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Personality
Questions:
 What exactly is Personality?

 How does it develop?

 Are we born with certain personality? Or
 is experience critical in shaping the
 qualities the make us who we are?
Personality
Defining Personality:
Consistency and Distinctiveness
                              1. Consistent Tendency
                             - Consistent across
                                situations and over
                                time.

                              Distinctiveness
                             - Behavioral differences
                                among people reacting
                                to same different
                                situations.
Defining Personality:    Hall & Lindsey, 1970 wrote:
                          It is our conviction that no
                          substantive definition of
                          personality can applied w/
                          any generality.

                       * Personality is a pattern of
                          relatively permanent traits
                          and unique characteristics
                          that give both consistency
                          and individuality to a
                          person’s behavior.
 Traits
- Unique, common to
  some group or shared
  by the entire species.

 Characteristics
- Unique qualities of an
   individual ( such as
   temperament, physiqu
   e and intelligence.)
Guide Questions:
 What exactly is Personality?

 How does it develop?

 Are we born with certain personality? Or
 is experience critical in shaping the
 qualities the make us who we are?
Theories of
 Personality
Psychodynamic
Perspectives
 Focuses on
  unconscious mental
  forces.

 Behavior is influence
  by childhood
  experiences.

 People uses method to
  cope with their sexual
  and aggressive urges.
Sigmund Freud’s
Psychoanalysis

Levels of Awareness
1. Conscious
- whatever one is aware of at the
    particular point of time.
2. Preconscious
- materials just beneath the surface
    of awareness.
3. Unconscious
- thoughts, memories, desires
    , urges and drives that exert
    great influence on behavior.
Structure of Personality
Structure of Personality
 Id
- Pleasure principle
- Instincts, biological urges.
- Primary-process thinking ( illogical, irrational and fantasy-
  oriented )

   Ego
-   Reality principle
-   Decision-making component
-   Secondary process thinking.

   Superego
-   Idealistic principle
-   Moral component ( Conscience& Ego-ideal)
-   Guilt and Inferiority feelings
Dynamics of Personality




Sex and
 Aggression
Anxiety and Defense Mechanism




  Intrapsychic
                              Reliance on
Conflict (between
                    Anxiety    Defense
    id, ego &
                              Mechanisms
   superego)
Defense mechanisms


 Are largely
 unconscious
 reactions that
 protect s person from
 unpleasant emotions
 (anxiety and guilt)
Personality
Psychosexual Stages
of Development
Alfred Adler’s           People begin life with both
Individual Psychology     striving force and physical
                          deficiencies, which combine to
                          produce feelings of inferiority.

                         The one dynamic force behind
                          our behavior is the striving for
                          success or superiority.
                          (compensation)

                         Overcompensation will result
                          into a inferiority complex.

                         Family constellation or birth
                          order.
Behavioral Perspectives

   A theoretical orientation
    based on the premise that
    psychology should study
    only observable behavior.

   Explain personality in
    terms of learning theories.

   Behavior is fully determined
    by environmental stimuli.
B.F. Skinner’s
Behavioral Analysis
 People show some consistent
  patterns of behavior because
  they have some response
  tendencies.
 Personality is determined by
  principles of operant
  conditioning which focuses on
  the relationship of behavior to
  the environment.
 Mental processes and
  structures are not important in
  determining a link between
  behavior and its controlling
  environmental conditions.
Behavioral View of
                     Operant Response tendencies
Personality

                                 Circulate and
Stimulus Situation
                                   Socialize


                                Stick only to the
        Large                      people you
    party, where                 already know
      you know
     few people
                                    Politely
                                   Withdraw
                                   yourself.


                               Leave at the first
                                 oppurtunity
Behavioral View of Personality
Albert Bandura’s
Social Cognitive Theory

  OBSERVATIONAL
    LEARNING. Posits that
    people learn from one
    another, via
    observation, imitation, and
    modeling.

  Necessary conditions for
    effective modeling:
 1. Attention
 2. Retention
 3. Reproduction
 4. Motivation
Reciprocal Determinism

 Person's behavior both
     influences and is
         influenced
    by personal factors
       and the social
       environment
Humanistic
Perspective
Carl Roger’s
Person-Centered Theory

 Assumes that one has to
  appreciate individuals
  personal and subjective
  experiences to truly
  understand their
  behavior.
Carl Roger’s
Person-Centered Theory

  Central to Rogers' personality theory is the notion of self
   or Self-Concept. This is defined as "the organized, consistent
   set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself".


 The self-concept includes three components:
  Self worth (or self-esteem) – what we think about ourselves
  Self-image – How we see ourselves, which is important to
   good psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of
   our body image on inner personality.

  Ideal self – This is the person who we would like to be. It
   consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic
Carl Roger’s
Person-Centered Theory
Practice Test:
 ____________1. Proponent of Psychoanalysis.
 ____________2. Oriented by pleasure principle.
 ____________3. Learning through observing other
   people’s behavior.
 ____________4. Operates under idealistic principle.
 ____________5. Proponent of Behavioral Analysis.

 True or False:
 “No two people, not even identical twins, have
   exactly the same personalities.”
the end.

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Personality

  • 2. Questions:  What exactly is Personality?  How does it develop?  Are we born with certain personality? Or is experience critical in shaping the qualities the make us who we are?
  • 4. Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness  1. Consistent Tendency - Consistent across situations and over time.  Distinctiveness - Behavioral differences among people reacting to same different situations.
  • 5. Defining Personality:  Hall & Lindsey, 1970 wrote: It is our conviction that no substantive definition of personality can applied w/ any generality.  * Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.
  • 6.  Traits - Unique, common to some group or shared by the entire species.  Characteristics - Unique qualities of an individual ( such as temperament, physiqu e and intelligence.)
  • 7. Guide Questions:  What exactly is Personality?  How does it develop?  Are we born with certain personality? Or is experience critical in shaping the qualities the make us who we are?
  • 9. Psychodynamic Perspectives  Focuses on unconscious mental forces.  Behavior is influence by childhood experiences.  People uses method to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges.
  • 10. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Levels of Awareness 1. Conscious - whatever one is aware of at the particular point of time. 2. Preconscious - materials just beneath the surface of awareness. 3. Unconscious - thoughts, memories, desires , urges and drives that exert great influence on behavior.
  • 12. Structure of Personality  Id - Pleasure principle - Instincts, biological urges. - Primary-process thinking ( illogical, irrational and fantasy- oriented )  Ego - Reality principle - Decision-making component - Secondary process thinking.  Superego - Idealistic principle - Moral component ( Conscience& Ego-ideal) - Guilt and Inferiority feelings
  • 13. Dynamics of Personality Sex and Aggression
  • 14. Anxiety and Defense Mechanism Intrapsychic Reliance on Conflict (between Anxiety Defense id, ego & Mechanisms superego)
  • 15. Defense mechanisms  Are largely unconscious reactions that protect s person from unpleasant emotions (anxiety and guilt)
  • 18. Alfred Adler’s  People begin life with both Individual Psychology striving force and physical deficiencies, which combine to produce feelings of inferiority.  The one dynamic force behind our behavior is the striving for success or superiority. (compensation)  Overcompensation will result into a inferiority complex.  Family constellation or birth order.
  • 19. Behavioral Perspectives  A theoretical orientation based on the premise that psychology should study only observable behavior.  Explain personality in terms of learning theories.  Behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli.
  • 20. B.F. Skinner’s Behavioral Analysis  People show some consistent patterns of behavior because they have some response tendencies.  Personality is determined by principles of operant conditioning which focuses on the relationship of behavior to the environment.  Mental processes and structures are not important in determining a link between behavior and its controlling environmental conditions.
  • 21. Behavioral View of Operant Response tendencies Personality Circulate and Stimulus Situation Socialize Stick only to the Large people you party, where already know you know few people Politely Withdraw yourself. Leave at the first oppurtunity
  • 22. Behavioral View of Personality
  • 23. Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory  OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING. Posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.  Necessary conditions for effective modeling: 1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation
  • 24. Reciprocal Determinism Person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
  • 25. Humanistic Perspective Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory  Assumes that one has to appreciate individuals personal and subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior.
  • 26. Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory  Central to Rogers' personality theory is the notion of self or Self-Concept. This is defined as "the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself". The self-concept includes three components:  Self worth (or self-esteem) – what we think about ourselves  Self-image – How we see ourselves, which is important to good psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of our body image on inner personality.  Ideal self – This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic
  • 28. Practice Test: ____________1. Proponent of Psychoanalysis. ____________2. Oriented by pleasure principle. ____________3. Learning through observing other people’s behavior. ____________4. Operates under idealistic principle. ____________5. Proponent of Behavioral Analysis. True or False: “No two people, not even identical twins, have exactly the same personalities.”