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Protein Synthesis
DNA → mRNA → Protein
Genetic Code → triplets in DNA → the amino acids in proteins
The Players
 mRNA: messenger
RNA - carries
protein recipe from
the nucleus
 tRNA: transfer RNA
-brings amino acids
to the ribosome
 Ribosome: the site
of protein synthesis
- made of rRNA
(ribosomal RNA )and
Protein
Meet mRNA (ribonucleic acid)
mRNA (messenger RNA)
made in nucleus serves as
a template (pattern) of the
DNA molecule.
 Triplet or codon:
grouping of 3 nitrogenous
bases in DNA or RNA
molecules (each codon will code
for a specific amino acid)
HOW DOES IT DIFFER FROM DNA?
1. The RNA molecule is a SINGLE
nucleotide strand, not a double
strand as in DNA.
2. The sugar molecule in RNA is
RIBOSE -- not deoxyribose as
in DNA.
3. The base URACIL (U) takes the
place of thymine. (T)
Protein syntheisis 2016
 There are twenty different amino acids that
build proteins
 There are 64 different triplets/codons
 Each amino acid is coded for by more than
one triplet/codon
Meet tRNA
 each molecule of tRNA carries
a specific type of amino acid
-each tRNA molecule can
only carry one type of
amino acid
 The tRNA has a group of 3
nucleotides at the base called
the anticodon
DNA → mRNA → Protein
tRNA (transfer RNA) –
reads the mRNA and
transfers the amino
acids into the correct
order to make the
protein
rRNA:(ribosomal RNA)
 found in the cytoplasm and is the site of protein synthesis
DNA serves as a template
for the synthesis of
mRNA from RNA
nucleotides in the
nucleus.
transcription:
transfer of the genetic
message from DNA to mRNA
How are proteins synthesized from a
DNA template? (model)
The Process of Translation
 mRNA takes recipe to the
ribosome in cytoplasm
 ribosome attaches to the mRNA
How does tRNA know which
amino acid goes where?
 The anticodon a sequence of 3
nucleotides
 tRNA is complementary to a mRNA
codon
 binds to matching codon
 specifies the next amino acid to be
attached during protein synthesis.
Example:
mRNA codon = GAC = carries only
aspartic acid
tRNA anticodon = UAC carries only
methionine
Protein syntheisis 2016
Begin Translation
 The ribosome moves along the mRNA until it
reaches the “Start” codon
 Start codon = AUG signals the start of the
recipe
 AUG also codes for the amino acid methionine
mRNA molecules
carrying a specific
code move from the
nucleus to the
cytoplasm and attach
to a ribosomes
(rRNA)
mRNA leaves through nuclear pores
Different triplets
(codons) of
nitrogenous bases
in tRNA molecules
pick up specific
amino acids in the
cytoplasm and
carry them to
mRNA at the
ribosomes.
A molecule of transfer RNA brings the amino
acid called for by the mRNA to the ribosome
transfer RNA = tRNA
 A second tRNA
brings the second
amino acid to the
ribosome
 The amino acids
are joined
together to begin
the protein
Protein syntheisis 2016
 The ribosome moves over 1 codon (triplet) and
another tRNA molecule brings another amino acid
 The process continues until the stop codon on the
mRNA is reached
 The stop codon = the end of the protein recipe
These proteins are what directs the activity in
each cell!
Basically, RNA translates the DNA
information!
Translation: The genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce
the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
Protein syntheisis 2016
gene: the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA
molecule necessary to synthesize a protein
(polypeptide)
** One gene codes for one protein
Protein Synthesis Video
Protein Synthesis Rap
Protein Synthesis Interactive
DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in
specific proteins.
The specific shape of the protein (ex:enzymes and
hormones) determines the function of that protein
Offspring resemble their parents because they inherit:
similar genes…that code for
similar proteins… that have
similar structure and function
Major Understandings:
Protein syntheisis 2016
Protein syntheisis 2016
Making the building(protein)

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Protein syntheisis 2016

  • 1. Protein Synthesis DNA → mRNA → Protein
  • 2. Genetic Code → triplets in DNA → the amino acids in proteins
  • 3. The Players  mRNA: messenger RNA - carries protein recipe from the nucleus  tRNA: transfer RNA -brings amino acids to the ribosome  Ribosome: the site of protein synthesis - made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA )and Protein
  • 4. Meet mRNA (ribonucleic acid) mRNA (messenger RNA) made in nucleus serves as a template (pattern) of the DNA molecule.  Triplet or codon: grouping of 3 nitrogenous bases in DNA or RNA molecules (each codon will code for a specific amino acid)
  • 5. HOW DOES IT DIFFER FROM DNA? 1. The RNA molecule is a SINGLE nucleotide strand, not a double strand as in DNA. 2. The sugar molecule in RNA is RIBOSE -- not deoxyribose as in DNA. 3. The base URACIL (U) takes the place of thymine. (T)
  • 7.  There are twenty different amino acids that build proteins  There are 64 different triplets/codons  Each amino acid is coded for by more than one triplet/codon
  • 8. Meet tRNA  each molecule of tRNA carries a specific type of amino acid -each tRNA molecule can only carry one type of amino acid  The tRNA has a group of 3 nucleotides at the base called the anticodon
  • 9. DNA → mRNA → Protein
  • 10. tRNA (transfer RNA) – reads the mRNA and transfers the amino acids into the correct order to make the protein
  • 11. rRNA:(ribosomal RNA)  found in the cytoplasm and is the site of protein synthesis
  • 12. DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of mRNA from RNA nucleotides in the nucleus. transcription: transfer of the genetic message from DNA to mRNA How are proteins synthesized from a DNA template? (model)
  • 13. The Process of Translation  mRNA takes recipe to the ribosome in cytoplasm  ribosome attaches to the mRNA
  • 14. How does tRNA know which amino acid goes where?  The anticodon a sequence of 3 nucleotides  tRNA is complementary to a mRNA codon  binds to matching codon  specifies the next amino acid to be attached during protein synthesis. Example: mRNA codon = GAC = carries only aspartic acid tRNA anticodon = UAC carries only methionine
  • 16. Begin Translation  The ribosome moves along the mRNA until it reaches the “Start” codon  Start codon = AUG signals the start of the recipe  AUG also codes for the amino acid methionine
  • 17. mRNA molecules carrying a specific code move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and attach to a ribosomes (rRNA) mRNA leaves through nuclear pores
  • 18. Different triplets (codons) of nitrogenous bases in tRNA molecules pick up specific amino acids in the cytoplasm and carry them to mRNA at the ribosomes.
  • 19. A molecule of transfer RNA brings the amino acid called for by the mRNA to the ribosome transfer RNA = tRNA
  • 20.  A second tRNA brings the second amino acid to the ribosome  The amino acids are joined together to begin the protein
  • 22.  The ribosome moves over 1 codon (triplet) and another tRNA molecule brings another amino acid  The process continues until the stop codon on the mRNA is reached  The stop codon = the end of the protein recipe
  • 23. These proteins are what directs the activity in each cell! Basically, RNA translates the DNA information! Translation: The genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
  • 25. gene: the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule necessary to synthesize a protein (polypeptide) ** One gene codes for one protein Protein Synthesis Video Protein Synthesis Rap Protein Synthesis Interactive
  • 26. DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in specific proteins. The specific shape of the protein (ex:enzymes and hormones) determines the function of that protein Offspring resemble their parents because they inherit: similar genes…that code for similar proteins… that have similar structure and function Major Understandings: