion and sweeping
motion
Bass method
35. Advantages
Excellent sulcus cleaning
Good interproximal and gingival cleaning
Good gingival stimulation
Disadvantages
Moderate dexterity of wrist
36. Modified Stillman's technique(1932)
Indication
Plaque removal from cervical areas.
Cleaning tooth surface and gingival stimulation.
Gingival recession and Root exposure.
40. Advantage
massage and stimulation for marginal and
interdental gingiva
Disadvantages
Difficult to remove sub gingival plaque
Correct brush placement is difficult
Requirement digital dexterity are high
41. Scrub brush method
Technique
Horizontal+Vertical+Circular
Disadvantages
Ineffective at plaque removal
Tooth abrasion and gingival recession
42. The Roll technique/ADA method
Indication
Children
Adults with Limited dexterity
Patient with anatomically normal gingival
tissue
Technique
45. Advantages
Easy to learn
Shorter time
Good stimulation
Disadvantages
Trauma
Interdental area are not properly cleansed
46. Leonards method/vertical method
Advantages:
Most convenient and effective for children
with dec.dent
Disadvantage :
Interdental spaces of permanent teeth of
adults are not properly cleaned
Technique :
47. Physiologic method/smith method
principle: tooth brush should follow
the physiologic pathway that food does
when it transverse over the tissue during
mastication.
48. Advantage:
1. Natural self cleansing mechanism
2. Supragingival cleaning is good
Disadvantage:
Interdental space and sulcus areas of
teeth are not properly cleaned
49. Effect of improper tooth brushing
Soft tissues
Laceration
Recession
Hard tissues
Abrasion of teeth
58. Brush is moistened
Inserted at an angle
Bucco-lingual direction
59. Rubber or plastic tip
Conical, flexible
Gingival massage
Remove plaque & debris
from furcation, open embrasure & gingival margin
Placed 90
In open embrasure
60. Gauge strip
Clean proximal surface
2 inch gauge is folded half with
folded edge adjacent to gingiva
for adaptation
Shoeshine
63. Chlorexidine gluconate(0.2%)
Both antiplaque and antibacterial properties
Mechanism of action
Antiplaque action:
1. Prevents pellicle formation by blocking acidic
groups on salivary glycoproteins
2. Prevents adsorption of bacterial cell wall
3. Prevents binding of mature plaque by
displacing calcium from plaque matrix.
64. Antibacterial action:
Bacterial cell wall (negatively charged)
Positively charged CHX
Alters integrity of bacterial cell membrane and CHX
is attracted towards inner cell membrane
CHX binds to phospholipids in inner membrane and increases
permeability of inner membrane and leakage of low
molecular wt. compound
65. Coagulation and precipitation of cytoplasm
Free CHX molecules enters into cell and
causes coagulation of cytoplasmic membrane
Vital cell activity ceases
cell death
Vital cell elements leak out and harm substance
gain entry
66. CHX should not be used before/immediately
after using tooth paste
Adverse effects