1. Hepatitis
Team work :
Ali Alarasy Mohammed Taher
Mohammed Alwrafi Khalid Alahrak
Zeyad Alawadi Osama Bagash
Hayel Abdul-wasai Murad Aldahnon
Abdul-Rahman Talbah
Supervision :
Dr.Ahmed AL-Sayaghi
Ibb University
Faculty of Dentistry

2. Introduction :
 Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the
inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence
of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ.
 It has 2 phases :
 Acute : less than six months
 Chronic : More than six months

3. Classification of hepatitis :
 Viral hepatitis ( most common ) .
 Hepatitis A
 Hepatitis B
 Hepatitis C
 Hepatitis D
 Hepatitis E
 Hepatitis G
 Non-viral hepatitis ( less common ) .
 Toxic and drug-induced
 Alcoholic
 Autoimmune
 Metabolic disorders

4.  About 1 million people die each year from causes related to
viral hepatitis.
 More than 75% of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is
attributable to hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus
infection.

5. Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A :is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by
the hepatitis A virus (HAV).
Discovered in 1973
Globally, around 1.5 million symptomatic cases occur each year
with likely tens of millions of infections in all. It is more
common in regions of the world with poor sanitation and
not enough safe water.
In 2010, acute hepatitis A resulted in 102,000 deaths, which is
slightly up from 99,000 in 1990.

6. Transmission
 Consumption of contaminated water or food.
 Contaminated hands.
 Sexual contact with an infected individual.

7. Prevention
 Wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet.
 Only eat cleaned and washed fruits or vegetables.
 Only eat cooked food.
 Vaccination of hepatitis A.

8. Treatment
 There is no treatment specifically for hepatitis A. The doctor
will advise the patient to abstain from alcohol and drugs
during the recovery.
 The most majority of patients with hepatitis A will recover
spontaneously

10. Hepatitis B
 Is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus
(HBV) which affects the liver. It can cause both acute and
chronic infections.
 Discovered in 1970
 The hepatitis B virus can survive outside the body for at
least 7 days. During this time, the virus can still cause
infection if it enters the body of a person who is not
protected by the vaccine.
 Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection.

11.  In 2004, an estimated 350 million individuals were infected
worldwide
 The complications result in death of 15 to 25% of those with
chronic disease.
 More than 780 000 people die every year due to
complications of hepatitis B, including cirrhosis and liver
cancer.

12. Transmission
 The hepatitis B is a blood-borne virus. It is most commonly
transmitted through :
 Spread through contact with contaminated blood and
organs
 Spread through sexual activity
 Can be passed from mother to child
 Can be passed by sharing personal items with an infected
individual (toothbrushes, razors, nail clippers, needles,
drug snorting equipment)

13. Prevention
 Only use clean syringes that have not been used by anyone
else.
 Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or manicure
instruments.
 Have a hepatitis B series of shots if you are at risk.
 Only use of sterilized equipment.
 Practice safe sex.
 The infection has been preventable by vaccination since
1982. Vaccination is recommended by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in the first day of life if possible.

14. Treatment
 A patient with hepatitis B needs to rest, He will require a
diet that is high in protein and carbohydrate this is to repair
damaged liver cells, as well as to protect the liver.
 the doctor may prescribe interferon.
 Interferon is an antiviral agent.

16. Hepatitis C
 Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus:
the virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis
infection, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a
few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness.
 Discovered in 1980.
 During the initial infection people often have mild or no
symptoms.
 The virus persists in the liver in about 75% to 85% of those
initially infected.
 A significant number of those who are chronically infected
will develop liver cirrhosis or liver cancer

17.  About 150 million people are chronically infected with HCV
(about 10 times higher than HIV estimates).
 More than 350,000 people die each year from hepatitis C-
related liver diseases.

18. Transmission
 The hepatitis C virus is a blood-borne virus. It is most
commonly transmitted through :
 injecting drug use through the sharing of injection
equipment.
 in health care manipulation due to the reuse or inadequate
sterilization of medical equipment, especially syringes and
needles;
 the transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products;
 HCV can also be transmitted sexually and can be passed
from an infected mother to her baby; however these modes
of transmission are much less common.
 Hepatitis C is not spread through breast milk, food or water
or by casual contact such as hugging, kissing and sharing
food or drinks with an infected person.

19. Prevention
 There is currently no vaccine for hepatitis C.
 If your skin is to be pierced, Only use of sterilized
equipment
 Do not share drug equipment.
 Do not share your toothbrush, razor, manicure equipment
 If you are infected cover open wounds.

20. Treatment
 A patient with hepatitis C will be prescribed pegylated
interferon and ribavirin.
 About 15–45% of infected persons spontaneously clear the
virus within 6 months of infection without any treatment.
 The remaining 55–85% of persons will develop chronic
HCV infection.
 Of those with chronic HCV infection, the risk of cirrhosis of
the liver is 15–30% within 20 years.

21. Hepatitis D
 (hepatitis delta) is a disease caused by the hepatitis D virus
(HDV).
 HDV is considered to be a sub-viral satellite because it only
occurs in people already infected with hepatitis B virus.
 Discovered in 1977.

22. Transmission
 Spread through contact with contaminated blood.
 Rarely through sexual contact.
 Can be passed by sharing personal items

23. Prevention
 Use the same guidelines as for hepatitis B. Because only a
person who is infected with hepatitis B can become infected
with hepatitis D.

24. Hepatitis E
 Is a viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) caused by infection
with a virus called hepatitis E virus (HEV).
 Hepatitis E is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis E virus.
 Discovered in 1983
 Although Hepatitis E often causes an acute and self-limiting
infection (it usually goes away by itself and the patient
recovers), but may develop into fulminant hepatitis (acute
liver failure).
 It bears a high risk of developing chronic hepatitis in
immune-compromised patients with substantial mortality
rates.

25.  Every year there are an estimated 20 million hepatitis E
infections, over 3 million symptomatic cases of hepatitis E,
and 56 600 hepatitis E-related deaths.
 China has produced and licensed the first vaccine to
prevent hepatitis E virus infection, although it is not yet
available globally.

26. Transmission
 Transmitted mainly through the faecal-oral route due to
fecal contamination of drinking water.
 Other transmission routes include:
 foodborne transmission from ingestion of products
derived from infected animals;
 transfusion of infected blood products.
 vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to her
fetus.

27. Prevention
 Same protection as hepatitis A infection :
 Wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet.
 Only eat cleaned and washed fruits or vegetables.
 Only eat cooked food.
 Get a vaccine for hepatitis E.

28. Treatment of Hepatitis ( D & E )
 There is no effective treatment for either hepatitis D or E.

29. Hepatitis G
 Hepatitis G is a newly discovered form of liver
inflammation caused by hepatitis G virus (HGV), a distant
relative of the hepatitis C virus.
 was first described early in 1996. Little is known about the
frequency of HGV infection, the nature of the illness, or
how to prevent it.
 Often found in co-infections with other viruses, such as
hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

30. Symptoms
 Many people with hepatitis do not have symptoms and do
not know they are infected. If symptoms occur with an
acute infection, they can appear anytime from 2 weeks to 6
months after exposure.
 Symptoms of chronic viral hepatitis can take decades to
develop.
 Symptoms of hepatitis can include:
 fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, dark urine, grey-colored stools, joint
pain, and jaundice.

31. Sources :
 World Health Organization (WHO).
 Wikipedia.
 Internet