- In the late 1880s, George Eastman developed flexible film and the Kodak camera, making photography more convenient and accessible. - Jane Addams founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889, pioneering social work to help immigrants and the poor. She later won the Nobel Peace Prize. - On December 28, 1890, around 350 starving and freezing Sioux Indians were rounded up by the 7th Cavalry and taken to a camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. The next day, violence erupted and over 150 Sioux men, women, and children were killed by the soldiers in the Wounded Knee Massacre.

1. Around 1850 1857 1859 1862
The Bessemer In 1857, Fredrick Social Darwinism In 1862, Congress
Process was Law Olmsted along grew out of the passed the
developed with English born English naturalist Homestead Act,
independently by the architect Calvert Charles Darwin’s offering 160 acres of
British manufacturer Vaux , helped draw theory of biological land to any citizen or
Henry Bessemer up a plan for evolution. In his intended citizen who
and iron maker “Greensward” which book published in was head of the
William Kelley was selected to 1859, Darwin household.
around 1850, soon become Central described his
became widely Park, in New York observations that
used. This technique City. Olmsted some individuals are
involved injecting air envisioned the parks weeded out by
into molten iron to beauty would soothe “Natural Selection”.
remove the carbon the city’s inhabitants Which meant some
and other impurities. and let them enjoy a strived to live while
“Not Ural” setting. others died off.

2. 1862 1863 1864 November
29, 1864
The Cheyenne Indians
thought they were
In 1862, Congress The first George Pullman was save near Chicago’s
passed the Transcontinental an American inventor sand Creek Reserve
Homestead Act , Railroad was a railroad and industrialist. He for the winter.
which offered 160 line built in 1863 by the was known as the Although, the
acres of land free to Central Pacific Railroad inventor of the Cheyenne were
any citizen or of California and the sleeping car. The first attacked by U.S.
intended citizen. Union Pacific Railroad. sleeping was invented Colonel John
During the 19th By linking with the in 1864. Chivington and troops,
century up to existing railway network at dawn on November
29, 1864, the attack
600,000 families of the Eastern U.S. the
killed over 150
took advantage of road thus connected inhabitants, mostly
the governments the Atlantic and Pacific women and children.
offer. They were coasts of the U.S. by The Sand Creek
called rail for the first time. Massacre was one of
Homsteader’s. the most tragic events
occurred in 1864.

3. 1864 1865 January 1st, 1867 Late 1860’s
To reinstate white
In 1865, Andrew In the United States
The Credit Mobilier voters who may have
Carnegie was so failed the literacy test History, the Gilded
was a construction
busy managing his or couldn’t pay the poll Age was the period
company formed in
money he earned, tax, several southern following the Civil
1864 by owners of
he happily left his states added a War beginning in the
the Union Pacific
job at Pennslvania Grandfather Clause to the late 1860’s to
Railroad, who used
Railroad. He then their constitutions. The about the next era in
it to fraudulently
made his own Steel clause stated that history. The Gilded
skim off railroad even if a man failed
Company(Carnegie age was a economic
profits for the literacy test or
Steel Company). His growth that attracted
themselves. couldn’t pay the poll
Company millions form
tax he was entitled to
manufactured more Europe. Railroads
vote if his Grandfather
steel than all the had been eligible to were the major
factories in Great vote before January industry, but the
Britain. 1st, 1867. Although, factory system,
this law wasn’t used till mining and labor
the 1876 election. unions also gained
importance.

4. 1867 1867 1869 1870
In 1867, Oliver Karl Max was a In 1869, William M. Corporations such
German Tweed, known as
Hudson Kelley, as the Standard Oil
philosopher, Boss Tweed led the
started the Patrons Company,
economist, Tweed Ring, a group
of Husbandry, an established by John.
sociologist, historian, of corrupt politicians,
organization for D. Rockefeller, took
journalist, and defending New York
farmers that became City. One scheme, the a different approach
revolutionist. His
popularly known as construction of New to mergers.
the Grande. Its ideas played a Rockefeller used a
York county
significant role in the
original purpose was Courthouse, involved trust to gain total
development of
to provide a social graft. The project cost control of the oil
social science and
outlet and an tax payers 13 million industry in America.
the social while the actual cost
educational forum In 1870,
movement. He was 3 million. The
for isolated farm Rockefellers
published, various difference went into
families. Standard Oil
books during his the pockets of Tweed Company of Ohio
lifetime, with the and his followers.
processed two or
most notable being three percent of the
the Capital in 1867. country’s crude oil.

5. 1870 1870’s 1870’s Mid 1870’s
The Great Plains By the 1870’s, the Grande was an The Vanderbilt's are one of the
was the grassland Grande gave rise to organization also oldest and best known families
in America. It all began with
extending through the National called the Patrons of Jan Aertson Van der Bilt who
the west-central Farmers Alliance. Husbandry. By the emigrated from Holland, who’s
portion of the United These groups 1870’s however, descendants prospered on
States. This area included many Grande members Stanten Island, NY. It wasn’t
covers parts of the other’s who spent most of their until Cornelius Vanderbilt's
lifetime where the family name
U.S. states of sympathized with time and energy came from and extraordinary
Colorado, Kansas, farmers. The NFA fighting railroads. wealth during the mid 1870’s.
Montana, Nebraska, sent lecturers from The Grande’s battle Vanderbilt with his wife of 53
New Mexico, North town to town to plan included years, Sophia, 13 children, 37
Dakota, Texas, and educate people teaching members grand-children, and 27 grand-
children, established what
Wyoming. In 1870, about topics such as how to organize, became known as the
the new railroads lower interest rates how to set up luxurious residences. One
across the plains and loans, and Farmers very famous one is known as
brought hunters who government control Corporations, and the Biltmore House in
killed off almost all over railroads and how to sponsor state Asheville, NC.
the Bison for their banks. legislation to
hides. regulate railroads.

6. 1871-1873 1874 June 1876 1876
Chief Joseph also known Successively as the On June 25-26, 1876, The Alexander Graham
as Young Joseph, independent party or Battle Of Little Big Horn Bell invented the
succeeded his father as Greenback Party, was an occurred near the Little Big telephone with
leader of the Wallowa American Political Party with Horn River in Eastern Thomas Watson in
band in 1871. In 1873, Montana Territory, it was
an antimonopoly ideology 1876. It opened the
Joseph negotiated with the most prominent action
which began to be active in way for a world wide
the federal government to of the great Sioux war of
1874. The party opposed 1876. The Native communication
ensure his people could the deflationary lowering of network. The
Americans, stood their
stay on their land in the prices paid to producers Telephone and Type
ground waiting for the 7th
Wallowa Valley. Although, entailed by a return to a Calvary. When George A. Writer office work and
the government forced the bullion-based monetary Custer arrived with troops, created new jobs for
Wallowa Band to move to system, the policy favored the Native Americans women.
the Idaho Reserve with by the republican party. It murdered all of the 7th
the other Nez Pearce. also was a slang term for a Calvary including Custer,
Joseph, pleaded for more fiat currency issued during with spears and rifles within
time but, eventually an hour.
moved his tribe to the the American Civil War.
reservation.

7. June 15, 1877 1878 1879 1879-1880
The Nez Pearce were The roots of the National The Dumbbell African Americans who
Native American people Farmers Alliance and Tenements also moved from the post-
living in the pacific Industrial Union commonly called Old Law reconstruction south to
northwest region of the known as the “Southern Tenements was built Kansas in 1879-1880
U.S. In 1877 they were Alliance” dated back to in New York City, where known as a
forced to move to the approximately 1875. after the Tenement Exoduster. After the
inhabitants of a Although, the group grew House Act Of 1879. end of reconstruction,
reservation in Idaho. The and organized on a The 1879 law racial oppression of
flight of the non-treaty statewide basis in 1878. required that every slavery led many
Nez-Pearce began on but was almost inhabitable room freedmen to seek a
June 15th, 1877 with Chief immediately killed when it have a window new place to live.
Joseph, Looking Glass, attempted to enter the opening to plain air, Many immigrated to
White Bird, Ollokot, Leah political field and was torn a requirement that Kansas because that
Elk, and Toohoolhoolzote asunder by antagonistic was by including air was the famous home
leading 800 men, women, factions favoring shafts between land of the abolitionist
and children in an attempt Democratic and adjacent buildings. John Brown.
to reach a peacefully Greenback Parties.
sanctuary.

8. 1880 1881 1881 1884
Thomas Alva Edison Sitting Bull was the Booker T. Washington was a Mark Twain or Samuel
invented the leader of the prominent African American Longhorne Clemens,
incandescent light Hunkpapa Sioux. educator, that believed that was a novelist who
bulb. Which was Sitting Bull led his racism would end once blacks inspired a host of other
patented in 1880. people by strength acquired useful labor skills and young authors when he
He later then and purpose. He proved their economic value to declared his
invented a entire was determined society. By 1881, he headed the independence of
system for producing whites should leave Tuskegee Normal and Industrial “literature and all that
and distributing Sioux territory. His institute, now called the bosh.” Yet, some of his
electrical power. most famous fight Tuskegee University in Alabama. books have become
was at Little bighorn The Tuskegee aimed to equip classics of American
River, where he African Americans with teaching literature. For example,
killed George diplomas and useful skills in The Adventures of
Armstrong Custer. agricultural domestic or Huckleberry Fin which
Although, sitting bull mechanical work. was published in 1884
surrendered to the
is known commonly.
government in 1881.

9. December 11,1886 1886 Tuesday May 4th, 1887
1886
A white Baptist
missionary, R.M. One approach to the The Haymarket Affair, also Interstate
Humphrey, organized the organization to the known as the Haymarket Commerce
Colored Farmers organization of labor Massacre refers to the Commission was
National Alliance on was craft unionism, aftermath of a bombing that enacted in 1887,
December 11, 1886 In which included took place at a labor that reestablished
Houston, Texas. skilled workers from demonstration on Tuesday the federal
Members of the local one or more trades. May 4th, 1886, at Haymarket governments right to
Colored Farmers Alliance Samuel Gompers Square in Chicago. It began supervise railroad
promoted cooperative led the Cigar Makers as a peaceful rally for an activities and
buying and selling. International Union eight hour day, it resulted in a created a five-
Unlike white to join with other dynamite thrown at the member interstate
organizations however, craft unions in 1886. police, resulting in the deaths Commerce
the black alliances had to of seven police officers and at Commission to do
work mostly in secret to lease four civilians. so.
avoid racially motivate
violence at the hands of
angry landowners and
suppliers.

10. 1887 1888 1889 1880’s
George Eastman developed a
In 1887, congress passed the Jane Addams was a In the 1880’s,
series of more convenient
Dawes Act aiming to alternatives to the heavy glass pioneer settlement William F. Cody
“Americanize” the Native plates previously used. Now, worker who founded toured the country
Americans. The act broke up the instead of carrying their dark the Hull House in with a show called
reservations and gave some of rooms around with them, Chicago in 1889. Buffalo Bill’s Wild
the reservation land to individual photographers could use flexible She also was a West. The show
Native Americans - 160 acres to film, coated with gelatin emulsions, public philosopher, featured trick riding
each head of household and 80 and could send their film to a sociologist, author,
studio for processing. In 1888, and roping
acres to each adult. The and leader in women
Eastman developed his Kodiak exhibitions. It thrilled
government would sell the suffrage and world
camera. The purchase price of audiences with mock
remainder of the reservations to peace. Later in her
$25.00 included a 100- picture roll battles between
settlers, and Native Americans to life she won the Cowboys and
of film. When the photographer
buy farm implements. took the pictures they then sent it Nobel Prize, she Indians. This helped
to Eastman's Factory in New York. was the first women form the Rodeo.
There, they would develop them to do so.
and send them back for $10.00
with the camera reloaded.

11. 1880’s 1880’s 1890 December 28th, 1890
In the 1880’s, overland The Native American tribe On December 28th, 1890, the
A blend of African
transport or Long Drive, of called the Sioux, continued Seventh Calvary- Custer’s old
American spirituals regiment rounded up about 350
animals often lasted about to suffer poverty and
and European starving and freezing Sioux
3 months. A typical drive disease. In desperation,
musical forms, Indians and took them to a camp
included one Cowboy for ragtime originated in they turned to a paiute
at Wounded Knee Creek in south
every 250 to 300 head of prophet who promised that
the 1880’s in the Dakota. The next day, the
cattle, a cook who also if the Sioux performed a soldiers demanded that the
saloons of the south.
drove the chuck wagon and Ragtime later ritual called the Ghost Native Americans give up all their
set up camp; and a Dance, the Native weapons. A shot fired; from which
became known as
wrangler who cared for the American lands and way of side was unclear. The soldiers
Jazz, Rhythm and
extra horses. During the life will be restored. The opened fire with the deadly
Blues, and Rock &
long drive the Cowboy was Ghost Dance movement Cannon, within minutes the
Roll.
in the saddle from dawn till spread rapidly among Seventh Calvary slaughtered 300
dusk. He slept on the 25,000, Sioux on the unarmed Native Americans,
ground and slept in rivers. Dakota Reserve in 1890. including several children. The
soldiers then left the corpse to
freeze on the ground.

12. 1890 1890 1890’s 1890’s
Some states, limited the In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust After initial moments of While European
vote to people who could Act made it legal to form a trust excitement, the immigrants immigrants arriving on
read, and required that interfered with free trade faced the anxiety of not the east coast passed
registration officials to between states or with other knowing whether they through Ellis Island,
administer a Literacy Test to countries. Prosecuting would be admitted to the Asians primarily
test reading. Blacks trying to companies under the Sherman United States. They had to Chinese arrived on the
vote were often asked more Act was not easy, however, pass immigration west coast passed
difficult questions than because the act didn’t clearly inspections, such as the admission at Angel
whites or given a test in a define terms such as trust. The one at Castle Garden, New Island in San Francisco
foreign language. Officials Supreme Court threw out seven York, which was later Bay. During the 1890’s
could pass or fail applicants of the eight cases the federal known as Ellis Island. From till the late 1900’s,
as they wished. The first government stopped trying to the 1890’s till the 1900’s about 50,000 Chinese
formal voter Literacy Tests enforce the Sherman Act, and Ellis Island was the major immigrants entered the
were introduced in 1890. the consolidation of the immigration station in the United States through
businesses continued. United States. Angel Island.

13. 1891 July 4th, 1892 1894 1895
The term “collective The Omaha Platform was the Some labor leaders felt that W.E.B. Dubois was the
bargaining” was first used in party program adopted at the unions should include an first African American to
1891, by economic Theorist formative convention of the laborers skilled and unskilled, receive a doctorate
Beatrice Webb. However, populist(or peoples)party held in a specific industry. This from Harvard in 1895.
collective negotiations and in Omaha, Nebraska on July concept captured the He strongly agreed with
agreements had existed since 4th, 1892. The platform immigration of Eugene V. Washington gradual
the rise of trade unions during preamble was written by Debs, who made the first approach. In 1905,
the 18th century. Collective Ignatius L. Donnelly. The major attempt to form such an Dubious founded the
Bargaining is a process of planks themselves represent individual union-the American Niagara Movement,
negotiation between the merger of agrarian Railroad Union(ARU). In 1894, which insisted that
employees and corporations concerns of the farmers the new union won a strike for blacks should seek a
aimed at reaching agreements alliance with the free-currency higher wages. Within two liberal arts education so
that inform workers of their monetarism of the greenback months, its membership that the African-
shared interests negotiated by party while explicitly endorsing climbed to 150,000, dwarfing American community
an entity that acts like a the goals of the largely urban the 90,000 enrolled in the four would have well-
corporation. knights of the labor. skilled railroad brotherhoods. educated leaders.

14. Early 1896 1896 1896 1896
As the 1896 campaign At the same time blacks lost The 1896, the Plessey William Jennings Bryan, Editor of
progressed, the voting rights southern states Vs. Ferguson, supreme the Omaha World-herald,
Republican Party stated passed racial segregation laws court ruled that the delivered an impassioned address
it’s firm commitment to or Jim Crow Laws is another separation of races in to the assembled delegates. An
the gold standard and name. Which separated whites public accommodations excerpt of what has become
nominated Ohioan from blacks in public or private was legal and did not known as the “cross of gold”
William McKinley for facilities, in schools, hospitals, violate the fourteenth speech follows. Bryan won
president. parks, and transportation amendment. The democratic nomination for the
systems throughout the south. decision established the 1896 election. His main weakness
Segregation said that doctrine “separate but was his vice-presidential
everyone was made “separate equal”, which allowed candidate Maine banker Arthur
but equal”. Segregation was states to remain Scwall. Nor did democrats want to
tested in the Plessey Vs. segregated. keep him as a candidate in the
Ferguson case in 1896, where running. So he was replaced by
segregation was established Thomas Watson of Georgia.
not un constitutional and
everyone is “separate but
equal”.

15. July 9th, 1896 1800’s 1800’s 1800’s
The cross of gold speech The term culture shock was Participants in a Trust A political machine was an
was delivered by William introduced for the first time turned their stock over to organized group that
Jennings Bryan, a former in the 1800’s to describe a group of trustees-people controlled the activities of a
united states congressman the anxiety produced when who ran the separate political party in a city, the
from Nebraska at the a person moves to a companies as one large political machine also offered
Democratic National completely new corporation. In return, the services to voters and
Convention in Chicago on environment. This term companies were entitled businesses in exchange for
July 9th, 1896. In the address expresses the lack of to dividends on profits political or financial support.
Bryan supported bimetallism direction, the feeling of not earned by the trust. Trusts In the decades after the civil
or “free silver’, which he knowing what to do or how were not legal mergers, war, political machines
believed would gain the to do things in a new however. Rockefeller used gained control of local
nation prosperity. He environment and not a trust to gain total control government in Baltimore, NY,
described the gold standard knowing what is appropriate of the oil industry in San Francisco, and other
concluding, the speech “you or inappropriate. The felling America. major cities. Political
may not crucify mankind of culture shock generally Machines were mostly seen
upon a cross of gold”. sets in after the first few in the 1800’s.
weeks of coming to a new
place.

16. 1800’s Mid 1800’s 1800’s Late 1800’s
When involved with The term “socialism” was A scab is a person Graft, was the illegal
grafting, the worker created by Henri de Saint- who works despite use of political
then “kicked back” a Simon, a founder of utopian an on going strike. influence for
portion of the socialism. The term “socialism” Scabs are usually personal gain. For
earnings to the was created to contrast against individuals who are example, by helping
political machine the liberal doctrine of not employed by the a person find work
they were working “individualism”. The original company prior to the on a constitution
for. Taking these socialists condemned Liberal trade union dispute, project for the city, a
kickbacks or illegal individualism as failing to but rather hired prior political machine
payments for their address social concerns of to or during the could ask the worker
services, enriched poverty, social oppression, and strike to keep the to bill the city for
the political gross inequality of wealth. organization more than the actual
machines-and Socialism was commonly seen running. cost of materials and
individuals in the mid 1800’s. “strikebreakers” may labor. Graft was
politicians. also refer to workers mostly used in the
who cross picket 1800’s.
lines to work. Scab’s
were commonly
seen in the 1800’s.

17. 1800’s 1901 December 17th, 1903
Those who moved to the A Monopoly or complete In the early 20th century, brothers
broad, flat plains often made control over its industry’s Orville and Wilbur Wright, bicycle
freestanding houses by production, wages, and manufacturers from Dayton, Ohio,
stacking blocks of prairie turf. prices. One way to create a experimented with new engines
Like a dug out, a sod home, or monopoly was to set up a powerful enough to keep “heavier-
Soddy, was warm in winter holding company, a than-air” craft aloft. First the Wright
and cool in summer. Soddy's corporation that did nothing brothers built a glider. Then they
were small, however , and but buy out the stock of commisioned a 4-cylinder internal
offered little light or air. They other companies. Headed combustion engine, chose a
were havens for snakes, by banker J.P. Morgan, U.S. pepeller, and designed a biplane
insects, and other pests. steel was one of the with a 40’4 wing span. On
Although, they were fire proof sucessful holding December 17th, 1903, at Kitty Hawk,
they leaked when it rained. companies. In 1901, it North Carolina they had their first
Soddy's were used mostly became the world’s largest flight. It covered 120 feet and lasted
during the 1800’s. business. 12 seconds.

18. Work Cited
www.wikipedia.com
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