LYMPHOMA
JUNAID IRSHAD BHAT
GROUP : 88

What is lymphoma?
 Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic
system, which is part of the body's germ-
fighting network.
 The lymphatic system includes the lymph
nodes (lymph glands), spleen, thymus gland
and bone marrow. Lymphoma can affect all
those areas as well as other organs
throughout the body.

CLASSIFICATION
 Many types of lymphoma exist.The main
subtypes are:
 Hodgkin's lymphoma (formerly called
Hodgkin's disease)
 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Symptoms
 Painless swelling of lymph nodes in your
neck, armpits or groin
 Persistent fatigue
 Fever
 Night sweats
 Shortness of breath
 Unexplained weight loss
 Itchy skin

Risk factors
 Your age. Some types of lymphoma are more
common in young adults, while others are most
often diagnosed in people over 55.
 Being male. Males are slightly more likely to
develop lymphoma than are females.
 Having an impaired immune system. Lymphoma is
more common in people with immune system
diseases or in people who take drugs that suppress
their immune system.
 Developing certain infections. Some infections are
associated with an increased risk of lymphoma,
including the Epstein-Barr virus and Helicobacter
pylori infection.

Hodgkin lymphoma

CAUSES
 • Unknown
 • More common in patients from well-
educated backgrounds
 and small families
 •Three times more likely with a past history
of infectious
 mononucleosis but no definitive causal link to
Epstein–Barr
 virus infection is proven

SYMPTOMS
 Painless swelling of lymph nodes in your
neck, armpits or groin.
 Persistent fatigue.
 Fever.
 Night sweats.
 Losing weight without trying.
 Severe itching.
 Pain in your lymph nodes after drinking
alcohol.

Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma
 Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma is the more
common type of this disease. People diagnosed
with this type have large lymphoma cells called
Reed-Sternberg cells in their lymph nodes.
 Subtypes of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma
include:
 Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma
 Mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma
 Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's lymphoma
 Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin's lymphoma

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant
Hodgkin's lymphoma
 This much rarer type of Hodgkin's lymphoma
involves lymphoma cells that are sometimes
called popcorn cells because of their
appearance. Nodular lymphocyte-
predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma is usually
diagnosed at an early stage and may require
less intensive treatments compared to the
classical type of the disease.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) represents a
monoclonal proliferation of lymphoid cells of
B cell (70%) orT cell (30%) origin.

CAUSES
• Lymphoma is a late manifestation of HIV
infection
• Specific lymphoma types are associated with
viruses:
e.g. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) with post-transplant
NHL, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) with a
primary effusion lymphoma, and humanT-cell
lymphotropic virus (HTLV) with adultT-cell
leukaemia lymphoma
• Gastric lymphoma can be associated with
Helicobacter pylori infection.

 Some lymphomas are associated with specific
chromosomal translocations; the t(14;18) in follicular
lymphoma results in the dysregulated expression of
the BCL-2 gene product, which inhibits apoptotic
cell death.
 The t(8;14) found in Burkitt lymphoma and the
t(11;14) in mantle cell lymphoma alter function of c-
myc and cyclin D1, respectively, resulting in
malignant proliferation
• Lymphoma occurs in congenital immunodeficiency
states and in immunosuppressed patients after
organ transplantation

Symptoms
 Swollen lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or
groin
 Abdominal pain or swelling
 Chest pain, coughing or trouble breathing
 Persistent fatigue
 Fever
 Night sweats
 Unexplained weight loss

Risk factors
 Medications that suppress your immune
system
 Infection with certain viruses and bacteria
 Chemicals
 Older age.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma most
often begins in the:
 B cells. B cells are a type of lymphocyte that fights
infection by producing antibodies to neutralize
foreign invaders. Most non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
arises from B cells. Subtypes of non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma that involve B cells include diffuse large
B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell
lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma.
 T cells.T cells are a type of lymphocyte that's
involved in killing foreign invaders directly. Non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs much less often inT
cells. Subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that
involveT cells include peripheralT-cell lymphoma
and cutaneousT-cell lymphoma.

MANAGEMENT OF LYMPHOMAS
 Radiotherapy.
 Chemotherapy
 Transplantation

THANKYOU!!!