1. Research Methodology:
Research Process

2. Definition
Research process consist of series of
actions or steps necessary to effectively
carry out research

3. Steps
1. Formulating the research problem
2. Extensive literature survey
3. Development of working hypothesis
4. Preparing research design
5. Determining sample design

4. Steps cont…
6. Data collection
7. Execution of project
8. Analysis of data
9. Hypothesis testing
10. Generalization and interpretation
11. Preparation of report or the thesis

5. Formulation of Research Problem
It refers to choosing a specific topic or issue on
which research is to be conducted. While
formulating the research problem there are two
main issues.
1. Problem related to state or nation.
Ex- Unemployment, Poverty, Illiteracy , etc.
2. Problem related to relationship between
variables.
Ex- Relation between Income & Expenditure

6. Extensive Literature Survey
It is a stage in which the researcher makes himself
familiar with all the previous studies and their
findings relevant to his field of work. He learns the
methodology and approach developed by these past
studies. He evaluates the conclusion of the previous
studies in the light of the data he has collected. He
questions these conclusions and tries to develop the
alternative, possible better conclusions.

7. Hypothesis Development
Hypothesis is a statement developed on the
basis of suspected or anticipated relationship
among various factors studied. It enables him to
avoid collecting irrelevant data and facts. It
helps him in focusing his attention on a
particular aspect thereby eliminating wastage of
time and resources.

8. Research Design
It refers to framework for doing research
which includes:-
 Cost incurred (Money requirement)
 Source of data collection
 Time consumption of research
 Methodology to be used

9. Sample Design
The researcher has to make a careful selection
of a few elements from the population and
then study them intensely and reach
conclusion, which can be safely applied to the
population. The selection of sample is a very
important task. The researcher should
determine the size of sample, the method of
sampling, the test of sample etc.

10. Data Collection
Data collection is the systematic approach to
gathering and measuring information from a
variety of sources to get a complete and
accurate picture of an area of interest. Data
collection enables a person or organization to
answer relevant questions, evaluate outcomes
and make predictions about future
probabilities and trends.

11. Execution of Project
It is a very important step in the research
process. A careful watch should be kept for
unanticipated factors in order to keep the
survey realistic as much as possible. The steps
should be taken to ensure that the survey is
under statistical control so that the collected
data is in accordance with the pre-defined
standard of accuracy.

12. Analysis Data
At this stage, the researcher should select the
tools of analysis, which are consistent with the
objectives of the study. The tendency to carry
out irrelevant analysis should be avoided.
He/she should be strong in reasoning, drawing
inferences and reaching conclusions.

13. Hypothesis Testing
The hypothesis may be tested through the use
of one or more of such as z-test, f-test, chi-
square test, ANOVA, depending upon the
nature and object of research inquiry. The test
result may result in either accepting the
hypothesis or rejecting the hypothesis.

14. Generalization & Interpretation
If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several times
it may be possible for the researcher to arrive at
generalization, the real value of the researcher
lies in its ability to arrive at certain
generalizations. If the researcher had no
hypothesis to start with he might seek to explain
his findings on the basis of some theory. it is
called as Interpretation. The process of
interpretation may quite often trigger off new
questions that in turn may lead to further
researchers.

15. Preparation of Report
It refers to summary of research. There are 3
parts of report presentation.
Primary page – Title, Date, Acknowledgement
Main page – Introduction, Summary, Findings,
Suggestions, Conclusions, etc.
End matter – References, Bibliography,
Appendix

16. Thank you