Πρόγραμμα Comenius με θέμα "Gender Role Inequalities" Ενότητα: "Βιολογικές διαφορές των φύλων" Comenius project: " Gender Role Inequalities" Topic: "The biological differences between the sexes"

1. GreeceGreece
andand
22ndnd
Vocational High School of GiannitsaVocational High School of Giannitsa
presents:presents:

3. The term of sex refers to the biological and social
differences between men and women. The biological sex
of a person is genetically determined, while gender is
culturally and socially constructed.

4. From the beginning of the world:From the beginning of the world:
“Another creature was Adam & other Eve …”“Another creature was Adam & other Eve …”

5. The difference in woman’s – man’s bodiesThe difference in woman’s – man’s bodies
captured centuries ago ...captured centuries ago ...

6. These male and female forms display distinctThese male and female forms display distinct
some different characteristicssome different characteristics

7. These differences start from theThese differences start from the
beginning of human life…beginning of human life…
All cells in human body other than reproductive cells contain 46
chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.
 22 of these pairs are matched (chromosomes are very
similar)
 The other pair are the sex chromosomes, which are similar in
females (XX), and dissimilar in males (XY)

8. Reproductive cellsReproductive cells
These are: eggs for the female & sperms for the male
and contain 22 autosomes plus one sex chromosome.
Egg cellsEgg cells will have: 22 autosomes and 1X
chromosome
Sperm cellsSperm cells will have: 22 autosomes and either
1X or 1Y chromosome.

9. FertilizationFertilization
During fertilizationDuring fertilization,, egg and
sperm fuse, producing a cell
with 46 chromosomes.
The sperm determines the sex of the embryo:The sperm determines the sex of the embryo:
 If the sperm that fertilizes the egg has an X chromosome, the
embryo will be XX (female)
 If the sperm that fertilizes the egg has a Y chromosome, the
embryo will be XY (male)
22+X
22+X
XXXX
22+X
22+Y
XYXY
XX YY

10. Differentiations of reproductive systemDifferentiations of reproductive system

11. Sex hormonesSex hormones
Produced by gonads and secreted into bloodstream.
Ovaries produce:Ovaries produce:
Estrogens
Progesterone
Testes produce:Testes produce:
Androgens (testosterone)
Note:Note: adrenal glands also produce estrogen and
androgens in both sexes.

12. BonesBones
 Women have less bone mass than men, but their pelvic structure
is wider, which is necessary when giving birth.
 Males have denser ,stronger bones, tendons and ligaments and
“Adam’s Apple ” due to larger vocal cords.

13. MusclesMuscles
 Males are physically taller and stronger than females.
 Females have less total muscle mass than males

14. Fat and FlexibilityFat and Flexibility
 Women carry about 10%points more body fat than do men.
 Men accumulate fat primarily in the back, chest, and abdomen;
women gain fat in the buttocks, arms, and thighs.
 Women generally are more flexible than men.

15. Hair and SkinHair and Skin
Men have more bodily hair than women do, especially on the
face, chest and extremities.
The baldness is much more common in males than in females.
Men’s skin has more collagen and sebum , which makes it thicker
and oilier than women’s skin.

16. BrainBrain
The male brain is typically about 10% larger and heavier
than female brain, because male have a larger body. That means
that the extra brain mass doesn’t make men more intelligent.
According to studies, female brains are more compact.

17. Language:Language: Women often excel at language-based tasks for two
reasons: two brain areas that deal with language are larger in
females, and also females process language in both hemispheres
while males favor a single brain half.
Emotions:Emotions: Since women have a larger deep limbic system than
men, they’re more in touch with their feelings.

18. Spatial abilities:Spatial abilities: A special brain area (parietal region) is thicker in
the female brain, so that women often report difficulty with spatial
tasks, in contrast with men.

19. The woman has the biological role of theThe woman has the biological role of the
birth of childrenbirth of children
Woman is pregnant for 9 months
and subsequently for a few
months breastfeed the baby
The body is affected physically,
psychologically and emotionally
and the pace of life is changing

20. Male and FemaleMale and Female
The most obvious
differences between
males and females
include all the features
related to reproductive
role and their
physiological and
behavior effects ,
including internal and
external genital and
differentiation of breast ,
of muscle mass , height
and hair distribution.

21. Studies on this topic explore the possibility of social
influences on how both sexes perform in cognitive and
behavioral tests. Stereotypes about differences between men
and women have been shown to affect a person's behavior.

22. Men and women can use different roads to get
to the same place.

24. Supervisors:Supervisors:
Goula Athina
Nikou Evangelia
Students participated in this project:Students participated in this project:
Karakatsani Anthi
Thomaidou Maria

25. Vairamidou Evmorfia
Vardikidou Aggeliki
Kamtsi Konstantina
Kiriakidou Despina
Latsari Elsa
Lina Panagiota
Melikidou Alexandra
Baxevani Petroula
Daule Joanna
Panagiotidou Emanuella
Raskaki Antigoni
Rode Kisian
Tzahalaki Christina
Tsehou Vaso
Hatsaturova Anna

26. BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY
Birke , Lydia. The Gender and Science Reader ed. Muriel Lederman and
Ingrid Bartsch . New York, Routledge , 2001. (306-322)
Miller, AE; MacDougall, JD; Tarnopolsky, MA; Sale, DG (1993). "Gender
differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics". European journal
of applied physiology and occupational physiology 66 (3): (254–62).
Arnold, A. P. (2004). "Sex chromosomes and brain gender". Nature Rev.
Neurosci 5 (9): (701–708).
Haier , R.J.; Jung, R.E.; Yeo , R.A.; Head, K.; Alkire , M.T. (September
2004). "Structural brain variation and general intelligence" (PDF).
Neuroimage 23 (1): (425–33).
Frost, P. (2007). Sex linkage of human skin, hair, and eye color

27. Fausto -Sterling, Anne “Of Gender and Genitals” from Sexing the
body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality New York, NY:
Basic Books, 2000, [Chapter 3, pp. 44-77]
Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology, Technical Issues In
Reproductive Health, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health
Glucksman , A. (1981) Sexual Dimorphism in Human and Mammalian
Biology and Pathology (Academic Press, 1981), (pp. 66-75)
Gustafsson A & Lindenfors P (2004). "Human size evolution: no
allometric relationship between male and female stature". Journal of
Human Evolution 47 (4): (253–266)