MOOD STRUCTURE OF
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BY
Bushra Tabassum
University of Gujrat

WHAT IS CLAUSE
A group of words that contains a subject and a
verb
Example
 she smiled at him.
 the boy is going to the school.

TYPES OF CLAUSES
Dependent Clause
Independent Clause

DEPENDENT CLAUSE
A dependent clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb but does not contain a
complete thought and cannot stand alone as a
sentence by it self.
Example
When he is at a baseball game.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE
 Dependent Clauses can come at the end or at the
beginning of a sentence.
 Example
 The girl ran to her room when the boy called her.
 After mother got home, she went to bed.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE
EXAMPLES
1.Because the door was open
2.When it started raining
3.Until your father gets home

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
An independent clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence
by itself..
Example
Rameez eats potato chip

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
Independent Clauses can come at the end or at the
beginning of a sentence.
Example
1. The girl ran to her room when the boy called
her.
2. After mother got home, she went to bed.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
EXAMPLES
 many people enjoy poetry
 he memorized a poem last night
 Mary will read her poem

MOOD
 Mood is a system through which interpersonal
meanings are realized within conversation
 It consist of two parts
 Subject-Nominal group
 Finite-verbal group
 A Clause is consists of Mood + Residue
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SUBJECT AND FINITE
 Subject is a nominal group about which something
is predicated
 Ali is doing his work
 Finite shows the tense in a sentence
 He died
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MOOD: SUBJECT + FINITE
–Finite
• The functions of the Finite are to show:
• tense (for what time in relation to that of speaking is the
proposition valid?)
• polarity (does the proposition have positive or negative
validity?)
• modality (to what extent is the proposition valid?)
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MOOD: SUBJECT + FINITE
 Finite
 Other things to note:
 the finite is a verbal operator
 the finite and the Predicator may be realized
together (simple past or simple present tense)
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WHAT IS COMPLEMENT?
 The object; direct or indirect or anything
which completes the sense of the clause is
complement. It is always a nominal group.
 Complement has a tendency to become a
subject.
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WHAT ARE ADJUNCTS?
Prepositional phrases and adverbial phrases
are called adjuncts.
Example
They arrived on Sunday.
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MOOD AND RESIDUE
I am writing This handout On my PC
subject finite predicator complement Adjunct
Mood Residue
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RESIDUE
 A small amount of something that remains after
the main part has gone or been taken or used
 It contains of two parts
 Complement
 Adjunt
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOOD
AND RESIDUE
 Answer. In clause as exchange, the part of the
clause has the subject and finite is called mood and
the remaining part of the clause is called residue.
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IMPERATIVE MOOD
 Imperative (no subject or finite)
 Lacks mood elements
 Imperative mood expresses commands to or requests of
the person addressed.
 We use the imperative mood to make a Command or
request.

ONE WORD IMPERATIVE
STATEMENT
 The imperative mood in English usually occurs in
the second person.The second person subject
pronoun, “you” is not used but is implied.
 In the simplest sense ,we can form a strong
imperative statement using just one word.
For ex:
Take!, Eat! , Work! , Leave! etc.

PHRASALVERB IMPERATIVE
STATEMENT
It is very common to see a phrasal verb with
a particle.
For ex:
“ Come in”
“ Sit down”
“ Get up”

IMPERATIVE STATEMENTS
An imperative statement can use other words.
For ex:
“ Give me the book”
“ Look at him “
“Take off your coat “

BARE IMPERATIVE
 We can make the imperative statement milder by using the
word polite terms, called bare imperative.
For ex: Please, sit down
Pass me this plate, Please
 Can make imperative statements by using the name of the
person.
For ex:
Read this report , Bill
Mary, bring me a cup of coffee

IMPERATIVE MOODTO FORM
PROHIBITION
It is common to use the imperative mood to form
a prohibition using the negative auxiliary “Don’t “.
For ex:
Don’t drive so fast.
Don’t tell them our secret.
Don’t do that.

INDICATIVE MOOD:
 We use the indicative mood to express a fact, to
deny a fact or to ask a question.
 The majority of the statements that are made in
English are in the indicative mood.
 Indicative means "stating a fact."

CONT..
 “Indicative” is where you do refer
 E.g. where have you put your calculator ?
Here “you” is indicator
 A clause is indicative if it has subject and finite (without
specifying the order)
Types:
 Declarative
 interrogative

CONT…
We use the indicative mood to make factual
statements.
 The chair is red.
 Jim works downtown.
 The book is in the kitchen.
 She is making lunch.

CONT…
The questions that we make are in the indicative
mood.
Is the paint dry?
Are your shoes in the closet?
Do you like chicken soup?
Did Mary arrive?

CONT…
We sometimes see or hear an emphatic form of the
indicative mood that gives emphasis to the verb.This
form is usually in the affirmative simple present and
simple past tenses using the auxiliaries do, does, did.
 I do study every night.
 He did deliver the letter.
 She does see her mistake now.
 We did win the championship.
 They did arrive on time.

DECLARATIVE CLAUSE:
•A declarative clause states an idea or
provides information. It
does not give a command, nor does it ask a
question, and it ends in a period.
 according to speech role, declarative clause
is giving of information (statement).
A declarative clause has two elements in the
order of subject^finite.

EXAMPLES OF
DECLARATIVE SENTENCES
You took
Ali has finished his work.
Assessment will be by course.

MOODTAGS:
 refer back to the mood element
 may be useful in identifying the Subject and the
Finite
 Examples: It is hot ,isn’t it ?

INTERROGATIVE:
•An interrogative clause asks question and ends
in a question mark.
•According to speech role, interrogative is
demanding of information
yes/no interrogatives are marked by the order
Finite^Subject and ask the listener to specify
the polarity of the message
E.g. did you take her calculator?

CONTII..
 wh-subject
 when he wh-element combines with the function of
Subject, we have the order Subject^Finite, and the wh-
element is part of the Mood.
 E.g. who has stolen your pen?
Wh= complement or adjunct
 when the wh-element combines with a complement or
adjunct, we have the order Finite^Subject, and the wh-
element is part of the Residue.

FIRSTTHING FIRST…
 How can a verb have a “mood”?
 According toTroyka and Hesse, “Mood in verbs
conveys an attitude toward the action in a
sentence.”
 In English, there are three moods: Indicative,
Imperative, and Subjunctive.

WHENTO USETHE SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD
The Subjunctive mood is used when the
verb is trying to express the following:
Speculation
Indirect Requests
Demands
Wishes
Unlikely events
Recommendations

THE USE OFTHE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN
PRESENT AND PASTTENSE.
 Present Subjunctive: Use the SIMPLE forms of verbs.
 Example: It is important that they be [not are]
allowed back stage for the CheapTrick concert.
 Past Subjunctive: Use the SIMPLE PAST forms of
verbs.
 Examples: If I only had a brain.
EXCEPTION: Use were for present and past tense
Subjunctive.
 Examples: I wish they were coming home today.
(Present)
 Examples: We asked if we were allowed to skip
school. (Past)

KEYWORDS IN FINDING AND USINGTHE
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
If
As If
AsThough
Unless

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN IF, AS IF, AS
THOUGH, & UNLESS CLAUSES
 Used as Dependent Clauses
 A dependent clause contains a subject and a predicate
but can’t stand alone as a sentence. Usually adverb or
adjective clauses.
 Describes speculations or conditions contrary to fact.
 Examples:
 If it were to snow, our flight would be canceled.
 We will never be friends again, unless she were to
apologize.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN THAT
CLAUSES
That clauses are used to describe wishes,
requests, demands, or recommendations.
Examples:
I wish that I had seen Blink-182.
She recommended that I see a doctor.

MODAL AUXILIARYVERBS INTHE
SUBJUNCTIVE (OR HELPINGVERBS)
 Modal AuxiliaryVerbs: would, could, might, &
should.
 These words can convey speculation and therefore
are used in the Subjunctive Mood.
 Examples:
 If I were a little bit taller, I would be a baller.
 She might lie to my face, as if I were nothing.
 NOTE: Do NOT use a modal auxiliary verb in both
the dependent and independent clause.

TWO FORMS OF SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD
BE-subjunctive
WERE-subjunctive
BE-subjunctive: realized by the
base form of a verb
WERE-subjunctive: realized by the
verb “were”

USES OF SUBJUNCTIVE
 The subjunctive is used in English to express a
command, desire, hypothesis, purpose, doubt,
or supposition.
 Content clauses expressing commands, requests,
or suggestions commonly use the present
subjunctive.

USES OF SUBJUNCTIVE
such a clause may be introduced by a verb
like propose, suggest, recommend, move
(in the parliamentary sense), demand, or
mandate, by an adjective like imperative,
important, adamant, or necessary, or by a
noun like insistence or proposal

USES OF SUBJUNCTIVE
 To express a hypothesis
 The past subjunctive is used after the conjunction
if in a contrary-to-fact protasis. For example:
 If I were a millionaire, I would buy a sports car.
 If he had a car with him, he could drive us there.

USES OF SUBJUNCTIVE
 By far the most common use of the subjunctive is
the use of the subjunctive after "if" clauses that
state or describe a hypothetical situation.
 If I were a butterfly, I would have wings.

FORMS OF SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Non-
subjunctive
Form
Non-
subjunctive
Example
Subjunctive
Form
Subjunctive
Example
Is He is allowed
.
be It is essential
he be allowe
d.
Was I was ordered
.
were If
I were ordere
d, I'd go.
present
verbs in
the third
person singula
r (i.e.,
ending s)
He cooks. remove the s I wish that
he cook.

SUBJUNCTIVE IN NEGATIVE
FORM
 Negative Examples:
 The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.
 The company asked that employees not
accept personal phone calls during business hours.
 I suggest that you not take the job without
renegotiating the salary.

SUBJUNCTIVE IN PASSIVE FORM
 Passive Examples:
 Jake recommended that Susan be
hired immediately.
 Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part
in the negotiations.
 We suggested that you be admitted to the
organization.

SUBJUNCTIVE IN CONTINUOUS
FORM
 Continuous Examples:
 It is important that you be standing there when he
gets off the plane.
 It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when
the meeting is over.
 I propose that we all be waiting inTim's
apartment when he gets home.