Climate, low chill variety, Fruit Drop, HDP, training and Pruning, Orchard Floor management, Replant Problem, Farm mechanization contact: dhota3@gmail.com

1. Rubus fruticosus R.occidentalis R.rosifolius R.niveus
E.latifoliaElaeagnus umbellate E.angustifolia E.pungens
Myrica nagi M.rubra M.cerifera Vaccinium corymbosum V.oxycococcos
WELCOME

2. Constraint and prospects of
temperate fruit production in India

3. Introduction
• India produces all deciduous fruits including pome fruits (apple
and pear) and stone fruits (peach, plum, apricot and cherry) in
considerable quantity.
• These are mainly grown in the North-Western Indian States of
Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), Himachal Pradesh (H.P.) and in Uttar
Pradesh (U.P.) hills. The North-Eastern Hills region, comprising of
the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur
and Sikkim also grows some of the deciduous fruits on a limited
scale.
• The temperate fruit growing areas in India do not fall in the
temperate zone of the world but the prevailing temperate climate
of the region is primarily due to snow covered Himalayan region
and high altitude which helps to meet the chilling requirement
during winter season.
• Due to introduction and adaptation of low chilling cultivars of
crops like peach, plum and pear, they are also now being grown
commercially in certain areas of the north Indian plains.

4. Climate
1. Temperature
2. Light
3. Rain fall
4. Frost
5. Relative Humidity
6. Wind

5. Temperature
• Temperate deciduous trees respond to seasonal
changes. During autumn tree stop growing , their leaf
falls and they require a winter hardiness. The state of
Dormancy is broken by winter chilling.
• The winter chilling requirement is relatively short for
tree native to low latitude with warm winter and also
for those native to high latitude with cold winter.
• Native of mild temperate regions with cold but at
time fluctuating winter temperature has longest
chilling requirements, as very low temperature do
not meet chilling requirement until late winter and
early spring, when temperature are favorable for
chilling requirements.

6. Chilling Requirement of different fruit crops
Crop Chilling Hour
Apple 1000-1600
Pear 1200-1500
Peach 400-1000
European Plum 800-1500
Japanese Plum 700-1000
Cherry 2000-2700
Apricot 900-1500
Almond 800
Walnut 700-1500
Pistachio nut 700-1000
Pecan Nut 400-900
Olive 400-2000

7. The climatological data of various places of subtropical climate (1951-1980)
Station Altitude
(m)
Mean Winter
Temperature (℃)
Chilling
accumulation
(chilling hours )
Agra 169 14.65 415
Allahabad 98 16.15 253
Amritsar 234 11.6 685
Bareilly 173 15.2 361
Chandigarh 347 13.25 523
Dehradun 682 12.6 577
Jaipur 390 15.15 361
Kanpur 126 15.6 307
Delhi 216 14.2 415
Lucknow 128 14.75 361
Hisar 221 13.45 523
Varanasi 85 15.85 253
Ludhiyana 247 12.95 577
Source : IMD

8. • The extreme minimum temperature during the winter
causes winter freeze injury in apple fruits, which results
poor apple yield .
• Summer temperature and climate conditions also
influence the size and quality of apples as the fruits
develop during April to June. The high or low
temperature during flowering phase reduce apple crop .
• Temperature impacts temperate fruit farming
throughout the season from immediately after
blooming period in the apple orchards to the fruit size
at harvest.
• However, some of the low altitude zones under
temperate fruit cultivation do not fulfil sufficient winter
chilling due to rise in temperature. With deficiency in
chilling hours, flower buds produce fewer fruit clusters
resulting in delay in bloom period.

9. Changing climate scenario - Inference
Winter
 Lack of sufficient chilling hours (less than 1200 hours)
 Insufficient winter precipitation (snow)
Spring
Low temperature during bloom – poor fruit set
Warm temperature – desiccation of floral parts
Hail/Spring - frost kill flowers
Summer
Very high temperature & prolonged drought–small fruits
Heavy and frequent hails – fruit damage, return bloom
affected

12. Frost Damage
Flower buds are usually the most sensitive part of the tree to frost damage.
Buds may be damaged by frost once they have begun to open or by extremely
cold temperatures while they are still dormant.

13. Winter Flower Bud Injury in Peach
Uninjured Pistil injured
Pistil & stamens
injured

14. Hail
• Damage
– Wounds in bark,
– leaves, fruit
Defoliation
– Entry wounds for
pathogens
• Control
– Site selection
– Hail nets

15. Prevention/protection from hailstorm

16. Case Study-1
Reference:
Sen V, Rana RS, Chauhan RC and Aditya. 2015. Impact of climate variability on apple
production and diversity in Kullu valley, Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Hort. 72(1):14-20

17. Light
• Although light is required for anthocyanin production, to what degree
light stimulates apple coloration is highly dependent on the apple cultivar
and the stage of development For example, late harvested 'Mclntosh'
apples required longer exposures to light to induce a certain amount of
color development than apples harvested earlier.
• Some researchers suggest that one of the ways that light increases
anthocyanin production is by stimulating greater (phenylalanine
ammonia-lyase)PAL activity in the apple.
• Shading fruit from the sun, such as within a tree canopy, can reduce
anthocyanin formation and color development. For example, one
researcher found that fruit colored best if they received more than 70%
of full sunlight and did not color well if they received less than 40% of full
sunlight.
• Blue-violet (BV) and ultraviolet (UV) light, especially UV-B, are the most
effective at inducing color development. Increased UV light after rain or
at higher elevations has been suggested to explain the greater
development of apples color under such conditions.
Reference
Mark Ritenour and Habib Khemira. 2007. Red color development of apple. Postharvest
information network.1-10

18. Case Study-2
Yield of ‘Ginger Gold’ apple trees grown under four shade treatments from
2002 to 2005. Shade treatments included Full Shade (FS), No Shade (NS),
Morning Shade (MS), and Afternoon Shade (AS)
Shade Treatment 2002 2003 2004 2005
Fruit (no/cm2 TCSA)
FS 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS 8.7 4.7 6.1 1.6
MS 2.7 4.9 0.6 3.2
AS 2.9 4.0 0.6 3.1
Fruit Harvested(kg/tree)
FS 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
NS 66.6 47.2 57.1 30.7
MS 19.5 24.4 4.9 23.7
AS 32.3 35.8 6.6 35.9
Reference: S.S. Miller, C. Hott and T. Tworkoski. 2015. Shade effects on growth, flowering
and fruit of apple. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 17(2): 101-105

19. Agronomic Constraints
1. Choice of Variety
2. Fruit Drop
3. Pollination
4. Planting Method
5. High Density Planting
6. Training and Pruning
7. Rootstock
8. Integrated Water Management
9. Integrated Nutrient Management
10. Orchard Floor management
11. Old and senile orchard
12. Farm mechanization

20. • Most of the temperate fruit variety which are
cultivated in India are introduced from different part
of world.
• Very few genotype has been developed in India to
meet the growing demand.
• Although new variety has been developed but it is
unable to reach the farmer. The cause may be
– poor extension system
– Well establishment of orchard with traditional variety
– Low income of farmer in the newly planted orchard during
gestation period of plant
– High labour cost
– High capital investment

21. • Selection of cultivars of the temperate fruits to be grown
under subtropical climate is one of the key requirements
for their successful cultivation in the subtropical regions.
Only those cultivars which have low chilling requirement
and ability to tolerate high summer temperature should be
selected.
• Breeding programs have provided new cultivars selected
for their short chilling requirements and tolerance to high
temperature.
• One of the most successful cultivars is ‘Anna’ apple,
developed by A. Stein in Israel. This is now extensively
grown in areas with limited chilling. The introduction and
the selection of superior types have remained major
research activities at various institutes, as a result of which
cultivars like Sharbati peach, Titron and Kala Amritsari
plum, Pathernakh, LeConte and Baghugosha pears became
commercially popular in some parts of the subtropical
India.

22. •
Anna (300), Dorsett Golden (250), Tropic Sweet (300),
Tropic Beauty, Winter Banana,
Low chilling Apple
•There are few varieties adapted to mild winter climates (chill hours
below 500).
Dorsett Golden (250), Anna (300), Tropic Mac (300), Tropic Sweet (300), 88-20
(375), Ein Scheimer (400), 60-39 (400), Tamma, Neomi, Tropic Beauty, Gallia
Beauty, Winter Banana, Tame, Vered

23. Pear (Pyrus communis & P. pyrifolia)
• Patharnakh, Gola, Leconte, Keiffer, Smith, Baghugosha, China
Pear, Pineapple, Baldwin, Tenn, Flordahome, Ayers Hood,
Orient, Carnea, Tsu Li, Ya Li, P.calleryana (rootstock requires
400 chilling hours)
Flordahome,
Keiffer,
Ayers Hood,

24. Low Chilling peaches
Chilling Hours
(Hrs)
Cultivars
Less than 100 Okinawa (50), Red Ceylon (50),
100-150 UF Sun (100), FlordaGrande (100), Flordabelle (110),
Flordared (110), Flordawon (110), FlordaPrince (150),
FlordaGlo (150), Tropic Beauty (150)
>150-200 UF Beauty (200)
>200-250 Sunred (210), Flordabest (250), UFO(250)
>250-300 UF 2000 (300), UF Blaze (300), Flordadawn (300),Early
Amber (310), Flordasun (310), UF Sharp(325),
FlordaKing (350), Flordacrest (350), Gulfking(350),
Desert Gold (350), Jewel (350)
>300-350 Early Amber (310), Flordasun (310), UF Sharp (325),
FlordaKing (350), Flordacrest (350), Gulfking(350),
Desert Gold (350), Jewel (350)

25. Chilling
Hours (Hrs)
Cultivars
>350-400 Gulfcrimson (400), Gulfprince (400), Sun Ripe (400), Florda
Home (400), La Festival (400), La Pecker (400), Rio Grande (400)
>400-450 Tejan (420), Rechan (450), Tex Star (450)
>450-500 Whiterobin (500), Bonita (500), Sunfire (500), Ventura (500),
May Gold Su (500)
>500-550 Gulfcrest (525), Flordaqueen (540), Sungold (540)
>550-600 Gulfcrest (525), Flordaqueen (540), Sungold (540)
>600-650 Springtime (650), June Gold (650)
>650-700 Maygold (660), Junegold (660), Springtime (660), Armgold
(660), Suwannee (660),
Others Tropic Snow, Parbhat, Pratap, Khurmani, Sharbati, Safeda Early
Cream, Saharanpur Prabhat, Shan-i-Punjab, Shaharanpur No. 6,
Ranjit Bagh Early, Safeda (LR Brothers), Shaharanpur Hybrid 3,
China Flat, Babcock

26. Early Grande – 100 CU
Flordaprince – 150 CU
Red Ceylon – 50 CU UF Sun – 100 CU Tropic Beauty - 150 CU
Babcock – 350-400 CU Flordaking – 350- CU
Sunraycer(250) Sunmist (275) Sunred

27. Gulfbeauty
Low Chilling plum and prune
Gulfblaze
Gulfrose Gulfruby

28. Crops Cultivar (*Chilling hour required)
Apple Dorsett Golden (250), Anna (300), Tropic Mac (300), Tropic Sweet (300), 88-20
(375), Ein Scheimer (400), 60-39 (400), Tamma, Neomi, Tropic Beauty, Gallia
Beauty, Winter Banana, Tame, Vered
Pear Patharnakh, Gola, Leconte, Keiffer, Smith, Baghugosha, China Pear, Pineapple,
Baldwin, Tenn, Flordahome, Ayers Hood, Orient, Carnea, Tsu Li, Ya Li, P.
calleryana (rootstock requires 400 chilling hours)
Peach Okinawa (50), Red Ceylon (50), UF Sun (100), FlordaGrande (100), Flordabelle
(110), Flordared (110), Flordawon (110), FlordaPrince (150), FlordaGlo (150),
Tropic Beauty (150), UF Beauty (200), Sunred (210), Flordabest (250),
Flordadawn (300), Early Amber (310), Flordasun (310), UF Sharp (325),
FlordaKing (350), Flordacrest (350), Gulfking (350), Desert Gold (350),
Flordaqueen (540), Sungold (540), Springtime (650), June Gold (650), Maygold
(660)
Nectarine Sunbest (225), Sunraycer (250), UF Royal (250), UF Queen (250), Sunmist
(275), Sundollar, (350), Suncoat (375), Sunred
Plum Satluj Purple, Kala Amritsari, Jamuni Meeruti, Titron, Aloo Bokhara, Alucha
Black, Titron Howe, Gulfruby, Gulfbeauty, Gulfblaze, Gulfrose
Apricot New Castle, Early Shipley, St. Ambroise, Benazir, NJ-13
Almond California, Papershell, Hybrid 15, Pathick.s Wonder, JKS-55, H-98, Achak (266),
Desmayo Largueta (309), Ramillete (326), Marcona (435), Marta (478),
Antoneta (514), Ferragnes (558)

29. Continue…
Crops Cultivar (*Chilling hour required)
Sweet Cherry Stella (200-250), Cristobalina, Temprona del Sot, Precoce de Bernard,
Sunburst, Lapin, (Rootstocks : Gisela-5, Mahaleb)
Blue berry Sharpblue (150), Emerald (200), Jewel (200), Windsor (225),
Springhigh (225), Chaucer (400), Woodard (400), Brightwell (400),
Climax (450), Tifblue (550), Powderblue (550)
Strawberry Chandler, Tioga, Torrey, Selva, Belrubi, Fern, Pajaro
Olive Arbequina, Barnea, Frantoio, Koroneiki, Leccino, Picual, Coratina,
Picholine
Persimon Hachiya, Fuiju, Jiro, Hyakuma
Refrence:
Verma MK, Awasthi OP and Giri RK . 2010. PROSPECTUS OF TEMPERATE FRUIT
PRODUCTION IN SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE . National Seminar on “Precision Farming in
Horticulture”.

31. Pollination
• Flowers produce a low amount of nectar, with a very low rate of sugar
(10-15%). This makes the flowers of low attractiveness to pollinating
insects.
• Dioecious nature of kiwi make it necessary to plant male variety in the
orchard.
• Due to the frequent yearly variation of winter chilling the occurrence of
non-coincidence of blooming between the target variety and its
pollinizers is usual.
• Theoretically, a kiwifruit flower needs at least 50 pollen grains per style
to produce a fruit with 1400 seeds, provided each stigma receives an
equal amount of pollen. (Howpage et al, 1998)
• Most cultivars of European pear (Pyrus communis L.) exhibit S-RNAse-
based gametophytic Self-incompatibility (SI). In selfed flowers, most
pollen tubes are arrested in the upper half of the style, although in a
small proportion of the styles, a pollen tube can reach the base of the
style and eventually effect fertilization.
• Self-sterility in cherry (Prunus avium L.) is one of the most important
problems in commercial cherry orchards.

32. Inadequate pollination
Pollinizer varieties
Lack of synchronization
Golden Delicious - Alternate bearing, Late maturity
Red Gold - Heavy crop load, small fruits,
faster vegetative growth
Proportion
< 5 % - 10% in hail prone areas
Pollinators
- Farmers generally ignorant about honey bee use
for pollination
- Spraying of pesticides during flowering kills
bee fauna

33. POLLINATION MANAGEMENT
•2nd Generation
Pollinizing Cvs. : Golden Spur, Spartan,
Gloster, Summer Queen
3rdGeneration
Crab apples : Manchurian, Golden Hornet,
& Others Snow Drift, Red Flesh,
Compact Winter Banana, Red Gravenstein
• Placement : Bouquet, Top work, Hand pollination etc.
• Pollinators : 5-6 bee colonies /ha to increase
fruit set

34. Recent Advances in Pollination
• Honeybees are known to be the most important pollinating insects in
fruit orchards (1-2 colony per hectare) as they form the great
majority of pollinating insects.
• The recommended proportion of the pollinizing trees in apple
orchards is 33.33 per cent.
• Two supplementary pollination management techniques namely,
flower bouquet and hand pollination were studied for increasing
fruit-set and yield in apple and pear.
• Fruit set increases under self and cross pollination, which suggests
that walnut plantations should include either homogamous cultivars
or both protandrous and protogynous cultivars (Payene) to achieve
adequate levels of pollination and fruit set.
• In hetero-dichogamy crop like Pecan nut both protandrous (Caddo,
Desirable) and protogynous (Stuart, Wichita) variety should be
planted.
• Twin Tree method of planting is done in chest nut to ensure proper
pollination.

35. • Pollinizer branches with
blooming flowers are collected
and put into a bottle with water.
The bottles are hanged on the
target trees at different
positions and directions.
• Pollination is carried out
through wind. In order to use
the pollinizer flowers efficiently,
the pollinizer branches are tied
on a bamboo stick before
putting them into bottles.
• The pollinizer branches on the
bamboo sticks are shaken over
tree crown to pollinate flowers.
Bouquet method Twin Tree method
• When young tree start
flowering the few staminate
catkins apparently do not
produce enough pollen to
fertilize the pistillate flower.
• To overcome this grafting of
pollinizer variety in the same
trunk can be done which form
a dual trunk; each tree
pollinating each others.
Buzz Pollination :
It is a specialized form of pollination where the pollen is not released unless
the anther is vibrated at particular frequency by the wing buzzing of
particular insect. It is seen in Kiwi.

36. Flowering in apple Hand pollination
Bouquet placement Top working
Supplementary Pollination

37. Case Study-3
Effect of natural pollination system, wind plus insects versus only wind, on
fruit set and fruit characters obtained from ‘Hayward’ vines.
Natural
Pollination
System
Fruit Set (%) Fruit Weight
(g)
Fruit
Diameter
(cm)
Fruit Length
(cm)
Average no.
of seed per
fruit
First Year
Wind* 12 39 4.5 3.8 33
Free (Wind +
Insect)
80 106 5.6 6.3 688
Second Year
Wind* 37 29 3.7 3.5
Free (Wind +
Insect)
83 102 5.6 6.2
*First year flowers were bagged into insect proof bags, while second year flowers were
emasculated and depetaled
Reference: M V Gonzalez, M Coque and M Herrero. 1998. Influence of pollination
systems on fruit set and fruit quality in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Ann. ccppl. Bid.,
132:349-355

38. Crop Pollinizer variety
Apple Golden Delicious, Red gold, Granny Smith, Tydeman Early Worcester, Summer
Queen, Winter Banana, McIntosh, Gale Gala, Scarlet Gala
Crab Apple – Snow Drift, Red Flesh, Manchurian, Golden Hornet, Chestnut
Kiwi Male- Matua, Tamouri, Allison
Female- Allison, Bruno, Hayward, Monty, Abbott
Pear Beurre Hardy, Flemish Beauty
Pea pears (Pyrus betulifolia, P. calleryana, P. fauriei, and interspecific hybrids)
were evaluated as alternative pollinizers for 'd'Anjou', 'Williams' and 'Golden
Russet Bosc'.
Cherry Stella, Vista, Vega, Seneca
Almond Tuono, Filippo Ceo, Genco, Ferrante, Palantina
Filbert 10GE, 101, Favigna Tonda, Carrello
Chestnut Catagno della Costa, Morethina, Morte Grossa

39. Planting methods
o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o
o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o
o o o o o o o o o
11% pollinizers
Every third plant in third
row is a pollinizer
o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o
o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o
o o o o o o o o o
o x o o x o o x o
15 % pollinizer
every alternate plant in every third
row is a pollinizer. It is a modification
of 11% and is mostly employed in
kiwifruit

40. Planting of pollinizer variety
20% pollinizer
All the plant in every 5th row
are pollinizer
33% Pollinizers
(Every third row is a pollinizer
variety)

41. Meadow Orcharding
• The meadow orcharding is the most extreme version
of High Density Planting. It is also called as Ultra
high density planting, Super high density planting and
Bed orchards.
• Child et al. (1978) defined a type of super intensive
system of orcharding where plants are induced to
form flower bud in the first year and harvesting the
fruit by mowing the orchard with a combine harvester
hence known as meadow orchard.
• The meadow orchard originally developed by
Hudson (1971), was an ultra high density (about
1,00,000 trees/ha) full cover orchard for apple.

42. Plant Architecture For Meadow Orcharding
• Prevent upright growth and develop horizontal laterals.
• Space small laterals along the central leader.
• Develop and maintain fruiting spurs along entire
branch as it develops.
• Develop rigid, strong, self supporting laterals.
• Maintain fruiting branches in one position.
• Develop fruiting spurs along the sides rather than top of
bottom of lateral branches.

43. S.No Parameters Traditional HDP
1 Plant population Less (150-200 plants/ha) More
(500-100000plants/ha)
2 Production Low (15-25 t/ha) High(30-50 t/ha)
3 Management Large tree size difficult to control Small tree size convenient
to manage
4 Labour
Requirement
More Less
5 Harvesting Difficult manual Easy by machine
6 Quality Large canopy , poor sunlight
penetration, poor quality
Small canopy, better sun
light, good quality
7 Establishment Cost less Cost high
8 Machinery Doesn't require expensive
machine
Requires expensive
machine
Comparison Between Traditional and HDP Orcharding

44. High density orcharding

45. HDP in Apple

46. Case Study-4
Effect of planting densities and varieties on nut yield in almond
Factor Nut number/tree Nut yield (kg/tree)
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Plant density (Per ha)
1,600 plants (2.5 × 2.5 m) 549.91 606.12 1139.47 1.14 1.19 2.50
1,111 plants (3 × 3 m) 725.23 818.98 1336.44 1.38 1.64 2.94
816 plants (3.5 × 3.5 m) 1081.94 1163.91 1648.03 2.10 2.22 3.75
625 plants (4 × 4 m) 1367.04 1417.29 1688.83 2.34 2.32 4.07
Variety
Makhdoom 1031.94 1077.97 1412.45 1.74 1.82 3.25
Shalimar 948.18 1 044.10 1406.37 1.69 1.80 3.09
Waris 812.97 882.65 1540.75 1.71 1.90 3.60
Reference : Dinesh Kumar, Nazeer Ahmed and M.K. Verma. 2012. Studies on high density
planting in almond in Kashmir valley. Indian J. Hort. 69(3): 328-332

47. Canopy Management
Canopy management of the fruit trees deals
with the development and maintenance of the
structure in relation to the size and shape,
orientation of branches and light interception for
the maximum productivity and quality.
 Principle :
I. To make best use of the land and the solar
radiations for increased productivity.
II. Avoidance of the build up of micro climate
congenial for the disease and pest.
 Pre-requisite :
I. Understand bearing behavior of the tree species.
II. The influence of environmental factors on the
productivity of the tree.

48. LIGHT PENETRATION AND DISTRIBUTION
WITH IN CANOPY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%LightPenetration
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Canopy Depth(feet)

49. Central Leader
Branching begins on Leader at 75-100
cm above soil surface
 One main upright trunk referred to as
Leader
 In first year 3-4 branches called as
Scaffold Whorls are selected
 Leave alternate areas without any
branches in between scaffolds to allow
sunlight to enter
Leader
Space scaffold branches at 50-60 cm

50. Open centre system
Branching begins at 45 cm
above ground level
3-5 branches selected
at the base
 Most common Training
System used in stone fruits
 Centre of the tree remains
open allowing enough
sunlight penetration

51. Modified Leader System
 Also called as Delayed Open
Centre System
 Combination of Central Leader
System and Open Centre System
 Central Leader allowed to
grow for a few years , 6-8
scaffold branches radiating on
all sides of leader are selected,
where after the leader is
removed

52. Tatura trellis system
5 wires at 60 cm
spacing at each pole
Poles inserted at 60°
angle to the soil
1.5 m spacing between
trees
 Developed at Tatura
Research Station,
Australia initially for
peach but now used
for stone fruits

53. Training in Apple

54. Single-wire trellis for single curtain
training
Fig.- Two-cane Kniffen system
Four-cane Kniffen system Head-trained vine
Two cane Kniffen

55. Vertically shoot Positioned Trellis
Telephone SystemSmart-Dyson Ballerina
Vertically shoot Positioned Trellis

56. Grape Harvester

57. Fruit crops Bearing habit
Apple Bears on spurs and terminally on two or more year old wood
Almond Laterally on last season’s growth and on spurs, before the leaves open
Pear Bear on spur and terminally on previous season wood
Peach Laterally on previous season growth
Plum Bears on spurs and laterally on one year old shoot
Apricot Bears on spurs and laterally on one year old shoot
Cherry Laterally on spurs of one year old shoot
Kiwifruit Bears on current season growth, arising from bud developed in previous
year.
Grapes Bears in leaf axils of current season growth, arising from bud developed
in previous year.
Walnut &
Pecan nut
Female flowers appear at tip of current season growth and male flower/
catkin laterally on previous season growth.
Pomegranate Bear terminally on shorts spurs, arising from matured shoots.
Persimmon Bear in leaf axils of current growth.

58. Rootstock

59. Adaptability of Pear rootstock to different conditions
 Pyrus amygdaliformis and P. elaeagrifolia rootstocks perform well in
soil with pH 7.5 - 8.0
 BP1 and BP3 are highly suitable for rich soil and poor soil, respectively
(Zyl and Etsebeth, 1981).
 P. betulifolia is recommended for alkaline soil.
Pyrus ussuriensis rootstock is preferred for severe climate. It is also used
as a winter hardy rootstock in several regions like Northern Asia and
North America.
D 6 rootstock is highly suitable under drought conditions (Cole, 1966).
Seedling of Williams Bartlett, Winter Nelis, Clonal seedling of Anjou,
Bartlett, Old Home and P. amygdalifolia, P. pashia, seedling of P.
calleryana etc. can suitably grown under warm winter or hot summer
conditions.
Old Home, P. ussuriensis can survive under a temperature as low as -400C
A series of OH X F rootstocks, P. caucasia, P. nivalis, Bartlett, Anjou, P.
fauriei, P. pseudopashia etc. can survive under a low temperature of -300C

60. Parameter Peach Rootstock
Resistance to crown gall Nemaguard,Rutger’s Red Leaf,
Rubira
Resistance to bacterial gummosis Bemaguard, S-37, Lovell
Nematode resistance Nemared, Namaguard, Marianna
2624 Mariana GF 8-1 Nemaguard,
Hyb. GF. 557
Salt tolerance Hyb. GF 557 Hyb. GF 677
Drought tolerance Hyb. GF 557, Hyb. GF 677,
Resistance to water-logging St Julian Hyb. 2, st Julian Hyb.
1, Damas GF 1869
Cold hardiness Siberian C

61. Root stock characteristics Plum Rootstock
Cold hardy St Julian A, Mariana 2624, Mariana GF 8/1
Tolerant to drought Myrobalan 27
High soil moisture tolerant Mariana GF8/1, Mariana 2621, Damas GF
1869
High soil ph tolerant Myrobalan 29C, Mariana GF 8/1, Damas
GF 1869
Resistant to crown gall Mariana GF 8/1, Mariana 2624,
Myrobalan GF 31, Myrobalan 29C
Resistant to canker Myrobalan B, Pixy
Resistant to nematodes Mariana GF 8/1, Mariana 2624

62. Choices for rootstocks used for apricot
Rootstock Common name/variety Characteristics
P. armeniaca apricot seedlings and
commercial varieties
low temperature tolerant, frost
hardy, resistant to nematodes
P. cerasifera,
P. myrobalana
cherry plum, myrobalan
seedlings and clones
resistance to stemborer; wide soil
adaptation; improve winter
hardiness , adaptive to heavy and
calcareous soils, resistant to iron
chlorosis
P. cerasifera x P.
munsoniana
wild-goose plum; GF 8-1,
Marianna 2624
wide soil adaptation, resistant to
water-logging , resistant to
Meloidogne incognita nematode
P. domestica L European plum winter hardiness
P. persica L peach, Lovell, Nemaguard,
Nemared
some resistance to bacterial canker
and Verticillium; Nemaguard &
Nemared have root-knot nematode
resistance
P. insititia Pollizo Resistance to lime chlorosis

63. Rootstock Trunk cross-
sectional
area[cm2 ]
Cumulative yield 2008-2011 Mean fruit
weight 2008-
2011 [g][kg/tree] [kg/cm2
TCA]
[t/ha]
Sylvia
F12/1 204.9 40.0 0.19 29.1 8.96
GiSelA 5 93.4 62.1 0.66 45.1 8.80
GiSelA 3 64.4 49.4 0.77 35.9 7.96
Piku 4 155.9 67.9 0.44 49.4 8.86
Weiroot 72 75.6 52.0 0.69 37.8 8.85
Karina
F12/1 294.1 76.8 0.26 55.8 9.00
GiSelA 5 185.8 108.1 0.58 78.6 8.54
GiSelA 3 101.1 73.8 0.73 53.7 8.04
Piku 4 236.6 87.1 0.37 63.3 8.92
Weiroot 72 104.7 83.9 0.80 61.0 8.25
Case Study-5: Effect of rootstock on trunk cross-sectional area, yield of 8-year-old ‘Sylvia’
and ‘Karina’ sweet cherry trees

64. REPLANT PROBLEM
• Replantation pertains to the plantation of new plants in the fields
vacated by removal of old and declining tree of same species.
• There has been increasing concern about poor growth, delayed
fruiting and short life of apple trees grew before. This problem
being faced by the growers is termed as ‘Replant Problem’.
• It is also, sometimes, termed as ‘Replant Disease’ when only biotic
causes are involved to develop such situation
 Weak, damaged or diseased nursery stock.
 Poor planting and management
techniques.
 Water deficiencies or excessive, spray
injuries.
 Weak competition or damage from insects.
 Diseases, rodents etc.
Causes of Replant Problem

65. • Imbalanced soil nutrients (particularly N, P, K) can cause
physiological stress that leads to replant problem.
• The high N doses in the form of ammonium nitrate
drastically lower the soil acidity and subsequently
increase the concentration of aluminum and manganese
elements in the root zone which become toxic and cause
replant problem.
• Besides, heavy metals such as arsenic derived from
pesticides have also been implicated in apple replant
problem.
Peach Replanting : As far as root toxicity is concerned,
amygdalin in the cells of peach root bark decomposed by
certain fungi and bacteria. These toxic decomposition products,
HCN and benzaldehyde, can kill peach rootlets or roots,
adversely affect growth or even kill the young peach replants.

66. Management of Replant Problem
Different management practices are recommended
Including :
 Site and crop selection
 Soil Sterilization
 Inoculation of bio-fertilizer to the seedlings
 liming to correct soil pH
 Fresh lay out of orchard and avoiding old pits
 Bigger pit size with new Soil
 Inter-cropping
 Drainage improvement
 Balanced Fertilizer applications
 Integrated Pest management
 Employment of bio-control agents

67. Technology for Rain Water harvesting and Drought management for stone fruit
Cultivation in Rainfed Areas
Half Moon System
1. Low cost
technology
2. Suitable for
sloppy lands
3. Conserves better
moisture,
enhances plant
growth and yield.
Full Moon System
1. Low cost
technology
2. Suitable for plain
lands.
3. Conserves better
moisture,
enhances plant
growth and yield.
Cup & Plate System
1. Low cost
technology
2. Suitable for
plain lands
3. Rain water
harvesting for
good plant
growth and yield
enhancement.
Trench System
1. Low cost
technology
2. Suitable for
sloppy lands
3. Conservation
of rain water
for better plant
growth and
yield.
Full Moon SystemHalf Moon System
Cup & Plate System Trench System

68. MULCHING Crescent Bond Open Catchment V- Ditch
TERRACING TERRACING WITH STONE TARRACING WITH PEBBLES

69. Intercropping in Almond

70. Mechanized Cherry Harvesting

71. Mechanized Kiwi Cultivation

72. Socio- Economic Constraints
1. Small and scattered land holdings
2. Lack of man power to supervise the field
activity
3. Lack of marketing accessibility
4. Large initial investment
5. Weak extension system

73. Post Harvest constraint
1. Poor shelf life of fruits
2. Lack of storage Unit
3. Lack of processing industry for value addition
4. Lack of packaging industry

74. Conclusion
• Orchard should be scientifically managed and all the
recommended package of practices should be followed from
time to time. However, following points need special attention:
• Among the standard varieties there should be more proportion
of regular bearing varieties than the Delicious varieties.
• Where adequate proportion of pollinizing varieties has not
been provided, top working of the trees with pollinizing
varieties should be done.
• During flowering and fruit set, 2 bee hives/acre be provided for
adequate cross pollination.
• Orchard soil and canopy management practices should be
given due attention for proper productivity.
• There is urgent need to go for high density plantation in
different temperate fruit crops.
• Judicious use of insecticides/pesticides/fungicides should be
done since their excessive use can increase tolerance and
eradication of many natural enemies of these pests.

75. Thank You