The document provides an overview of the history and operation of the internet and communication technologies. It discusses early communication technologies like the slide rule and telephone and how they evolved over time. It then covers the basics of how the internet works, including physical connections, data transmission speeds, protocols, IP addresses, and applications. It also summarizes key technologies that enabled the development of the modern internet like radio, computers, and the world wide web.

1. Internet and Cyberspace
Instructor: Ch. Bilal Ahmad Khan
Company
LOGO

2. History of Communication and
Internet
Slide Rule-1621
Mechanical Adding Machine -1642
Ada Lovelace - 1843
First Telephone - 1876
Telegraph Message Machine - 1844

3. History of Communication and
Internet
First Radio Broadcast -1907
First Radio Signal - 1895
First ATM - 1963

4. Internet Operation

5. Internet Operation

6. Applications of Internet

7. Data Transmission Capacity
 Bandwidth, or channel capacity, is an expression
of how much data - text, voice, video, and so on
- can be sent through a communications channel
in a given amount of time


The type of data transmission that allows only one
signal at a time is called baseband transmission
several signals can be transmitted at once, it’s called
broadband transmission
 Broadband - very high speed - connections

Fiber Optics, DSL, cable, and satellite and other
wireless connections

8. Physical Connection for Internet
 Wired




Dialup
ISDN
DSL
T1
 Wireless


Through Air Link (e.g. PTCL EVO, Wateen,
Wi-Tribe)
Satellite

9. Data Transmission Speed
 bps


Bits per second
Eight bits equals one character, such as A, 3, or # Kbps
 Kbps


kilobits per second
1 thousand bits per second
 Mbps


megabits per second
1 million bits per second
 Gbps


gigabits per second
1 billion bits per second

10. Connecting with Internet
 Narrowband

Dialup Connections
 Connecting with Modem
 Modems and Call Waiting
Source: Using Information Technology by William and Sawyer

11. Connecting with Internet
 High Speed Phone Lines



ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
consists of hardware and software that allow
voice, video, and data to be communicated
over traditional copper-wire telephone lines
DSL (digital subscriber line) uses regular
phone lines, a DSL modem, and special
technology to transmit data in megabitsper
second
T1 line, essentially a traditional trunk line that
carries 24 normal telephone circuits and has a
transmission rate of 1.5 to 6 Mbps

12. Connecting the Internet
Source: Using Information Technology by William and Sawyer

13. Wireless Connections
 Satellite Communications
 Communications satellite, a space station that transmits radio
waves called microwaves from earth-based stations
 Wi-fi
 802.11 standards by IEEE of wireless transmissions
 Transmission of data at up to 54 Mbps
 300-500 feet covered by access point
 2G
 Used for mobile communications
 3G
 High-speed wireless technology that does not need access
points because it uses the existing cell phone system

14. Working of Internet
 Client


computer requesting data or services
Normally a computer in front of user
 Server


Is a central computer supplying data or
services requested of it
Also known as host computer

15. Working of Internet
 Point of Presence
 Local access point to the internet
 A collection of modems and other equipment in a local
area
 POP acts as a local gateway to the ISP’s network
 Network Access Point
 A routing computer at a point on the internet where
several connections come together
 Owned by a network service provider
 Internet Backbone
 High-speed, high-capacity transmission lines that use
the newest communications technology to transmit data
across the internet

16. Working of Internet

17. Working of Internet
 Protocols
 Set of rules, that computers must follow to transmit data
electronically
 The protocol that enables all computers to use data
transmitted on the internet is called Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP,
 Packets
 TCP/IP breaks the data in a message into separate
packets
 Fixed-length blocks of data for transmission
 IP Address
 Internet Protocol (IP) address uniquely identifies every
computer and device connected to the internet

18. World Wide Web
 Design and Develop
Web Site
 Choose the name of
website
 Buy domain name
with Web Host
 Web Host provides
web space
 Upload files to the
web server
 Write the URL in the
web browser
 Browse the website
Client
Server
Send
Database
Request
Request
Data
Fetch
Fetch
Reply
Data

19. World Wide Web
 Design and Develop
 Write the URL in the
Database
web browser
 Design and Develop
 Browse the website
Web Site
Server
 Choose the name of Client
Send
Database
website
Request
Request
Data
 Buy domain name
SQL Query
with Web Host
Fetch
Fetch
Data
 Web Host provides
Reply
web space
 Upload files to the
Data
web server

20. World Wide Web
 URL

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a string of
characters that points to a specific piece of
information anywhere on the web

21. World Wide Web
 Protocol (http://)


HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , the communications rules
that allow browsers to connect with web servers
Another protocol is ftp://
 Domain Name

Domain is simply a location on the internet, the particular web
server
 Directory Name

The directory name is the name on the server for the directory,
or folder, from which your browser needs to pull the file
 File Name

The file is the particular page or document that you are seeking

22. Search Engines
 Search services are organizations that maintain databases
accessible through websites to help you find information on the
internet
 Search engines are programs that enable you to ask questions or
use keywords to help locate information on the web
 Spiders - also known as crawlers, bots (for “robots”), or agents –
that crawl through the World Wide Web, following links from one
web page to another and indexing the words on that site

23. Search Engines
 Individual Search Engines



Compiles its own searchable database on the web
Hits are defined as the sites that a search engine
returns after running a keyword search
Examples are Bing, Yahoo, Google etc
 Subject Directories


Created and maintained by human editors, not
electronic spiders, and allows you to search for
information by selecting lists of categories or topics
Examples are Galaxy, Google Directory, LookSmart,
Open Directory Project, and Yahoo! Directory

24. Search Engines
 MetaSearch Engines


Allows you to search several search
engines simultaneously
Examples are Clusty, Dogpile, Mamma,
MetaCrawler, and Webcrawler etc
 Specialized Search Engine


Help locate specialized subject matter, such
as material about movies, health, and jobs
Examples are imdb, expedia, rozee, career
etc

25. Emails and More Modes of
Communication
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 Post Office Protocol Version 3
 Internet Message Access Protocol