2. Sources of Solid waste
Types of Solid waste
Solid Waste Management System
Techniques of Solid Waste Disposal
What is Landfill ?
Difference between dump and Landfill
Essential components of Landfill
Why Landfill are important ?
What happens to the waste in Landfill ?
Reactions Occurring in Landfill
Advantages and disadvantages of Landfill
Environmental Concerns, consideration and requirements
Landfill Classification, Types and Methods
Landfill Site Selection
Design Considerations
Table of Contents
5.
Functional Elements of Solid Waste
Management System
Waste disposal is one of the major problems
being faced over the world and
India is no exception.
6.
Techniques for Solid Waste Disposal
Landfill Incineration
Deep Sea Dumping
RecycleComposting
Energy
7.
An engineered site where waste is isolated from the environment below the
ground or on top until it is safe and completely degraded biologically,
chemically and physically.
What is a Landfill..????
8.
A dump is an open hole in the
ground where trash is buried and
where animals often swarm.
They offer no environmental
protection and are not regulated.
Difference between Dump and Landfill
A landfill is a carefully designed
and monitored structure that
isolates trash from the surrounding
environment (e.g., groundwater,
air, rain). This isolation is
accomplished with the use of a
bottom liner and daily covering of
soil.
10. To prevent contamination of waste into the surrounding
environment, especially groundwater due to open dumping.
Some materials can not be recycled, used for energy or
composted.
Increasing population resulting in increase in waste
Why Landfills are important..????
11. Designed to bury waste in layers of soil
Compacting the layers to reduce volume
Slowdown of waste decomposition with minimal amounts of
oxygen and moisture
Finally covering them with soil each day so as to minimize
human health and environmental problems.
And for careful filling, monitoring and maintenance while they
are active and for up to 30 years after they are closed
What happens to the waste in Landfill…???
12.
Biological – Aerobic and Anaerobic Decomposition
Chemical – Dissolution, Evaporation, Adsorption,
Decomposition, Oxidation, Reduction
Physical – Movement and settlement of leachate and
gas
Reactions Occurring in Landfill
13. Burying can produce energy by the conversion of landfill gas i.e. methane & CO2
Landfill byproducts can be used as direct/ indirect fuel for combustion.
Easy Monitoring due to specific location
Can be reclaimed and it can be used as parks or farming land.
All recyclable materials can be used before closing.
Organic material can also be separated and used for compost or production of
natural gas.
Relatively Cheap
Advantages of Landfilling
14. Problems faced when poorly designed or operated.
Areas surrounding the landfills become heavily polluted.
Dangerous chemicals can seep into the ground water system.
Many insects and rodents are attracted to landfills and can result in dangerous
diseases.
Disadvantages of Landfilling
15. Concerns
Availability of Land
Uncontrolled release of gases
Uncontrolled release of leachate
Disease vectors breeding
Ground water contamination
Bird Menace
Odour
Environmental Concerns,
Requirements
Requirements
ONLY for non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not
suitable either for recycling or for biological processing
Residues of waste processing facilities
Avoid landfilling mixed waste
16.
Environmental Consideration
Considerations
Good Compaction of cover material
Good house keeping
Daily covering of SW
Proper control of vectors (flies, fires and rodents)
Accidental Fires
Extinguished immediately using earth, water or chemicals
Ventilation or recovery of methane
Cover quickly and carefully
Sealing any cracks that may develop in cover
Liner quality
Sinkage
17. Sanitary Landfills - landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the
environment
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills - uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to
isolate the trash from the environment
Construction and demolition waste landfills - consist of the debris generated
during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings, roads, and
bridges.
Industrial Waste Landfills- consists of nonhazardous waste associated with
manufacturing and other industrial activities
Secure Landfills - landfills for the disposal of hazardous waste.
Landfill Classification, Types and
Methods
18. Classification
Class I – for solid Hazardous waste only
Class II – for solid non – hazardous waste only
Class III - for inert waste only
LF for commingled MSW
LF for shredded SW
LF for individual waste constitutes/monofills (designated
waste)
Landfill Classification, Types and
Methods
19. Other types of LF
LF designated to maximize gas production
LF as integrated treatment units
Methods
Area Method
Trench Method
Slope Method
Depression Method
Ramp Method
Landfill Classification, Types and
Methods
20.
Area Method (Above Ground level)
• Used on flat ground or terrain is unsuitable for the excavation of trenches.
• Before actual land filling, an earthen levee is constructed against which wastes are
placed in thin layers and compacted.
• Thickness of layer reaches a height of 200 to 300 cm.
• Cover material of 15 to 30 cm thickness is placed after each layer.
• A completed lift including the cover is called a cell.
• This method is used to dispose of large amounts
of solid waste.
21.
Trench Method (Below Ground Level)
• Used where adequate cover material is available at site and the water table is well
below the surface.
• Waste are placed in trench and compacted in thin layers.
• After layer’s compacted height reaches design height, cover material is placed over
the compacted layer.
• Same trench is then continued and filled similarly.
• Good in areas where there is relatively little
• Waste.
22.
Depression/Valley Method
Used where natural or artificial depressions exist and these are used for land
filling.
Depends on the geometry of the site, hydrology and geology of the site, and
access to site.
The normal practice is to place such that water does not accumulate behind the
landfill.
23.
Slope Method
• In hilly regions it is usually not possible to find flat ground for land filling.
• Waste is placed along the sides of existing hill slope.
• Control of inflowing water from hill side slopes is a critical factor in design of
such landfills.
24.
Ramp Method
• Used in the case of flat or slightly undulating areas.
• Modification of both the area and the trench method and utilizes certain
technique of both
25. Potential landfill site is selected on the basis of
Responsibility of Development Authorities to identify the landfill sites and hand over
the sites to the concerned municipal authority for development, operation and
maintenance.
Near by waste processing facility.
Soil Conditions and topography
Surface water Hydrology
Large enough to last for 20-25 years.
A buffer zone of no-development shall be maintained around landfill site.
Temporary storage facility for solid waste shall be established in each landfill site.
Criteria for Site Selection
26.
Typical Restrictions to be observed during siting
Place Distance Parameters
Lake or pond • Max distance 200 m
• Water monitoring system should be installed if a landfill is sited less
than 200 m of a lake or pond.
• Sites falling within wetlands are avoided.
River • Max distance 100 m
• The distance may be reduced in some instance for non-meandering
rivers but a minimum of 30 m should be maintained.
Flood plain • No landfill should be constructed within a 100 year-flood plain.
Highway • Max distance 200 m
Habitation • Max distance 200 m of a notified habituated area.
• Sites falling within forest areas and national parks are avoided
• A distance of 100 m must maintained from the residential areas.
Public parks • Max distance 200 m
Ground water
table
• No landfill should be constructed in areas where water table is less
than 2 m below ground surface.
Airport • A distance of 20 km from nearby airport must be maintained.
• Can set up between 10 km – 20 km by obtaining NOC from the civil
aviation authority/ Air force
27.
Place Distance Parameters
Water Supply
Well
• Max Distance 200 m
• Locational restriction be abided by at least for down gradient wells.
• Permission from the regulatory agency may be needed if a landfill is to
be sited within the restricted area
Coastal
Regulation
Zone:
• A landfill should not be sited in a coastal regulation zone
Unstable Zone • A landfill should not be located in potentially unstable zones such as
landslide prone areas, fault zone etc
Source : Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
Published In the Gazette of India, Part-II, Section-3, Sub-section (i)
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
New Delhi, the 8th April, 2016
28. Final Selection of site
Results of preliminary surveys
Results of engineering design
Results of cost analysis
Results of EIA studies
Geological and seismic investigation
Criteria for Site Selection
29. Infrastructural Facilities
Landfill Capacity and Life
Development of Operational Plan
Bottom and side Liner System
Cover System
Leachate Collection and Management
Gas Collection and Management
Surface Water Drainage
Slope Stability
Closure Plan
Environmental Quality Monitoring
Post Closure Maintenance
Design Consideration of Landfill Site
