bonding in brick work is arranging of bricks into either columns or wall. the individual brick units are tied to together and vertical joints of the the successive courses do not lie on the same vertical line.to obtain maximum strength throughout the wall column or pier

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MASONRY WALL
Definition
A Wall is a structural element used to divide or enclose in building, to form the periphery of a
room in a building. In traditional masonry construction, walls supported the weight of floors and
roofs, but modern steel and reinforced concrete frames, as well as heavy timber and other
skeletal structures, require exterior walls only for shelter and sometimes dispense with them on
the ground floor to permit easier access.
or
A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security, shelter,
soundproofing and its decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including: Walls form a
fundamental part of the superstructure or separate interior rooms, sometimes for fire safety.
Types of walls
Following are various types of walls used in building construction:
 Load Bearing Wall. It carries loads imposed on it from beams and slabs above including
its own weight and transfers it to the foundation. ...
 Non Load Bearing Wall. ... transfers its own weight only to the foundation. ...
 Cavity Walls. ...
 Shear Wall. ...
 Partition Wall. ...
 Panel Wall. ...
 Veneered Walls. ...
 Faced Wall.
1. Load Bearing Wall
It carries loads imposed on it from beams and slabs above including its own weight and transfer
it to the foundation. These walls support structural members such as beams, slabs and walls on
above floors above. It can be exterior wall or interior wall. It braces from the roof to the floor.

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Types of Load Bearing Wall
 Precast Concrete Wall
 Retaining Wall
 Masonry Wall
 Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
 Engineering Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)
 Stone Wall
As the height of the building increased, the required thickness of wall and resulting stress on
foundation will also increase and cause it to be uneconomical.
Removing a section of a load bearing wall to create a pass-through requires adding a new beam
and columns to support the floor above.

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Fig: Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

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Fig:
Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
Fig: Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

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Fig: Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall
Fig; Masonry Wall
Fig: Load Bearing Retaining Wall

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2. Non Load Bearing Wall
Non-load bearing walls only carry their own weight and do not support any structural members
such as beams and slabs. These walls are just used as partition walls or to separate rooms from
outside. It is known as interior wall (doesn’t carry other load than its own load.
Types of non-load bearing wall
a) Hollow Concrete Block
b) Façade Bricks
c) Hollow Bricks
d) Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)
Fig: Brick Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)
Fig: Semi Hollow Brick (Non Load Bearing Wall)

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Fig: Façade Brick Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)
Fig: Hollow Concrete Block Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)
3. Cavity Walls
It is a wall constructed in 2 leafs / skins with a space / cavity between them. A type of building
wall construction consisting of an outer wall fastened to inner wall separated by an air
space. Cavity walls help to prevent the penetration of rain to the internal surface of the wall.

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4. Shear Wall
Shear walls are a framed wall designed to resist lateral forces. It is a vertical elements of the
horizontal force resisting system. It is used to resist wind and earthquake loading on a building. It
is typically a wood frame stud walls covered with a structural sheathing material like plywood.
5. Partition Wall
Partition wall is an interior non-load bearing wall to divide the larger space into smaller spaces.
The height of a partition wall depends on the use which may be one storey or part of one storey.
These walls are made up of timber, glass, fiber boards or brick masonry.

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6. Panel Wall
Panel wall is generally made of wood and is an exterior non-load bearing wall in framed
construction. It is used for aesthetics of the buildings both inside and outside. It remains totally
supported at each storey but subjected to lateral loads.
7. Veneered Walls
A masonry veneer wall is a single non-structural external masonry wall made of brick, stone or
manufactured stone. It has an air space behind and is called as anchored veneer.
8. Faced Wall
Faced walls has the facing and backing of two different materials are bonded together to ensure
common action under load.

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Bonding in Brickwork
Parts of a brick
Sizes of a standard brick

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Nowadays most bricks are made to a standard brick size of 215mm long, 102.5mm wide and
65mm high (215 x 102.5 x 65mm) and laid with a nominal 10mm mortar joint to get
225x112.5x75mm
The word bond, when used in reference to masonry, may have three meanings:
Structural Bond: The method by which individual masonry units are interlocked or tied together
to cause the entire assembly to act as a single structural unit.
Pattern Bond: The pattern formed by the masonry units and the mortar joints on the face of a
wall. The pattern may result from the type of structural bond used or may be purely a decorative
one unrelated to the structural bonding.
Mortar Bond: The adhesion of mortar to the masonry units or to reinforcing steel.
Reason for bonding:
1. To improve the structural strength of the wall
2. To enhance the appearance of the wall
Q. What is meant by the term bonding?
Q. State the bonding rules
1. Vertical straight joints should not occur in two consecutive courses
2. Every quoin header must be followed with a queen closer
Types of bonds
Types of bonds in brick masonry wall construction are classified based on laying and bonding
style of bricks in walls. The bonds in brick masonry are developed by the mortar filling between
layers of bricks and in grooves when bricks are laid adjacent to each other and in layers in walls.

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Mostly used material for binding masonry units is cement mortar. Lime mortar and mud mortar
are also used.
The most commonly used types of bonds in brick masonry are:
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond and
4. Flemish bond
Other Types of bonds are:
1. Facing bond
2. Dutch bond
3. English cross bond
4. Brick on edge bond
5. Raking bond
6. Zigzag bond
7. Garden wall bond
1. Stretcher bond
Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown in the elevation of figure below.
Stretcher bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks are laid with only their
stretchers showing, overlapping midway with the courses of bricks below and above.
Stretcher bond in the brick is the simplest repeating pattern. But the limitation of stretcher bond
is that it cannot make effective bonding with adjacent bricks in full width thick brick walls. They
are suitably used only for one-half brick thick walls such as for the construction half brick thick
partition wall.
Walls constructed with stretcher bonds are not stable enough to stand alone in case of longer
span and height. Thus they Then need supporting structure such as brick masonry columns at
regular intervals.

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Stretcher bonds are commonly used in the steel or reinforced concrete framed structures as the
outer facing. These are also used as the outer facing of cavity walls. Other common applications
of such walls are the boundary walls, gardens etc.
Fig-1: Stretcher Bond
2. Header bond
Header is the shorter square face of the brick which measures 102.5 x 65mm. Header bond is
also known as heading bond. In header bonds, all bricks in each course are placed as headers on
the faces of the walls. While Stretcher bond is used for the construction of walls of half brick
thickness whereas header bond is used for the construction of walls with full brick thickness
which measures 225mm. In header bonds, the overlap is kept equal to half width of the brick. To
achieve this, three quarter brick bats are used in alternate courses as quoins.

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Fig-2: Header Bond
Fig-3: Header Bond Isometric View
3. English Bond
English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a course of header above it,
i.e. it has two alternating courses of stretchers and headers. Headers are laid centered on the
stretchers in course below and each alternate row is vertically aligned.
To break the continuity of vertical joints, quoin closer is used in the beginning and end of a wall
after first header. A quoin close is a brick cut lengthwise into two halves and used at corners in
brick walls.

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Fig-4: English Bond


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 The alternate courses are of headers and stretchers.
 Each alternate header is centrally supported over a stretcher.
 If the thickness of a wall is an uneven or odd number of half bricks, there will be best
stretchers on the face and headers on the back, similarly headers on the face and
stretchers on the back of the wall in every course.
 If the thickness of the wall is an even number of half bricks, there will be stretchers on
the face and stretchers on the back ; similarly, headers on the face and headers on the
back every course of the wall.
 The walls having a thickness of two bricks or more will have stretchers or headers on the
face and back of the wall whereas the interior will be filled with header only.
 Two, two bricks thick walls meeting at right angles at the corner. Fig. 2.34
 Two walls, one brick thick and one and a half brick thick, meeting at right angles at the
centre (T-junction). Fig. 2.37.
 Two brick and one and a half brick T-junction, (e) Two, one and a half brick thick walls
crossing each other at right angles. Fig. 2.39.

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Fig-4: English Bond – Isometric View
4. Flemish Bond
For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate
courses next to the quoin header. In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half
bricks, bats are essentially used to achieve the bond.

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Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying alternate headers and stretchers in
a single course. The next course of brick is laid such that header lies in the middle of the
stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers of each course are centered on the
stretcher of course below. Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with header at the
corner.
The thickness of Flemish bond is minimum one full brick. The disadvantage of using Flemish
bond is that construction of Flemish bond is difficult and requires greater skill to lay it properly
as all vertical mortar joints need to be aligned vertically for best effects. For the breaking of
vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate courses next to the quoin
header. In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are used to
achieve the bond.
Flemish bonds have better appearance but are weaker than English bonds for load bearing wall
construction. Thus, if the pointing has to be done for brick masonry walls, then Flemish bond
may be used for better aesthetic view. If the walls have to be plastered, then it is better to use
English bond.

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Fig-5: Flemish Bond
Fig-6: Flemish Bond Front Appearance
Flemish bonds are classified as:
 Single Flemish Bond
 Double Flemish Bond
Single Flemish bond is a combination of English bond and Flemish bond. In this type of
construction, the front exposed surface of wall consists of Flemish bond and the back surface of
the wall consists of English bond in each course. Minimum thickness required for single Flemish
bond is one and a half brick thickness. The main purpose of using single Flemish bond is to

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provide greater aesthetic appearance on the front surface with required strength in the brickwork
with English bond.
Double Flemish Bond has the same appearance both in the front and back elevations, i.e. each
course consists of alternate header and stretcher. This type of bonding is comparatively weaker
than English bond.
Types of bonds, Stretcher bond, Header bond, English bond, main features of English
bond,Arrangement of Bricks in English Bond, Flemish bond, Dutch bond, Garden wall bond,
Raking bond,Two varieties of raking bond viz., Diagonal bond and Herring bone bond, Facing
bond.
T-junction in Flemish bond
T junctions in flemish bond

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Dutch Bond.
It is a modification over the English bond and consists of alternate courses of headers and
stretchers, except that every stretcher course starts with a three-quarter brick and in every
alternate stretcher course in header is placed after the three quarter brick as shown in Fig. 2.46.
Dutch bond
Raking Bond.
The walls which are more than two-brick thick will become weaker in longitudinal strength, as
the headers being used in the interior of the wall to increase the transverse strength. This defect is
removed by using raking bond (rake means inclination). In this bond the bricks are laid at some
inclination to the face of the wall.
Raking bond – Herring bone bond, Diagonal bond
There are two varieties of raking bond, Diagonal bond and Herring bone bond.

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(i) Diagonal bond.
This type of bond is employed in walls, which are 2 to 4 thick. In this bond, the face bricks are
first laid and then the bricks are laid diagonally. The inclination of the bricks should be so
adjusted that the bricks may be filled without cutting.
(ii) Herring bone bond.
This bond is best suited for walls which are at least 4 bricks thick. In this case, the bricks are laid
at an angle of 45° in both directions, commencing from the center line as shown in Fig. 2.47.
Raking bond pattern of laying bricks is also sometimes used for laying bricks on the floors.
Garden Wall Bond.
English garden bond
Flemish garden bond
There are two types of garden wall bond viz. English Garden Bond and Flemish Garden Bond. In
the English garden bond, one course of headers is used after every three to four courses of
stretchers, whereas in the Flemish garden bond, in each course one header is used after every
three or four stretchers

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Facing Bond.
This bond is used when the bricks for the face work are costlier than the other bricks and as such
the number of face bricks is economized by using more stretchers. This bond is also used when
the thickness of the face and back bricks is different. There are a number of stretcher courses
followed by header courses. The thickness of stretcher courses should be multiple of the thick-
ness of thinner bricks. For example, the thickness of face bricks is 50 mm and that of back bricks
in 30 mm. Then after three courses of face bricks and five courses of back bricks the height of
face and back bricks will become the same. Now at this height header course should be provided.