Learning Module in Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades.pdf

NOTRE DAME - SIENA COLLEGE OF POLOMOLOK
Polomolok, South Cotabato
School year 2020-2021
LEARNING MODULE IN TEACHING SCIENCE IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES
(Biology and Chemistry) – GEMC 100
Module no. 1 Inclusive week August 10-21,2020 (2 weeks)
Module Overview References/ Research Links
 Definition of Biology and Chemistry
 Cell
- types of cell
- parts of the cell
- functions of cell
 https://bit.ly/30OwvrN
 https://bit.ly/3ahKl8T
 https://bit.ly/30Mo0NC
Module Content
BIOLOGY
- is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical
structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and
evolution.
- despite the complexity of the science, certain unifying concepts consolidate it into a single, coherent
field.
- it recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as
the engine that propels the creation and extinction of species.
CHEMISTRY
- is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter and its composition.
- is the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms, molecules
and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behaviour and the changes they undergo during
a reaction with other substances.
 CELL
- The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological
unit of all known organisms.
- The smallest unit of life and often called the "building blocks of life".
- The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology.
Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules
such as proteins and nucleic acids. Most plant and animal cells are only visible under a microscope,
with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres.
Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell such as bacteria) or
multicellular (including plants and animals). Most unicellular organisms are classed as
microorganisms.
The number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species; it has been estimated
that humans contain somewhere around 40 trillion (4×1013
) cells. The human brain accounts for around
80 billion of these cells.
Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named them for their resemblance to
cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias
Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells,
that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, and that all cells
come from pre-existing cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago.
 TYPES OF CELL
Cells are of two types: eukaryotic, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotic, which do not.
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, while eukaryotes can be either single-celled
or multicellular.
A. Prokaryotic Cells
- Is a cellular organism that lacks an envelope-enclosed nucleus.
- prokaryote comes from the Greek (pro, 'before') and (karyon, 'nut' or 'kernel').

- In the two-empire system arising from the work of Édouard Chatton, prokaryotes were
classified within the empire Prokaryota. But in the three-domain system, based
upon molecular analysis, prokaryotes are divided into two domains: Bacteria (formerly
Eubacteria) and Archaea (formerly Archaebacteria).
- Organisms with nuclei are placed in a third domain, Eukaryota.
- In the study of the origins of life, prokaryotes are thought to have arisen before
eukaryotes.
- Prokaryotes lack mitochondria, or any other eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles;
and it was once thought that prokaryotes lacked cellular compartments, and therefore all
cellular components within the cytoplasm were unenclosed, except for an outer cell
membrane. But bacterial micro compartments, which are thought to be primitive
organelles enclosed in protein shells, have been discovered; and there is also evidence
of prokaryotic membrane-bound organelles.
- While typically being unicellular, some prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, may form
large colonies. Others, such as mycobacteria, have multicellular stages in their life
cycles.
- Prokaryotes are asexual, reproducing without fusion of gametes, although horizontal
gene transfer also takes place.
A prokaryotic cell has three regions:
Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope – generally consisting of a plasma
membrane covered by a cell wall which, for some bacteria, may be further covered by
a third layer called a capsule.
Though most prokaryotes have both a cell membrane and a cell wall, there are
exceptions such as Mycoplasma (bacteria) and Thermoplasma (archaea) which only
possess the cell membrane layer. The envelope gives rigidity to the cell and separates
the interior of the cell from its environment, serving as a protective filter.
The cell wall consists of peptidoglycan in bacteria, and acts as an additional
barrier against exterior forces. It also prevents the cell from expanding and bursting
(cytolysis) from osmotic pressure due to a hypotonic environment. Some eukaryotic
cells (plant cells and fungal cells) also have a cell wall.
Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the genome (DNA), ribosomes
and various sorts of inclusions. The genetic material is freely found in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotes can carry extra chromosomal DNA elements called plasmids, which
are usually circular. Linear bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species
of spirochete bacteria, including members of the genus Borrelia notably Borrelia
burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease. Though not forming a nucleus, the DNA is
condensed in a nucleoid. Plasmids encode additional genes, such as antibiotic
resistance genes.
On the outside, flagella and pili project from the cell's surface. These are structures
(not present in all prokaryotes) made of proteins that facilitate movement and
communication between cells.
B. Eukaryotic Cells
- are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope.

- Eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya; their name comes from
the Greek (eu, "well" or "good") and (karyon, "nut" or "kernel").
- The domain Eukaryota makes up one of the domains of life in the three-domain system;
the two other domains are Bacteria and Archaea (together known as prokaryotes)
- Eukaryotes represent a tiny minority of the number of living organisms; however, due
to their generally much larger size, their collective worldwide biomass is estimated to be
about equal to that of prokaryotes.
- Eukaryotes evolved approximately 1.6–2.1 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon.
Eukaryotic cells typically contain membrane-bound organelles such as
mitochondria and Golgi apparatus, and chloroplasts can be found in plants and algae; these
organelles are unique to eukaryotes, although primitive organelles can be found in
prokaryotes. As well as being unicellular, eukaryotes may also be multicellular and include
many cell types forming different kinds of tissue; in comparison, prokaryotes are typically
unicellular. Animals, plants, and fungi are the most familiar eukaryotes; other eukaryotes are
sometimes called protists.
Eukaryotes can reproduce both asexually through mitosis and sexually through
meiosis and gamete fusion.
In mitosis, one cell divides to produce two genetically identical cells.
In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce
four haploid daughter cells. These act as sex cells (gametes). Each gamete has just one set of
chromosomes, each a unique mix of the corresponding pair of parental chromosomes resulting
from genetic recombination during meiosis.
 PARTS OF THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION
Humans are made up of trillions of cells — the basic unit of life on earth. In this article, we
explain some of the structures found in cells and describe a few of the many types of cell found
in our bodies.
Cells can be thought of as tiny packages that contain minute factories, warehouses, transport
systems, and power plants. They function on their own, creating their own energy and self-
replicating — the cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate. However, cells also
communicate with each other and connect to create a solid, well stuck-together animal. Cells
build tissues, which form organs; and organs work together to keep the organism alive.

Nucleus
- The nucleus can be thought of as the cell’s headquarters. There is normally one nucleus
per cell, but this is not always the case, skeletal muscle cells, for instance, have two. The
nucleus contains the majority of the cell’s DNA (a small amount is housed in the
mitochondria, see below). The nucleus sends out messages to tell the cell to grow, divide,
or die.
- The nucleus is separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane called the nuclear
envelope; nuclear pores within the membrane allow through small molecules and ions,
while larger molecules need transport proteins to help them through.
Plasma membrane
- To ensure each cell remains separate from its neighbour, it is enveloped in a special
membrane known as the plasma membrane. This membrane is predominantly made of
phospholipids, which prevent water-based substances from entering the cell. The plasma
membrane contains a range of receptors, which carry out a number of tasks, including
being:
 Gatekeepers: Some receptors allow certain molecules through and stop others.
 Markers: These receptors act as name badges, informing the immune system
that they are part of the organism and not a foreign invader.
 Communicators: Some receptors help the cell communicate with other cells and
the environment.
 Fasteners: Some receptors help bind the cell to its neighbours.
Cytoplasm
- The cytoplasm is the interior of the cell that surrounds the nucleus and is around 80
percent water; it includes the organelles and a jelly-like fluid called the cytosol. Many
of the important reactions that take place in the cell occur in the cytoplasm.
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
- Both lysosomes and peroxisomes are essentially bags of enzymes. Lysosomes contain
enzymes that break down large molecules, including old parts of the cells and foreign
material. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that destroy toxic materials, including peroxide.
Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton can be considered the scaffolding of the cell. It helps it maintain the
correct shape. However, unlike regular scaffolding, the cytoskeleton is flexible; it plays
a role in cell division and cell motility — the ability of some cells to move, such as sperm
cells, for instance.
- The cytoskeleton also helps in cell signaling through its involvement in the uptake of
material from outside the cell (endocytosis) and is involved in moving materials around
within the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) processes molecules within the cell and helps transport
them to their final destinations. In particular, it synthesizes folds, modifies, and
transports proteins.
- The ER is made up of elongated sacs, called cisternae, held together by the cytoskeleton.
There are two types: rough ER and smooth ER.
Golgi apparatus
- Once molecules have been processed by the ER, they travel to the Golgi apparatus. The
Golgi apparatus is sometimes considered the post office of the cell, where items are
packaged and labelled. Once materials leave, they may be used within the cell or taken
outside of the cell for use elsewhere.
Mitochondria
- Often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria help turn energy from the
food that we eat into energy that the cell can use — adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
However, mitochondria have a number of other jobs, including calcium storage and a
role in cell death (apoptosis).

Ribosomes
- In the nucleus, DNA is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid), a molecule similar to
DNA, which carries the same message. Ribosomes read the RNA and translate it into
protein by sticking together amino acids in the order defined by the RNA.
- Some ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm; others are attached to the ER.
 PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
PARTS PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Typical
organisms
bacteria, archaea protists, fungi, plants, animals
Typical size ~ 1–5 µm ~ 10–100 µm
Type of nucleus
nucleoid region; no
true nucleus
true nucleus with double membrane
DNA circular (usually) linear molecules (chromosomes) with histone proteins
RNA/protein
synthesis
coupled in
the cytoplasm
RNA synthesis in the nucleus
protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes 50S and 30S 60S and 40S
Cytoplasmic
structure
very few structures highly structured by endomembrane and a cytoskeleton
Cell movement
flagella made
of flagellin
Flagella and cilia containing microtubules; lamellipodia
and filopodia containing actin.
Mitochondria none one to several thousand
Chloroplasts none in algae and plants
Organization usually single cells
single cells, colonies, higher multicellular organisms
with specialized cells
Cell division
binary fission
(simple division)
mitosis (fission or budding) and meiosis
Chromosomes single chromosome more than one chromosome
Membranes cell membrane Cell membrane and membrane-bound organelles
Learning Outcomes
 Describe the descriptive concept of Biology and Chemistry.
 Describe Biology and its Nature: Cell the basic unit of life.
 Discuss the different types of Cell, their parts and functions.
Graduate Attributes
 Truth Seeker
Teaching Learning Activities Assessment Tools
 Flow Chart
 Puzzle
 Google Forms
 Rubric

Assignment
Answer the following questions below in the activity page of your notebook or in a 1 whole piece of
long size bond paper. To be submitted on the next session.
1. What is Symbiosis?
2. Differentiate types of Symbiotic relationships
Note: Assignments can be submitted online through Google classroom using your Gmail account. Late
submitted assignments will have a corresponding deduction from the total points earned.
Teacher’s Name: AGUSTIN A. PANDOMA
Contact number: +63921-875-4882
Email Address: agustin_pandoma@yahoo.com
FB /Messenger account: Tino Pandoma

Name of
Student
Course
Year level
ACTIVITY 1
LOOK WHAT I FOUND!
Instruction: Look at the word bank below. Find and encircle the hidden words in the
GRID. The words may be hidden across, down or diagonally.

Name of
Student
Course
Year level
ACTIVITY 2
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Instruction: Fill in the diagram below by supplying the information needed

Name of
Student
Course
Year level
ACTIVITY 3
LABELLING: Animal Cell

Name of
Student
Course
Year level
ACTIVITY 4
LABELLING: Plant Cell

Name of
Student
Course
Year level
ACTIVITY 5
TABLE COMPLETION
Instruction: Fill in the function for each organelle listed below by marking ( ⁄ ) it and writing each
function.
ORGANELLE
PLANT
CELL
ANIMAL
CELL
FUNCTION
1. Cell Membrane
2. Cell Wall
3. Nucleus
4. Mitochondria
5. Chloroplast
6. Vacuole
7. Cytoplasm

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