3. Motivation
⢠Instinct Theory: we
are motivated by our
inborn automated
behaviors.
⢠But instincts only
explain why we do a
small fraction of our
behaviors.
Click on the fish to watch itâs
instinctual behavior.
4. Drive Reduction Theory
⢠Our behavior is
motivated by
BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
⢠Wants to maintain
homeostasis.
⢠When we are not, we
have a need that
creates a drive.
⢠Primary versus
Secondary drives
5. Arousal Theory
⢠We are
motivated to
seek an optimum
level of arousal.
⢠Yerkes-Dodson
Law
6. Maslowâs Hierarchy of Needs
⢠Abraham Maslow said
we are motivated by
needs, and all needs
are not created equal.
⢠We are driven to
satisfy the lower
level needs first.
8. Biological Basis of Hunger
⢠Hunger does NOT
come from our
stomach.
It comes from ourâŚ
⢠Brain
What part of the
brain?
⢠The Hypothalamus
9. Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus
⢠When stimulated it
makes you hungry.
⢠When lesioned
(destroyed) you will
never be hungry again.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
⢠When stimulated you
feel full.
⢠When lesioned you will
never feel full again.
10. Set Point Theory
⢠The hypothalamus
acts like a thermostat.
⢠Wants to maintain a
stable weight.
⢠Activate the lateral
when you diet and
activate the
ventromedial when you
start to gain weight.
⢠Leptin theory
11. Body Chemistry
⢠Glucose
⢠The hormone insulin
converts glucose to
fat.
⢠When glucose levels
drop- hunger
increases.
16. Anorexia Nervosa
⢠Starve themselves to below 85% of their
normal body weight.
⢠See themselves as fat.
⢠Vast majority are woman.
Click on the
woman to watch a
case study of an
anorexic.
17. Obesity
⢠Severely overweight
to the point where it
causes health issues.
⢠Mostly eating habits
but some people are
predisposed towards
obesity.
Click on the pictures to see
some case studies on obesity.
18. Sexual Motivation
⢠Sex is natural.
⢠Without sex, none of
us would be here.
⢠How do scientists
(or you) find out
about sex?
YOU ASK!!!!!!
19. Kinseyâs Studies
⢠Confidential interviews
with 18,000 people (in
early 1950âs).
⢠Sexual Behavior in the
Human Male and Sexual
Behavior in the Human
Female
⢠Scale of sexualityâŚ.0 to 6
where 0 is exclusively
heterosexual and 6
homosexual and 7 is
asexual.
Click on Kinsey to see the movie
trailer.
20. Masters and Johnson Study
⢠In the 1960âs William
Masters and Virginia
Johnson set out to
explore the physiology
of sex.
⢠382 females and 312
males.
After their
research was
done they ran
an institute
that claimed to
turn gay people
straight.
Click on Masters and Johnson to see a more detailed explanation of
their research.
21. Mapped out the Sexual Response
Cycle
â˘
â˘
â˘
â˘
Initial Excitement
Plateau Phase
Orgasm
Resolution Phase
(with refractory
period).
22. Psychological Factors in Sexual
Motivation
⢠Only some people are
externals when it
comes to hunger- but
we are all externals
when it comes to sex.
⢠Heiman 4 tape study.
⢠People can find
sexually explicit
images either pleasing
or disturbing- but
they are none the less
biologically arousing.
23. We have discussed the energizing of sexual
motivation but have yet to discuss its direction:
Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of
either one's own gender or the other gender.
Percentage, brothers and cities
24. How is Sexual Orientation
Determined
⢠There has been NO
evidence that sexuality is
socially determined.
⢠Kids raised by gay
parents are no more
likely to be gay that if
they were raised by
hetero parents.
⢠This it is likely
biologically determined.
25. The Brain
⢠Simon LeVay
discovered that there
is a cluster of cells in
the hypothalamus that
is larger in
heterosexual men than
in heterosexual women
or homosexual men.
26. Prenatal Environment
⢠Current research
seems to point to
the hormonal levels
in the prenatal
environment.
⢠We have created
homosexual male fruit
flies and lesbian sheep!!!
27. Achievement Motivation
What motivates us to work?
(School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..)
Intrinsic Motivators
⢠Rewards we get
internally, such as
enjoyment or
satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivators
⢠Reward that we get for
accomplishments from
outside ourselves (grades
or money or etc..)
⢠Work great in the short
run.
28. Management Theory
Management/Teaching styles relate closely to
Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators.
Theory X
⢠Managers believes that
employees will work only if
rewarded with benefits or
threatened with punishment.
⢠Think employees are
Extrinsically Motivated.
⢠Only interested in Maslowâs
lower needs.
Theory Y
⢠Managers believe that
employees are internally
motivated to do good work
and policies should encourage
this internal motive.
⢠Interested in Maslowâs
higher needs.
30. Emotion
⢠Willam James and Carl
Lange came up with the
James-Lange Theory
of Emotion.
⢠We feel emotion
because of biological
changes caused by
stress.
⢠The body changes and
our mind recognizes the
feeling.
⢠Stimulus ď Arousalď Emotion
31. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
⢠Say James-Lange theory
is full of crap.
⢠How can that be true if
similar physiological
changes correspond with
drastically different
emotional states.
⢠The physiological change
and cognitive awareness
must occur
simultaneously.
⢠Stimulus ď Arousal/Emotion
⢠They believed it was the
thalamus that helped
this happen.
32. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
⢠Stanley Schachter explains emotions
more completely that the other two
theories.
⢠They happen at the same time butâŚ
⢠People who are already
physiologically aroused experience
more intense emotions than
unaroused people when both groups
are exposed to the same stimuli.
⢠Biology and Cognition interact with
each other to increase the
experience.
⢠Stimulus ď Arousal+Cognitive Label
ď Emotion