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Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) as a means of sharing environmental benefits: How numbers provide the basis for dialogue in water-based payment schemes in the Andes,[object Object],Andy Jarvis, Marcela Quintero, Nathalia Uribe, Ruben-Dario Estrada,[object Object]
Contents,[object Object],The importance of numbers,[object Object],Our principles,[object Object],Three examples of science-based establishment of water-based PES in the Andes,[object Object],Chingaza,[object Object],Moyobamba,[object Object],Fuquene,[object Object],Outlook,[object Object]
CIAT’sworkonEcosystemservices,[object Object],Veryfocussedonexternalities,[object Object],ES thathave a national, regional orinternationalmarket,[object Object],Abovegroundcarbon,[object Object],Water,[object Object],Puttingthenumberson ES flows in anintegratedmanner,[object Object],Learningfrombroadrange of cases,[object Object],Enablingthepoortoengage and benefitfromemerging ES marketopportunities,[object Object]
Reasons for Failures in PES,[object Object],High failure rate of PES, though Latin America has been a test-bed,[object Object],Unreal expectations for PES,[object Object],Lack of equity in benefit sharing,[object Object],Poor or inappropriate governance structures,[object Object],Low perceived impact in terms of ES benefits,[object Object],High potential to create conflict, rather than resolve it,[object Object],Numbers as a basis for dialogue,[object Object]
Externalities,[object Object],An externality is the beneficial or damaging  effect caused on a third party by the decision of other(s),[object Object],Those who cause the effect do not receive any compensation for the generated benefit, or do not assume the cost of the damaging effect,[object Object],Environmental externality is determined by the environmental effects of a human activity,[object Object],When the effect is positive the externality is considered as an environmental service,[object Object],Example: Watershed services: ,[object Object],regulation of streamflows and retention of sediments achieved by land uses and management,[object Object]
Extreme poverty is as bad or worse than 25 year ago,[object Object],Poverty and Extreme Poverty in rural zones ,[object Object],(Percentage of total rural population),[object Object],70,[object Object],60,[object Object],50,[object Object],40,[object Object],30,[object Object],20,[object Object],10,[object Object],0,[object Object],1980,[object Object],1990,[object Object],1994,[object Object],1997,[object Object],1999,[object Object],59.9,[object Object],65.4,[object Object],45.1,[object Object],63,[object Object],53.7,[object Object],Poverty %,[object Object],32.7,[object Object],40.4,[object Object],40.8,[object Object],37.6,[object Object],38.3,[object Object],Extreme poverty %,[object Object],Source CEPAL: Panorama Social de América Latina, 2000-2001.,[object Object],PES that promote natural, economic and social benefits,[object Object]
CHINGAZA COLOMBIA,[object Object]
1. Antecedentes,[object Object],i. Hay una pérdida histórica de cobertura vegetal en las cuencas abastecedoras de la EAAB.,[object Object],ii. Cambios en el uso de la tierra con efectos adversos a los servicios ambientales. ,[object Object],iii. Ahorro en costos de tratamiento y conservación: Caso Nueva York y Caso Quito.,[object Object],iv. Gestión ambiental aislada. ,[object Object]
i. Pérdida histórica de cobertura vegetal de las cuencas abastecedoras en el Parque y Sistema Chingaza.,[object Object],1977,[object Object],2001,[object Object],Aumento de Pasturas  ,[object Object], 18,9% ,[object Object],Fuente: Ciat, 2007, Estudio contratado por TNC, EAAB, Patrimonio Natural & Parques ,[object Object]
The numbers behind a Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) Scheme,[object Object],        Agua y sedimentos producidos en Chingaza ,[object Object],Fuente: Ciat, 2007, Estudio contratado por TNC, EAAB, Patrimonio Natural & Parques,[object Object]
Resultados ECOSAUT,[object Object],Opportunity Costs through economic modelling,[object Object]
Social and economic benefits for the rural poor,[object Object]
FUQUENE COLOMBIA,[object Object]
Andy J   Payment For Ecosystem Services (Pes) And Numbers For Negotiation Cocoon Sept 2009
Andy J   Payment For Ecosystem Services (Pes) And Numbers For Negotiation Cocoon Sept 2009
Elements Percentage by Catchments,[object Object]
Potato growers,[object Object],Minimum tillage,[object Object],Less sediments, N, P, and more water,[object Object],Economic compensation,[object Object],Sustainable,[object Object],Cattle ranchers,[object Object],Potable water ,[object Object],consumers,[object Object],Positive impact on environmental externalities,[object Object],Economic Compensation,[object Object],Participatory Games,[object Object],Fuquene Lake Case,[object Object],Alternatives Interdependencies,[object Object],Up stream,[object Object],Down stream,[object Object]
MOYOBAMBA PERU,[object Object]
Soil Types,[object Object],Digital Elevation Model,[object Object],Land Use,[object Object],Hydrological Response Units,[object Object],Service providing units,[object Object]
Moyobamba watershed (Peru),[object Object]
Evaluation of land use alternatives for providing environmental services,[object Object],Increase Net Income,[object Object],Better environmental services,[object Object],Employment generation,[object Object],Farmers acceptance,[object Object],Trade off Analysis,[object Object]
Examples of land use evaluation,[object Object],Ex ante analysis ,[object Object],Conservation agriculture (Colombia),[object Object],Increases net incomes, potato production, social benefits, sediment retention and employment; and reduce production costs.,[object Object],However the initial investment can not be afforded with current small farmers cash flows ,[object Object]
Moyobamba (Peru),[object Object]
Experimental economics to explore willingness to implement new management practices and to make “payments”,[object Object],Sc.1: Allowing communication between farmers and water users ,[object Object],Sc 2. Without communication ,[object Object],Sc.3. Applying small penalties,[object Object],Sc 4. Applying high penalties ,[object Object],Farmers willing to implement conservation agriculture practices,[object Object],Downstream water users willing to transfer resources to upstream farmers implementing conservation agriculture,[object Object],Source: U.Javeriana. 2004. Análisis de la acción colectiva para el Manejo de cuencas. Estudio piloto-cuenca de la Laguna de Fúquene. Proyecto Cuencas Andinas GTZ CONDESAN,[object Object]
Where to invest for environmental AND social benefits (eco-efficiency),[object Object],CARBON IN THE AMAZON,[object Object],Áreas prioritarias de inversión ,[object Object],Áreas prioritarias con ahorros potenciales,[object Object], de tratamiento agua,[object Object],Área prioritaria sin ahorros potenciales ,[object Object],de tratamiento agua,[object Object],Fuentes de sedimentos,[object Object],Mayores,[object Object],Menores,[object Object]
Opportunity costs of REDD in threatened Brazilian Amazon forests,[object Object],Börner et al. (submitted), Amazon Initiative (CIAT, CIFOR, ICRAF),[object Object]
Opportunity costs of REDD in threatened Brazilian Amazon forests,[object Object],Börner et al. (submitted), Amazon Initiative (CIAT, CIFOR, ICRAF),[object Object]
Potential equity effects of different REDD payment scenarios by tenure category,[object Object],Börner et al. (submitted), Amazon Initiative (CIAT, CIFOR, ICRAF),[object Object],Tradeoffs: Maximum environmental benefit at cost of rural smallholder poor?,[object Object]
CONCLUSIONS,[object Object],PES provide a new paradigm for natural resource management….,[object Object],…but also a new paradigm for addressing concerns of rural poverty,[object Object],Establishment of schemes must be based on sound, integrative analysis of natural, social and economic benefits,[object Object],In CIAT we’re very interested in matching with partners to generate rural livelihoods through PES.  We can provide natural, economic and social analysese, and you…..,[object Object]
A.JARVIS@CGIAR.ORG,[object Object]

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Andy J Payment For Ecosystem Services (Pes) And Numbers For Negotiation Cocoon Sept 2009

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Notas do Editor

  1. Un Análisis multitemporal de los usos del suelo en el Parque Chingaza muestra el aumento de la vegetación de pastos en detrimento de la vegetación de páramo entre los años 1977 y 2001. (CIAT, 2007). De acuerdo a la siguiente tabla, el bosque de páramo en el área de estudio disminuyó de un 92.6% al 78.4% en 24 años. Frente a esto, las tierras en pastos y pajonales aumentaron de un 0.3% a un 19.2% en el mismo periodo. De seguir la tendencia, las consecuencias para las cuencas al cabo de algunos años en términos de capacidad de regulación y caudales pueden ser muy negativas.
  2. Regulación fue modelada pero no se incluyó como variable clave para generar una meta para el Fondo. Cuenca del rio La Playa
  3. Mencionar que hay otros beneficios como regulación hídrica, conservación y aspectos sociales.