21. Symptoms According to Type of Schizophrenia
Paranoid schizophrenia :
Hallucinations.
Delusions.
Disorganized schizophrenia :
Speech difficulties and abnormalities.
Unable to think clearly.
Unusual behaviour.
Catatonic schizophrenia :
Movement disorders.
Undifferentiated schizophrenia :
Mixture of symptoms.
Residual schizophrenia :
Mild decrease or loss of normal function.
27. • AntiPsychotics
1) Haloperidol
• Mechanism of actionMechanism of action
– Dopamine antagonist
– Site of action: Dopamine D2 receptors
– Mediated by G proteins
– Inhibit adenylyl cyclase – no cyclic AMP
• DoseDose
– ≤ 20mg/day (oral)
– 2mg/ml ; 2-3X/day (IV)
• PharmacokineticPharmacokinetic
– t1/2: 18 ± 6 hr
– Mean absoprtion: 0.4 ± 0.2 hr (70%)
• AntiPsychotics
1) Haloperidol
• Mechanism of actionMechanism of action
– Dopamine antagonist
– Site of action: Dopamine D2 receptors
– Mediated by G proteins
– Inhibit adenylyl cyclase – no cyclic AMP
• DoseDose
– ≤ 20mg/day (oral)
– 2mg/ml ; 2-3X/day (IV)
• PharmacokineticPharmacokinetic
– t1/2: 18 ± 6 hr
– Mean absoprtion: 0.4 ± 0.2 hr (70%)
Figure 2: Haloperidol tablet
Figure 3: Haloperidol IV
28. 2. Perphenazine (Trilafon)
• Mechanism of actionMechanism of action
- Dopamine antagonist
- Binds to the dopamine D1 and dopamine D2 receptors and inhibits their
activity
- Produce anti-emetic effect (blockage of D2 NT receptors in the
chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting centre)
- Binds the alpha-andrenergic receptor (activate phosphatidylinositol-calcium
second messenger system)
• DoseDose
- ≤ 8mg/day (oral)
- 5mg/ml (IV)
• PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics
- t1/2: 9-12hr
- Mean absorption: 1-3 hr
Figure 3: Perphenazine tablet
34. Blocks D2 postsynaptic receptors in the DA
pathways of brain
Antipsychotic Drugs
DA released has less effect
Psychotic: excess release of DA in mesolimbic pathway
Reduced dopaminergic neurotransmission
35. Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics:
• Delirium
• Neurotoxicity
• Sedation
• Hypotension
• Blurry vision
• Unable to control body movement
• Dizziness
• Drowsiness
• Tachycardia
• Menstrual problem
• Skin rashes
• Stiffness in the body
• Continual inadherence
• Akathisia
• Agitation
• Arousal
• Insomnia
• Dystonic reaction
• Tardive dyskinesia
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Sexual Dysfunction
• Agranulocytosis
• Cardiac arrythmias
• Seizures
• Metabolic syndrome (weight gain)
36. Contraindication of Antipsychotic Drugs:
1. History of drug hypersensitivity
2. Severe depression
3. Blood dyscrasias
4. Brain damage
That require close observation:
1. History of impaired liver function
2. Cardiovascular disease
3. Hypertension
4. Glaucoma
5. Diabetes
6. Parkinson’s disease
7. Peptic ulcer disease
8. Seizure disorder
9. Pregnancy
10.Along with drug induce psychosis:
– Cocaine
– Amphetamines
– L-dopa
Contraindication of Antipsychotic Drugs:
1. History of drug hypersensitivity
2. Severe depression
3. Blood dyscrasias
4. Brain damage
That require close observation:
1. History of impaired liver function
2. Cardiovascular disease
3. Hypertension
4. Glaucoma
5. Diabetes
6. Parkinson’s disease
7. Peptic ulcer disease
8. Seizure disorder
9. Pregnancy
10.Along with drug induce psychosis:
– Cocaine
– Amphetamines
– L-dopa
37. • Non-pharmacological TreatmentNon-pharmacological Treatment
– Psychosocial treatment
• Family education: whole family learn how to cope with illness
• Illness management skills: increase adherence to medication
• Rehabiliation: promote better communication and coping skills
• Social skill training: enhance quality of life and promote recovery
• Therapy: guidance from therapists on how to manage symptoms
(delusion and hallucination)
• Non-pharmacological TreatmentNon-pharmacological Treatment
– Psychosocial treatment
• Family education: whole family learn how to cope with illness
• Illness management skills: increase adherence to medication
• Rehabiliation: promote better communication and coping skills
• Social skill training: enhance quality of life and promote recovery
• Therapy: guidance from therapists on how to manage symptoms
(delusion and hallucination)
38. Prevention
• Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention
– Modify potential exposure
– Preventing risks factors of schizophrenia
• Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention
– Modify the course of an illness by early intervention
– Detecting and treating early psychosis
• Tertiary PreventionTertiary Prevention
– Reduce the burden of established disorder
– Optimizing treatment and rehabilitation
• Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention
– Modify potential exposure
– Preventing risks factors of schizophrenia
• Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention
– Modify the course of an illness by early intervention
– Detecting and treating early psychosis
• Tertiary PreventionTertiary Prevention
– Reduce the burden of established disorder
– Optimizing treatment and rehabilitation
39. CASE STUDY
Background
- 5 ½ year old girl
- Strange behavior and speech
- Not eating/dressing herself
- Alternate crying and laughing without reason
- Increased level of hyperactivity
- Not sleeping and talking to herself until late hours
- Not talking and responding to anyone
-x
40. Diagnosis
- Provisional diagnosis of VEOS
- Medical and neurological work-up
Result
- Normal cranial MRI
- Normal sleep EEG
- Negative metabolic disorder
- Normal blood test