2. INTRODUCTION :
• The United Nations Charter established six main organs of the United Nations, including the Security Council. It gives primary
responsibility for maintaining international peace and security to the Security Council, which may meet whenever peace is
threatened.
• According to the Charter, the United Nations has four purposes:
• to maintain international peace and security.
• to develop friendly relations among nations.
• to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights.
• and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
• All members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council.
• While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member states, only the Security Council has the power
to make decisions that member states are then obligated to implement under the Charter.
3. FUNCTIONS AND POWERS
• to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;
• to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction;
• to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;
• to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;
• to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken;
• to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression;
• to take military action against an aggressor;
• to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic areas";
• to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of
the International Court of Justice.
4. UNO PERMANENT AND NON - PERMANENT
PERMANENT
• The total number of members of the UNSC is 15, out of which
10 are not permanent, and 5 are permanent.
• The 5 permanent members of the UNSC include China, the
United Kingdom, France, Russia, and United States. The 10,
not permanent members are Albania, Brazil, Gabon, Ghana,
India, Ireland, Kenya, Mexico, Norway, and United Arab
Emirates.
• The non-permanent members of the United Nations Security
Council are elected for 2-year terms by the UNGA (United
Nations General Assembly).
• The five non-permanent members of the UNSC get replaced
every year.
NON - PERMANENT
• India was the one candidate from the Asia-Pacific
region for the year 2021-2022.
• This was India’s 8th time being part of the UNSC.
• Previously, India was a part of United Nations
Security Council in 950-1951, 1967-1968, 1972-1973,
1977-1978, 1984-1985, 1991-1992, and 2011-12.
• Being a member of UNSC, India is responsible for
promoting international peace and security through its
5-S approach, namely, Samman – Respect, Sahyog –
Cooperation, Samvad – Dialogue, Samriddhi –
Prosperity, and Shanti – Peace
5. CHALLENGES FOR INDIA IN GETTING A
PERMANENT SEAT AT UNSC
• Even though it seems an easy process, it is made tough by the objections of some permanent
members of the UNSC. especially China has been blocking India’s way of getting a permanent
seat.
• India is seen as a proliferating nuclear power, and it is one of the significant factors that has
been working as a roadblock.
• Rising polarization between the major powers is one of the challenges as well.
• There are only 5 seats for becoming a permanent member of the United Nations Security
Council. However, in 2019, France became the latest member of the UNSC and pushed the
permanent seat of India.
• For now, it seems like a distant dream for India to become a member of the UNSC.
6. TYPES OF PLEA BARGAINING
Sentence bargaining:
The main motive of this method is to get a lesser sentence. In this. the defendant agrees to plead guilty
to the stated charge in return far a lighter sentence
Charge bargaining :
The motive of this method is for getting less severe charges. This is the most common form of plea
bargaining in criminal cases. In this, the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a lesser charge in
consideration of dismissing greater charges.
Fact bargaining:
This method is generally not used in courts because it is alleged to be against criminal justice system.
This bargaining occurs when a defendant consents to stipulate to certain facts in order to prevent other
facts from being introduced into evidence.
7. HOW DID CHINA ACQUIRE A PERMANENT
SEAT IN THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL?
8. WHAT CRITICISMS HAS THE SECURITY
COUNCIL FACED?
• its membership was expanded from six elected members to ten in 1965, and, in 1971,
the People’s Republic of China took the permanent seat previously occupied by the
Republic of China (Taiwan). Since then, the body’s composition has remained
unchanged.
• Peacekeeping mandates continue to be scrutinized for their scope, cost, and cases in
which peacekeepers themselves have committed abuses.
• Oil-for-Food Program scandal.
• Peacekeeping child sexual abuse scandal.
• Accountability
• Haiti cholera outbreak
