Syllable structure, word stress, sentence and phrase stress, intonation

1. PROSODIC
PHONOLOGY
BY: MS. LAURENCE F.
FERRER
SYLLABLE STRUCTURE
WORD STRESS
SENTENCE AND PHRASE
STRESS
INTONATION

2. WHAT IS PROSODY?
This refers to the study of the tune and
rhythm of speech and how these features
contribute to meaning.
It is also consists of distinctive variations
of stress, tone, and timing in spoken
language.

3. PROSODIC PHONOLOGY
It is a theory of the way in which the flow
of speech is organized into a finite set of
phonological units.
It is also, however, a theory of
interactions between phonology and the
components of the grammar.

4. PROSODIC PHONOLOGY
4 PROSODIC FEATURES:
1. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE
2. WORD STRESS
3. SENTENCE AND PHRASE STRESS
4. INTONATION

5. 1. SYLLABIC
STRUCTURE

6. WHAT IS A SYLLABLE?
It is commonly known to be a speech unit that is larger
than a segment.
TWO TYPES OF SYLLABLE
1. OPEN SYLLABLE – usually ends in a vowel
2. CLOSED SYLLABLE – usually ends in one or more
consonants
For example, the English words…
 go, we, are all made up of single open syllables,
 eat, ball, mould, and rest are all made of single closed
syllables.

7. CLASSIFICATION (according to NUMBER of syllables)
1. MONOSYLLABIC – one syllable
2. DISYLLABIC – two syllables
3. POLYSYLLABLIC – two or more syllables
HOW DO WE DESCRIBE SYLLABIC STRUCTURES?
CANONICAL SYLLABLE STRUCTURE – It is the schema that
accounts for all the syllables in language, in terms of
possible consonant and vowels sequences permitted, written
in terms of the generic symbols C (for consonant) and V (for
vowel).
a. Go – CV b. high – CV c. eat – VC d. ball -
CVC

8. A syllable has a TRIPARTITE STRUCTURE
The syllable consists of an obligatory constituent, NUCLEUS, which is a
Vowel or a syllabic consonant, and two optional constituents – ONSET
and CODA, both of which are consonants.
WORD SYLLABLE STRUCTURE
A N
GO O + N
BAG O + N + C
ON N + C
PRODUCT O + N + C

9. STRUCTURE A
PRO – DUCT
Syllable Syllable
PR O D U CT
DISYLLABI
C
ONSET NUCLEU
S
ONSET NUCLEU
S
CODA O + N + O + N +
C
This has a FLAT STRUCTURE that was first proposed by PIKE
(1947).
PRODUCT

10. BAG
STRUCTURE B
BB
AB GB
ONSET RIME
NUCLEU
S
CODA
C V C
œ gb
MONOSYLLABI
C
SEGMENTS
IPA
Pike and Pike
(1947) thus
proposed a
binary
structure of the
syllable as
constituted by
two
constituents
Onset and
Rhyme. Rhyme
in turn was
seen as
constituted of
the Nucleus
Canonical

11. SITTING
STRUCTURE C
Syllable Syllable
(sit) O + N + C O + N + C
(ting)
AMBISYLLABIC
CONSONANT
AMBISYLLABIC CONSONANT – refers to
overlapping of the articulation of consonant
sounds (Hocket, 1955)

12. 2. WORD STRESS

13. WHAT IS STRESS?
It is the rhythm of a language.
In pronunciation, stress can refer to words,
part of a word, or even one word in a group of
words that receives the most emphasis.
Stress is the relative emphasis that may be
given to certain syllables in a word, or to
certain words in a phrase or certain.
Stressed syllables are louder than non-
stressed syllables, also, they are longer and
have a higher pitch.
It also helps us distinguish words from noun
to verb.

14. ACTIVITY:
1) Holiday
2) Alone
3) Admiration
4) Confidentia
l
5) Degree
6) Weaker
7) Nervous
8) Parents
1) HOliday
2) aLONE
3) ADmiRAtio
n
4) CONfiDENti
al
5) DEgree
6) WEAKer
7) NERvous

15. PROject proJECT
OBject obJECT
CONvict conVICT
PREsent preSENT
SUSpect susPECT
REcord reCORD
CONtrast conTRAST
INsult inSULT
CONflict conFLICT
NOUN
S
VERB
S

16. THREE BASIC PATTERNS OF
STRESS IN SYLLABLES:
MONOSYLLABIC
BYSYLLABIC
MULTISYLLABIC

20. FOUR GENERAL RULES ABOUT
WORDS STRESS
1. STRESS THE FIRST SYLLABLE OF:
Most two-syllable nouns: CLImate,
KNOWledge
Most two-syllable adjectives: FLIPpant,
SPAcious
2. STRESS THE LAST SYLLABLE OF:
Most two-syllable verbs: reQUIRE, deCIDE

21. FOUR GENERAL RULES ABOUT
WORDS STRESS
3. STRESS THE SECOND-TO-LAST SYLLABLE
OF:
Words that end in –ic: ecSTATic, geoGRAPHic
Words ending in –sion, -tion: exTENsion,
retriBUtion
4. STRESS THE THIRD-FROM-LAST SYLLABLE
OF:
Words that end in –cy, -ty, -phy and –gy :
deMOCracy, unCERtainty, geOGraphy,

22. 3. SENTENCE AND PHRASE
STRESS

23. WHAT IS SENTENCE AND PHRASE
STRESS?
Sentence stress is the music of spoken
English.
Sentence stress is what gives English its
rhythm or "beat".
When words are combined into phrases and
sentences, one syllable receives more stress
than the others.

24. Phrasal stress can distinguish a compound
noun from an adjective + noun combination.
COMPOUND NOUN ADJECTIVE + NOUN
Hotdog (a type of food) Hot dog (an overheated
dog)
Redcoat (a British
soldier)
Red coat (a coat that is
red)

25. MOST SENTENCES HAVE TWO
BASIC TYPES OF WORD:
1. CONTENT WORDS
Content words are the key words of a sentence.
They are the important words that carry the
meaning or sense—the real content.
2. STRUCTURE WORDS
They are small, simple words that make the
sentence correct grammatically. They give the
sentence its correct form—its structure.

26. BASIC RULES OF SENTENCE
AND PHRASE STRESS
1. Content words are stressed.
2. Structure words are unstressed.
3. The time between stressed words
is always the same.

27. SELL CAR GO FRANCE
SELL my CAR I’ll GO to FRANC
E
CONTENT WORDS
SELL my CAR I’ll GO to FRANC
E
STRUCTURE WORDS
WILL YOU SELL MY CAR BECAUSE I’LL GO TO
FRANCE.

28. CONTENT WORDS -
STRESSED
WORDS CARRYING THE
MEANING
EXAMPLE
MAIN VERBS Sell, Give, Employ
NOUNS Car, Music, Mary
ADJECTIVES Red, Big, Interesting
ADVERBS Quickly, Loudly, Never
NEGATIVE AUXILLARIES Don’t, Aren’t, Can’t

29. CONTENT WORDS -
UNSTRESSED
WORDS for CORRECT
GRAMMAR
EXAMPLE
PRONOUNS He, We, They
PREPOSITIONS On, At, Into
ARTICLES A, An, The
CONJUNCTIONS And, But, Because
AUXILLARY VERBS Do, Be, Have, Can,
Must

30. LET’S TRY!
I am a proFESsional phoTOgrapher
whose MAIN Intrest is to TAKE SPEcial,
BLACK and WHITE PHOtographs that
exHIBit Abstract MEANings in their
photoGRAPHic STRUCture.

31. 4. INTONATION

32. ACTIVITY:
SAY “HELLO” TO…
A friend you meet regularly
A friend you haven’t seen for a long time
A neighbour you don’t like
A 6 month old baby
Someone doing what he shoudn’t
To know if someone is litening
The same but on the phone

33. WHAT IS INTONATION?
In phonetics, the melodic pattern of an
utterance.
Intonation helps to recognize the language
that you hear in the same way as the melody of
a song helps you recognize the song that you
are listening.
It also conveys differences of expressive
meaning (e.g., surprise, anger, happiness).
According to David Crystal, intonation is not a
single system of contours and levels, but the
product of the interaction of features from

34. TWO TYPES OF INTONATION
“Your name is John?” (rising intonation)
it can express a number of various emotions,
such as non-finality, surprise, doubt, interest,
politeness, lack of confidence
“Your name is John.” (falling intonation)
Used for asking and giving information in
normal, quiet, unemphatic style.
Other main types of intonation include:
High fall, low fall, fall-rise, high rise, midlevel
rise, low rise

35. KEY COMPONENTS OF
INTONATION
PITCH – degree of height of our voice in
speech
SENTENCE STRESS – makes the utterance
understandable to the listener by making the
important words in the sentence stressed, clear,
and higher in pitch, and by the shortening and
obscuring the unstressed words.
RHYTHM – sense of movement in speech,
marked by stress, timing, quantity of syllables

36. FUNCTION OF INTONATION
Attitudinal Functions
Accentual Functions
Grammatical Functions
Discourse Function

37. ATTITUDINAL FUNCTIONS
Allows us to express emotions such as confidence, interest,
doubt, joy, pain, irony.
ACCENTUAL FUNCTIONS
Implies the placement of stress is determined by intonation.
GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS
The listener is better able to recognize the grammar and
syntax structure of what is being said by using information
contained in the intonation such as:
A. The placement of boundaries between phrases,
clauses and sentences.
B. The difference between questions and statements.

38. DISCOURSE INTONATION
It can indicate when the speaker is indicating
some sort of contrast or link with material in
another tone unit.
In conversation it can convey to the listener
what kind of response is being expected from
him.

39. 7 CASES WHERE INTONATION
MATTERS
1.Asking questions
2.Making statements
3.Listing things
4.Expressing feelings
5.Stressing the importance of
something
6.Contrasting between things
7.Using tag questions

40. REFERENC
ES:www.toeflogoanywhere.org
www.slideshare.net
www.englishclub.com
www.britannica.com
www.fluentu.com
www.PHONOLOGY/07-Guangzhou-2017
www.ProsodicPhonology.mini.pdf
www.HandbookDevLing_prosody.pdf
www.phon.ox.ac.uk
www.learning-english-online.net
www.scholar.google.com.ph

41. Thank
You!