New Insights Into the People Side of Milk Quality
•Transferir como PPTX, PDF•
1 gostou•1,188 visualizações
From attitudes and perspectives to the relationship between employer and employee, Susan Schexnayder discusses new insights into the roles people can play in milk quality. For the full presentation, see our YouTube video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zTS4D7KZiE
Recomendados
Recomendados
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Mais procurados
Mais procurados (20)
Semelhante a New Insights Into the People Side of Milk Quality
Semelhante a New Insights Into the People Side of Milk Quality (20)
Mais de DAIReXNET
Mais de DAIReXNET (20)
Último
Último (20)
New Insights Into the People Side of Milk Quality
- 1. SUSAN SCHEXNAYDER SCHEXNAYDER@UTK.EDU PRESENTED FOR DAIREXNET This material is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award number 2013-68004-20424. New Insight Into the People Side of Milk Quality
- 2. Significant changes in the dairy industry in the last two decades. Somatic cell counts (SCC), a key marker of mastitis, remain higher in the Southeast US than elsewhere. • 27% of milk samples from SE states had SCC >400K; 2% were > 750K • States ranged from 18% to 46% SCC >400K -50 0 50 100 150 200 Total milk Milk per cow Output per farm %change SE US Change from 1995 to 2010 27.9 24.4 21.8 37.3 49.7 50.3 51.7 50.1 20.5 22.9 24.6 12.0 1.8 2.4 1.9 0.6 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% SE 2014 SE 2013 SE 2012 US 2012 SCC in SE and US <200K 200-399K 400-749K >750K Production of Quality Milk in the U.S. and Southeast U.S.
- 3. Decades old 10-part Mastitis Management Program as well as slides and videos on Dollars and Sense of Mastitis Control Extension specialists, programs, and numerous fact sheets Extension information online Yet… Bulk tank SCC > than desired on certain operations. What We Know Doesn’t Always Match What We Do
- 4. Demand for higher quality milk in the U.S. and internationally Decline in the SE U.S. dairy industry and its sustainability What factors — social, cultural, economic, institutional, business, etc. — contribute to adoption and successful execution of management practices to produce quality milk by minimizing mastitis and bulk tank SCC? A Focus on People, While Addressing the Production of Quality Milk
- 5. We let dairy producers answer the question • Small group discussion and surveys of owners & managers-primary decision makers (PDMs)- of dairy farms • Capture info about • Attitudes, motivations, influences • Perceptions about mastitis, controlling mastitis, and info/guidance available • Farm operation info, including bulk tank SCC • Assured data represented farms in states surveyed • Regressed monthly average bulk tank SCC on • Farm and farmer characteristics • Farmer attitudinal variables Answering the “Why” Question – What Factors Explain Differences?
- 6. Coefficient Standard error BTSCC Behaviors - BTSCC one year ago (30% of cell count) 0.30* 0.16 - Producer takes action when BTSCC <300,000 -57,012** 27,930 Farm Structure Characteristics - Sole proprietorship or partnership -15,258***, -11,018* 5,346; 6,647 - Has operations not related to dairy 11,366* 6,119 - In parlor during the milking -14,382** 6,179 Operator Characteristics - Decision maker and employees speak same language 11,646* 6,293 - Will be operating as dairy farm in 5 years -12,933*** 4,829 Farmers’ Attitudes and Perceptions - Responsible for mastitis on my farm† -19,167*** 6,661 - General concern about mastitis control† 17,706* 10,301 - Worried about financial consequences of mastitis 10,548* 5,871 State Indicators - North Carolina, Virginia (with SE US as reference case) -52,251*; -23,323** 13,071; 10,577 Information Sources - Veterinarian -26,110** 12,615 - Extension -9,047* 5,231 These Factors Explain 65% of Variance in BTSCC
- 7. • Previous year’s BTSCC is a solid predictor of current BTSCC • High performing and low performing farms tend to stay that way • Early intervenors see results • BTSCC difference is 66,236 cell/ml between those who take BTSCC corrective action below 300,000 and those who wait till BTSCC surpasses 300,000 Picture source: Ubrocare.com BTSCC Behaviors & Current Year BTSCC
- 8. Do these factors indicate greater focus on dairy operation yields lower SCC? - Sole proprietorship or partnership (- 15,000; -11,000) + Non-dairy operations (+11,000) - Owner/manager in parlor during milking (-14,000) Counter argument: Off-farm income not associated in this study with higher BTSCC, although older study* found otherwise * Kumbhaker et al. 1991 Farm Structure Characteristics Associated with BTSCC
- 9. + Owner/manager and employees speak the same language (+12,000) • Consistent with a study in Northeast that found English speaking dairy employees to be associated with higher BTSCC† Ratio of effectiveness to practicality of management measures, comparing primary decision makers and employees who share a first language to those whose languages differ Mastitis and SCC management measure Different languages Same language Training employees in mastitis management .961 .957 Delegating mastitis treatment responsibility to employees 1.02 .992 Evaluating employees on BTSCC .979 .991 A score < 1 indicates the management measures is assessed to be more practical/cost efficient than effective. Does this finding relate to farm owner/manager assessments of effectiveness of employee-based management techniques? †Schewe et al., 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8840 Operator Characteristics Associated with BTSCC
- 10. - Farms whose PDM anticipates operating as dairy farm 5 years out have BTSCC -13,000 30 40 50 60 70 Not Continuing Possibly/Probably Continuing Lbs milk per cow per day 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 Not Continuing Possibly/Probably Continuing Level of SCC that causes you to take action 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Not Continuing Possibly/Probably Continuing # cows (lactating + dry)p < .0005 p = .006 p = .006 Operator Characteristics Associated with BTSCC
- 11. The Difference Is… - Responsible for mastitis on my farm‡ “I know what procedures to use in the parlor to decrease my BTSCC” “I can afford to do what is necessary” “Mastitis is a significant concern to the dairy industry in the SE US” -19,167*** + General concern about mastitis control‡ “Mastitis causes are difficult to manage” “Mastitis seems to persist despite my efforts to control it.” 17,706* + Worried about financial consequences of mastitis 10,548* ‡Factor scores derived by principle component analysis; rotated factor loading of an absolute value of >0.40 is relevant to the factor Farmers’ Attitudes and Perceptions Associated with BTSCC
- 12. 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Meanscore(1-5scale) Usedsource?(percentage) % used Reliability (mean) Easy to act upon (mean) 1 = not at all 5 = very [reliable/ easy to act upon] - Veterinarian -26,110** - Extension -9,047* Information Sources Associated with BTSCC, and PDMs’ Rate of Use & Assessment of Each Source
- 13. With the SE US as a reference case - North Carolina -52,251* - Virginia -23,323** • Are states a proxy for climate and weather? Counter argument: Kentucky shares same latitude • Other state-based factors? Industry, university and stakeholder programs to sustain the industry Availability, density of dairy veterinarians States Associated with BTSCC
- 14. Leverage this information to help farmers more effectively and efficiently manage mastitis Helps extension agents, veterinarians, other “intermediaries” better understand how farmers think, feel, and work Helps farmers “see” themselves relative to their peers How can this information help individual dairy producers and the dairy industry?
Notas do Editor
- WHY: We have limited sample size; we have “rose” or some other colored glasses. We may think we know What’s going on on TN farms, and why you’re doing what you’re doing, but DO WE? Where are you relative to your peers? You may think you’re the “only one” who’s doing X, or frustrated with a particular management practice, but ARE YOU?
- Today, we’ll look at a set of factors that related to quality milk production. This focus is in the context of a dairy industry that’s undergone significant change in the last couple of decades, perhaps most dramatically in the region from which I hail, the Southeast U.S. where total milk production has fallen and increases in milk per cow have lagged behind the US average. When an inflammation in an udder quarter occurs –because of bacteria infection or other cause, a cow’s immune system responds and its somatic cell count increases. This response makes Somatic Cell Counts, expressed as number of cells per milliliter in milk, a good marker of mastitis. Mastitis affects the animal’s health and comfort and decreases milk quality and yield. The Southeast’s milk quality—indicated by SCC in milk samples—lagged behind that of the U.S. as a whole in 2012. SCC of 400K is a significant threshold, because milk above this SCC does not meet European Union standards and cannot be exported. SCC of 400,000 also is a threshold at which many coops set their milk quality incentives. We see that while SCC in the Southeast is improving there remains a range of Somatic Cell Counts across samples and farms. The USDA APHIS report for 2014 shows that more than 23% of bulk tank samples had SCC >400,000 cells/ml, and about 28% of samples had SCC <200,000 cells/ml (USDA-APHIS report #684.0713). As recently as 2014, 2% of milk samples in the Southeast were above 750,000 SCC, but variation among the southeast states is considerable. In 2012, states ranged from 18% to 46% of milk samples that tested at or above 400K SCC. So what factors account for this variation? Seasonality contributes some variability in SCC milk samples, but it doesn’t account for the differences between farms that consistently run at high SCCs and those that, on the other end of the spectrum, consistently run at low SCCs.
- We know an awful lot about mastitis causes, prevention, management, and treatment. Through University Extension specialists’ spreading their university’s research-based advice, to the National Mastitis Council’s early efforts to pull this information together into a manageable, digestible, format and reduce the conflicting information, SCC dropped precipitously from the 1,500,000 cells/ml set by the 1960s Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance to levels. Farms could use the NMC provided “Dollars and Sense of Mastitis Control” to make decisions about efficiently reducing SCC, or to make the tough decisions to focus on farm income streams that didn’t include dairy. Now, best practices information is available online, in print and other forms such as Dairy Exnet webinars. Why is it then, given all that’s known about mastitis, given all the available information, given all the programs and outreach to farmers, why is it that there remain farms – a higher share in the Southeast than elsewhere in the U.S. – that operate with routinely higher than desired bulk tank SCC levels. Why is this the case?
- Why is this? To address this question, we focus here on the people side of milk quality. The people side includes consumer demand for quality milk. It also includes a context of a dairy industry in parts of the US experiencing challenges to its long term sustainability. To address the question “WHY?” we look her to human factors – social, cultural, economic, institutional, and organizational – that contribute to the adoption and successful execution of management practices that contribute to the adoption and the successful long-term execution of management practicies to produce quality milk by minimizing mastitis and bulk tank SCC. Primarily subclinical mastitis and thus bulk tank SCC
- So, one good way to answer the question about why dairy producers do what they do is ask them. Researchers with the Southeast Milk Quality Initiative, myself included, have used small group discussions and large surveys to gather information from producers. The group discussions follow protocols to assure we’re being consistent, and the survey gathered information from more than 600 dairy producers in the southeastern U.S. A similar activity was conducted by a similar group-the Milk Quality Alliance-- in the midwest and northeast U.S., and occasionally, I’ll mention some of their findings as well. Once we have the data, we use statistical tests to assure that it represents the farms in the surveyed area. And then we used statistical regression analysis and other descriptive statistics to help answer the question. What we’re looking for through these test are factors that explain the variation in reported Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Counts.
- Regression coefficients represent the mean change in the response variable for one unit of change in the predictor variable while holding other predictors in the model constant.