What is an experiment ? An experiment refers to any process that generates a set of data. An experiment involves a test or series of test in which purposeful changes are made to the input variables of a process or system so that changes in the output responses can be observed and identified.

1. FACTORS CONSIDER FOR DOE AND SOFTWARES
OF DOE
Submitted by:-
Manoranjan Purusottam
M.Pharma. 1st sem.

2. Contents
 Introduction to DOE
 Factors, Levels, Response
 Fishbone diagram
 Software's used in DOE
 References

3. Design of Experiment
• What is an experiment ?
An experiment refers to any process that generates a
set of data.
An experiment involves a test or series of test in
which purposeful changes are made to the input
variables of a process or system so that changes in
the output responses can be observed and
identified.

4. • What is design of experiment ?
DOE is a powerful statistical technique for improving
product or process designs and solving process
problems.
DOE makes controlled changes to input variables in
order to gain maximum amount of information on cause
and effect relationship with a minimum sample size.
Experiments are costly, if they are conducted in the
production plant rather in the pilot plant or laboratory
so we want to select a DOE design which minimizes the
number of trails conducted without compromising the
integrity of the data analysis and without producing
discrepant product.

5. • Why we use design of experiment ?
 Reduce time to design or develop new products &
processes.
 Improve performance of existing process.
 Improve accuracy and performance of products.
 Achieve product and process robustness.
 Perform evaluation of materials, design of
alternatives ,setting components and system
tolerance.

6. • Example of DOE:

7. • Factors
Factors are input to the process.
Factors can be classified as either controllable or
uncontrollable variables. In this, case the controllable
factors are flour, eggs, sugar and oven.
• Levels
Levels represent settings of each factor in the study.
Example include the oven temperature setting, no. of
spoons of sugar, no. of cups of flour, and no. of eggs.
• Response
Response is output of the experiment.
In the case of cake baking, the taste, consistency and
appearance of the cake are measurable outcomes
potentially influenced by the factors and their respective
levels.

8. Fishbone Diagram
 It is described by kaoru ishikawa.
 It is also known as ishikawa diagram, herringbone diagram,
cause and effect diagram.
 This diagram is used in process improvement method to identify
all of the contributing root cause likely to be causing a problem.

10. Software used in DOE
 Minitab
 SPSS
 SAS
 Design expert
 Prisma

11. Minitab
 It is an application software for studying statistical tools
and applying them for business needs.
 Plays a major role in six sigma projects.
 Minitab uses different customized pre-defined functions
to perform statistical test for analysis.
 Minitab can recognize three data types ,numeric ,text and
date. Data types are displayed at column indicators as
c1(numeric),c1-t(text),c1-d(date).
 Minitab worksheet is used for data input . output is
displayed in session window (table and text) and graphs.
 Minitab uses default values (ex-alpha=0.05)for hypothesis
testing.

13. SPSS
 SPSS stands for statistical package for social sciences.
 SPSS can take data from almost any type of file and use them
to generate tabulated reports, charts, and plots of distribution
and trends, descriptive statistics and conduct complex
statistical analysis.
 With SPSS we can analyze data in 3 basic ways:
• Describe data using descriptive statistics example frequency,
mean.
• Examine relationship between variables example correlation,
regression, factor analysis etc.
• Compare groups to determine if there are significant
difference between these groups example t-test, ANOVA etc.

14. How to open SPSS
 Go to start
 Click on programs
 Click on SPSS INC
 Click on SPSS 16.0
Basic structure of SPSS
There are two different windows in SPSS
 1ST-Data editor window
we can create variables, enter data and carry out statistical functions.
 2nd –output viewer window
It shows what results are produced by analyzing the functions.
The data editor consist of two tabs- Data view, Variable view.

15. Data view:
 Data view is used to enter data and
view data.
 In data view -
• Rows represent individual cases.
• Columns represent particular
variables in your data file.
Variable View:
 It is used to create and define
various variables.
 In variable view –
• Row represent individual variable
and define various variable.
• Column represent specific
characteristic of variable like name,
type, label.

16. File menu
 The file menu of SPSS contains
standard option like other
programs.
 File menu allows creating new files,
open existing file, save files, read
text data, print, print preview, exit
from SPSS.
Edit menu
 The edit menu allows the standard
functions like to cut, copy, paste,
edit and undo.

17. Analyze menu
The analyze menu allows the analysis
of data with help of various statistical
tools and techniques.
Graph Menu
The graph menu allows us to create
bar chart, line chart, area chart, pie
chart, histogram, scatter plots along
with many other variations.

18. SAS
 SAS stands for statistical analysis system.
 It is developed by SAS institute for advanced analytics,
business intelligence, data management and predictive
analytics.
 Currently, SAS has more then 200 components, some of them
are-
• Base SAS – Basic procedure and data management
• SAS/STAT- statistical analysis
• SAS/GRAPH- Graphic and presentation
• SAS/OR- Operation research
• SAS/ETS- Econometrics and language
• SAS/IML- Interactive matrix language

19. Functions:

20. Features:

21. Design Expert
 Design–Expert is a statistical software package from Stat-Ease
Inc. that is specifically dedicated to performing design of
experiments (DOE).
 Design–Expert offers comparative tests, screening,
characterization, optimization, robust parameter design,
mixture designs and combined designs.
 Design–Expert provides test matrices for screening up to 50
factors. Statistical significance of these factors is established
with analysis of variance (ANOVA).
 Graphical tools help identify the impact of each factor on the
desired outcomes and reveal abnormalities in the data.

22. Cont.….
 Design–Expert offers test matrices for screening up to 50
factors. A power calculator helps establish the number of test
runs needed. ANOVA is provided to establish statistical
significance. Based on the validated predictive models, a
numerical optimizer helps the user determine the ideal values
for each of the factors in the experiment.
 Design–Expert provides 11 graphs in addition to text output to
analyze the residuals.
 The software determines the main effects of each factor as
well as the interactions between factors by varying the values
of all factors in parallel.
 The optimization feature can be used to calculate the
optimum operating parameters for a process.

23. References
1. Martin Tanco, Elisabeth Viles, Laura Ilzarbe and Maria Jesus
Alvarez, “Dissecting DoE Software,” Six Sigma Forum Magazine,j
May 2008.
2. Felix Grant, “A More User-Friendly Design Expert,” Quality Digest,
November 2000.
3. John Comley, “Design Of Experiments: useful statistical tool in
assay development or vendor disconnect!”, Drug Discovery World,
Winter 2009.
4. Robert Tinder, “Using Design of Experiments to Optimize Chiral
Separation,” Pharma QbD, September 2010.
5. Felix Grant, “Design Expert 7.1,” Scientific Computing World,
October 23, 2007.