2. Contents
2
1 Different types of Animals – A brief Introduction
• 1.1 Flowchart
• 1.2 Food Intake
2 The food chain
3 Dietary categories
• 3.1 Dietary categories
4 Why do animals require nutrition?
• 4.1 Balanced diet
• 4.1.1 Obesity
• 4.1.2 Malnourishment
• 4.2 Essential Nutrition
5 The digestive system
• 5.1 Digestion
• 5.2 Continuation
3. nutrition in animals 3
6 Modes of Digestion
• 6.1Digestive Systems in Different Animals
7 Nutrition
• 7.1 Nutrition and digestion chart
8 Modes of Nutrition
• 8.1 Autotrophic mode of nutrition
• 8.2 Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
• 8.3 Examples
• 8.4 Composition
9 Conclusion
Thank You
4. 1Different types of Animals – A brief Introduction
nutrition in animals
1.1Flowchart
4
Animalia
Reptilia
Mammalia Nematoda
Arthropoda Mollusca
Amphibia
Aves
Pisces
6. 3 Dietary categories
• Animals eat whenever they get the opportunity.
• The categories of their diets are :
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Diet
Omnivores
Ex : Crows
Herbivores
Ex : Cows
Carnivores
Ex : Bengal tiger
7. 3.1 Dietary categories
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Ex : crows, Bears, RaccoonsOmnivores
• Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and animals or even algal matter
Ex : Cows, Hares, GorillasHerbivores
• They are animals that mainly eat autotrophs, i.e. Plants
Ex : Sharks, Snakes, Lions, TigersCarnivores
• They are animals that eat other animals and meat
8. 4 • Why do animals require nutrition?
• Animals are heterotrophs that require food for various
reasons. Three of them are :
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The cells in the body require energy to work. Nutrition
provides the energy required for cellular action to take place.Chemical Energy
BiosynthesisBone Growth
• Bone cells grow rapidly during the growth of an animal. Nutrition provides
energy for Biosynthesis in which the carbon cells make new cells.
Ready-made formNutrients
• Animals cannot make all the nutrients required all by itself using raw materials. These
nutrients are fed to the animal in a readymade form.
9. 4.1 Balanced diet
• It is important to consume the right amount of nutrition or
calories.
• Consuming too much can lead to Obesity.
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10. 4.1.1 Obesity
• Obesity is the result of excessive
consumption of Nutrients or
calories, especially fats and
cholesterol.
• Obesity is a growing problem in
Humans. It is important to
control it for a healthy living.
• Instead of using the excessive fat
cells, the body stores it.
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11. 5 The digestive system
• Digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed with the teeth. The process
stimulates exocrine glands in the mouth to release digestive enzymes such as
salivary amylase, which aid in the breakdown of food, particularly carbohydrates.
Chewing also causes the release of saliva, which helps condense food into a bolus
that can be easily passed through the oesophagus.
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5.1 Digestion
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12. 5.2 Continuation
• The food enters the stomach upon passage through the cardiac sphincter. In the
stomach, food is churned and thoroughly mixed with a digestive fluid, composed
chiefly of hydrochloric acid, and other digestive enzymes to further decompose it
chemically for a few hours. As the acidic level changes in the stomach and later parts of
the digestive tract, more enzymes are activated or deactivated to extract and process
various nutrients.
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13. 6.3 Digestive Systems in Different Animals
• 6.3.1 AVES
• Birds have no teeth so digestion does not begin in the mouth, all of the food breakdown must occur within
the digestive system. Food enters through the mouth where it passes down the oesophagus into the crop.
This organ is where the food is stored and begins to soften. From here it moves into the stomach.
• The food moves into the intestine, first into the small intestine and then onto the large intestine. At the
point where the small and large intestine meet are two pouches or caeca, which absorb the water from the
food. In herbivores this is the site of cellulose deposition. The food becomes harder and enters into a
chamber called the cloaca. It then passes out of the body through a lining called proventriculus.
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14. 6.3.2 REPTILIA
• Snakes eat all parts of their pray and need a
specialised digestive system to gain the most
nutrients from their food. Their teeth are very thin
and usually curve backwards. Their function is not to
grind down food as it is in most animals, rather it is
to capture prey. The food is swallowed whole, thus
the teeth perform a specialised function. They have
powerful digestive enzymes to break down the hair,
feathers, bones, organs and other parts of their food.
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15. 6.3.3 MOLLUSCA
• The mollusc digestive system has millions of microscopic hair like fibres
along the main digestive tract and has several divisions for the different
organs. The first section contains the mouth and oesophagus and is the site
of the initial breakdown of food. There is a specialised file like radula found
in the mouth, which acts like teeth or a tongue in the food breakdown. In
many molluscs the stomach has a flexible rod, which is made up of mucus
and proteins in a crystalline structure. This secretes the digestive juices and
enzymes and acts as a kind of stirring stick, mixing up the stomach
contents to aid digestion. The final section of the digestive tract contains
the intestine and anus, from which the waste is removed.
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16. 7 Nutrition
• There are six major classes of nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein,
vitamins, and water.
• Nutrition is the process of breaking down
food and substances taken in by the mouth to
use for energy in the body.
• All these components are essential for living
animals for their everyday work
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17. 8 Modes of Nutrition
• Modes of nutrition mean methods of procuring food or obtaining food by an
organism.
• All the organisms do not obtain their food in the same way.
• Different organisms have different methods of procuring food or obtaining food. In
other words, organisms differ in their modes of nutrition
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Mode of
nutrition
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
18. 8.1 Autotrophic mode of nutrition
nutrition in animals
• In autotrophic nutrition, the organism synthesizes its own food from the inorganic raw
materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings by using the sunlight
energy.
• Organic material (food) is made from inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water by
utilizing the sunlight energy. The green plants have an autotrophic mode of nutrition. The
autotrophic bacteria also obtain their food by the autotrophic mode of nutrition (though most
bacteria are not autotrophic). The organisms having autotrophic mode of nutrition are called
autotrophic organisms or just autotrophs.
• Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water are called
autotrophs.
18
19. 8.2 Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
• In heterotrophic nutrition, the organism cannot make its own food from the inorganic raw materials
like carbon dioxide and water, and uses the food made by autotrophic organisms directly or indirectly.
Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food from
simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms for its food.
• A heterotrophic organism is a consumer which derives its nutrition from other organisms. That is, a
heterotrophic organism has to eat other organisms for its nutrition. All the animals have a heterotrophic
mode of nutrition. Most bacteria and fungi also have heterotrophic mode of nutrition. The organisms
having heterotrophic mode of nutrition are called heterotrophic organisms or just heterotrophs.
• Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and
water, and depend on other organisms for their food are called heterotrophs.
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21. 8.4 Composition
Series 3 Protein Carbohydrate Other
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Nutrition composition in a regular diet
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22. 9 Conclusion
• There is a diversity in animals and each type of animal
intakes different type of food to satisfy their nutrition
requirements.
• Not all animals gain nutrition from the same source.
• Different animals require nutrition in Various amounts.
• Therefore, Animal Nutrition is a basic need.
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