SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 7
Download to read offline
Congestion Pricing




Wicked
problems,
trusted
solutions
Wicked problems have a way of spawning other wicked
problems. One such problem, traffic congestion, calls for
road user charging, which is itself a wicked problem.
Road use charging, in turn, has several hundreds of
economists and engineers planning for another wicked
problem – GNSS-based road user charging. Here’s the way
out of this most vicious of cycles, according to
BERN GRUSH

62   Vol 5 No 2 Thinking Highways          www.thinkinghighways.com
Congestion Pricing



                                                                                    !"#$%&$'())*&$+)$,&-.)/$
                                                                                     ')01&*+2)0$-32'201$40,$
                                                                                        125&0$+(&$4334/$)#$
                                                                                       ')01&*+2)0$-32'201$
                                                                                         *).6+2)0*$%&$'40$
                                                                                      274120&8$%()$'40$*4/$
                                                                                    +(4+$%&$(45&$+()61(+$)#$
                                                                                     4..$+(&$%4/*$+)$,&-.)/$
                                                                                        *6'($4$-3)13479:




!"#$%&'( )*+,-&./( #0( 1( '&0$*#)2#+3( 40&'( #3( 0+$#1-(            /"367%4&'5"3;#=%&')'<*#=%'@3"'*&.'!9#7%'$9%')",9#$%,$*"%'3@'$9%'
)-133#35(6+*(1()*+,-&.(2712(#0('#68$4-2(+*(#.)+00#9                 )"<*4%+$')+='#+=%%='4)+:'3@'$9%'5)&&)<%&'@3"4#+<'$9%'4)$"#8'
,-&(2+(0+-:&(,&$140&(+6(#3$+.)-&2&;($+32*1'#$2+*<(                  3@'$9#&')"$#,7%')"%'F3+D7#+J&K'$9%')&&%"$#3+&')+=')+)7:&#&')"%'$9#&'
13'($7135#35(*&=4#*&.&320(2712(1*&(+62&3(71*'(2+(                   )*$93"J&' 3>+.' 23K' #+' )' @*+=)4%+$)7' >):K' $9#&' )"$#,7%' #&' A3#+$7:'
*&$+53#>&?(@+*&+:&*;(,&$140&(+6($+.)-&A(#32&*'&9                    )*$93"%=K'6*$'$9%'67)4%'@3"')+:'%""3"&'3"'>%)D')&&%"$#3+&'"%&$&'
)&3'&3$#&0;( 27&( &66+*2( 2+( 0+-:&( +3&( 10)&$2( +6( 1(            &37%7:'>#$9'4%.'L#+='3*$'43"%')63*$'F3+D7#+')$',3<+%8*&.3"<.
B#$%&'( )*+,-&.( +62&3( *&:&1-0( +*( $*&12&0( +27&*(
)*+,-&.0?                                                             M,,3"=#+<7:K'>#,D%='5"367%4&'9);%'&#8',"#$#,)7',9)"),$%"#&$#,&0
  !"#$%&'()*"%+,%'-.'/%$%"0'1234%'5"367%4&')"%'&3',3457%8'            '''N.' O3*'=3+J$'*+=%"&$)+='$9%'5"367%4'*+$#7':3*'9);%''
$9)$':3*'9);%'$3'6%'9#<97:'#+$%77#<%+$')+='>%77?#+@3"4%='A*&$'$3'   '        =%;%735%=')'&37*$#3+.
6%'*+=%,#=%=')63*$'$9%4.B                                             '''P.' !#,D%='5"367%4&'9);%'+3'&$355#+<'"*7%.
  C9%'35%+#+<',9)5$%"'3@')'633D'6:'E".'-%@@'F3+D7#+',)77%='E#)?       '''Q.' 237*$#3+&'$3'>#,D%='5"367%4&')"%'+3$'"#<9$'3"'>"3+<.
73<*%' G)55#+<0' H*#7=#+<' 29)"%=' I+=%"&$)+=#+<' 3@' !#,D%='   '     '''R.' S;%":'>#,D%='5"367%4'#&'%&&%+$#)77:'*+#T*%')+='+3;%7.

www.thinkinghighways.com                                                               Thinking Highways Vol 5 No 2                      63
Congestion Pricing

    '''U.'   S;%":'&37*$#3+'$3')'>#,D%='5"367%4'#&')'V3+%'&93$''            B<$C34#?'$')01&*+2)0$(4*$0)$321(+$)3$%3)01$*).6+2)0$
'            35%")$#3+J.                                                 D$C9%:')"%'3+7:'V6%$$%"KJ'V>3"&%KJ'V<33='%+3*<9KJ'3"'V+3$'<33='
    '''W.'   !#,D%='5"367%4&'9);%'+3'<#;%+')7$%"+)$#;%'&37*$#3+&.        %+3*<9J'&37*$#3+&'$3',3+<%&$#3+.'C9%'=%$%"4#+)$#3+'3@'&37*$#3+'
                                                                         T*)7#$:'#&'+3$'36A%,$#;%')+=',)++3$'6%'=%"#;%='@"34'@3773>#+<')'
Part 1 - traffic congestion                                              @3"4*7).' 237*$#3+&' )"%' )&&%&&%=' #+' )' &3,#)7' ,3+$%8$' #+' >9#,9'
X%"%J&')+')&&%&&4%+$'3@'$9%'>#,D%=+%&&'3@'$")@Y,',3+<%&$#3+'             14)+:'5)"$#%&')"%'%T*#55%=K'#+$%"%&$%=K'3"'%+$#$7%='$3'A*=<%KB'
$9"3*<9'$9%'7%+&'3@'F3+D7#+J&'&#8',9)"),$%"#&$#,&.                       )+='$9%&%'A*=<4%+$&';)":'>#=%7:')+='=%5%+='3+'$9%'&$)D%937=?
                                                                         %"J&'#+=%5%+=%+$';)7*%&')+='<3)7&.
    ;<$=)6$,)0>+$60,&3*+40,$+34#?'$')01&*+2)0$60+2.$/)6$                    `'9);%':%$'$3'"%)=')+:'=%&,"#5$#3+'3@')'&37*$#3+'$3',3+<%&$#3+'
(45&$,&5&.)-&,$4$*).6+2)0(9(G)+:'&37*$#3+&')"%'5"353&%='                 #+')+'3+7#+%'+%>&5)5%"')"$#,7%'3"'673<'$9)$'#&'+3$'@3773>%='6:')'
$3'&37;%',3+<%&$#3+0'43"%'"3)=&Z'43"%'$")+&#$Z'@%>%"'$"#5&Z',)"?         57%$93")' 3@' ;)":#+<' 35#+#3+&' ;%9%4%+$7:' @3"' 3"' ;%9%4%+$7:'
5337#+<Z'9#<9%"'=%+&#$:Z'%)$#+<'73,)7Z'$%7%>3"D#+<Z'&4)77%"',)"&Z'       )<)#+&$.'`@':3*J='7#D%'$3'#45"3;%':3*"'@),#7#$:'@3"'#+&*7$#+<'3$9%"'
"3*+=)63*$&Z'"%43;#+<'&$35'&#<+&Z'&:+,9"3+#[#+<'&#<+)7&Z',:,7#+<Z'       &$)D%937=%"&K'$9%&%',344%+$&')"%')'<"%)$'&3*",%'3@'#+&5#")$#3+.'
%$,.'?'$9%'7#&$'#&';%":'73+<.'
    C9%'#++*4%")67%'#77&'3@',3+<%&$#3+')"%'>%77?=%&,"#6%=')+=')'            E<$F4'($*).6+2)0$+)$+34#?'$')01&*+2)0$2*$&**&0+24../$
<"%)$'+*46%"'3@'&37*$#3+&'9);%'6%%+'3@@%"%=K'6*$'>%'9);%'+3$'            602G6&$40,$0)5&.$?' 9%"%')"%'&3'4)+:'@),$3"&')+=',3+=#$#3+&K'
                                                                                                 C
$"#%=')'&37*$#3+'$9)$'9)&'$)D%+'937=')+='$9)$'&93>&'43"%'$9)+')'         )77'%46%==%='#+')'=:+)4#,'&3,#)7K'537#$#,)7K'<%3<")59#,)7')+='%,3?
$%453")":' 3"' 73,)7' "%7#%@' &*,9' )&' $9%' (3+=3+' F3+<%&$#3+'     '   +34#,',3+$%8$K'$9)$'+3'$>3',3+<%&$#3+'5"367%4&')"%')7#D%K')+='
2:&$%4'3"',3+$#+*3*&?3>'#+$%"&%,$#3+&K'"%&5%,$#;%7:.'/%"9)5&'           $9%'&37*$#3+&'$3'$9%4'>#77')7>):&'6%',*&$34'=%&#<+%=')+='Y$$%=.'
$9#&' #&' 6%,)*&%' $9%' <"%)$%&$' =%$%"4#+)+$' 3@' ,3+<%&$#3+' ?' )+'    2):&'b#$$%70'1C9%',3+=#$#3+'#+')',#$:',3+&$"*,$#+<')'&*6>):'4):'
#+,"%)&%'#+'$9%'+*46%"'3@',)"&'?',3+$#+*3*&7:'3;%">9%74&'3*"'            733D'&#4#7)"'$3'$9%',3+=#$#3+&'#+'2)+'L")+,#&,3K'&):c=#@@%"%+,%&'
3$9%">#&%'&%+&#67%K'73,)7'&37*$#3+&.                                     #+',344*$%"'9)6#$&'3"'"%&#=%+$#)7'5)$$%"+&'4):'@)"'3*$>%#<9'
    S;%":'&37*$#3+'3@@%"%='%)&%&'$9%'5"367%4')'6#$'>9#7%'%853&#+<'       &#4#7)"#$#%&'#+'&*6>):'7):3*$K'=3>+?$3>+'7):3*$K')+='$9%'"%&$.B'
+%>')&5%,$&'3"')+3$9%"'7):%"'3@'$9%'5"367%4.'M'+%>'7)+%'#+;#$%&'         ];%"' $#4%' 3+%' ),T*#"%&' >#&=34' )+=' %85%"#%+,%' )63*$' $9%'
43"%'$")@Y,.'M'+%>'$")+&#$'&%";#,%'3"')+'X]^'7)+%'#&'*+=%"*&%=.'         )55"3),9'$3'>#,D%='5"367%4&K'6*$'3+%'#&')7>):&')'6%<#++%"'#+'
H#,:,7%'*&%'5"%&%+$&')'&)@%$:'#&&*%.                                                          $9%'&5%,#Y,&'3@')'+%>'>#,D%='5"367%4.'
    /%"9)5&',3+<%&$#3+'#&'+3$'$9%'#&&*%K'6*$'
")$9%"'A*&$')'&:45$34'3@'$9%'5"367%4'>%'
                                                       !K&3(4-*$                                 2*"%7:K'$")+&#$'>3"D&'6%$$%"'#+'&34%'*"6)+'
                                                                                              <%3<")59#%&'$9)+'#+'3$9%"&.'234%$#4%&':3*'
&93*7='$),D7%.'23'>9)$'#&'$9%'5"367%4_' 3'&):'
                                          C        ')01&*+2)0$2*$0)+$                         ,)+')==')'7)+%'@3"',)"&'3"'6#D%&K'&34%$#4%&'
V$33'4)+:',)"&J'&$)$%&'$9%'36;#3*&.' 3'&):'>%'
                                       C
@%%7'%+$#$7%='$3')'5"#;)$%';%9#,7%'3"'$9)$'>%'
                                                 +(&$2**6&8$L6+$34+(&3$                       +3$.'234%$#4%&'>9)$':3*',)+'59:&#,)77:'3"'
                                                                                              537#$#,)77:'),9#%;%'>#77'9);%'+3'7)&$#+<'#45),$'
V9);%'%)"+%='#$J'3"'5"%@%"'#$'$3')+3$9%"'43=%'    M6*+$4$*/7-+)7$)#$                          #+')+:',)&%.
3@'$");%7'&):&'>9:'$9%'5"367%4'#&'%+$"%+,9%=K'
6*$' 7%)=&' +3>9%"%.'C3' &):' >%' V3*<9$J' $3'
                                                    +(&$-3)L.&7$%&$       H<$F4'($*).6+2)0$+)$+34#?'$')01&*D
,9)+<%'3*"'$");%7',93#,%&'$3',)"5337K'6#D%K'         *()6.,$+4'N.&:     +2)0$2*$4$I)0&D*()+$)-&34+2)0>$D$S;%":'
3"'$")+&#$K'43;%&'3+7:')'&4)77'4#+3"#$:'$3'                                                   )$$%45$' 9)&' ,3+&%T*%+,%&.'M&' b#$$%7' &):&K'
,9)+<%.                                                                  1]+%',)++3$'6*#7=')'@"%%>):'$3'&%%'93>'#$'>3"D&.B'C9#&'#&'$9%'
    C3'&):'V="#;#+<'#&'+3$',3""%,$7:'5"#,%=J'4):'9%75'6*$'$9)$')7$%"&'   1F)$,9'PPB'>#$9'>#,D%='5"367%4&0':3*',)+J$'7%)"+')63*$'$9%'
$9%'5"367%4'=34)#+'%853&#+<')'>937%'+%>'>#,D%='5"367%4K'                 5"367%4'>#$93*$'$":#+<'&37*$#3+&K'6*$'%;%":'&37*$#3+':3*'$":'#&'
,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<K'$3'>9#,9'`'>#77'"%$*"+'6%73>.                        %85%+&#;%')+='9)&'7)&$#+<'*+#+$%+=%=',3+&%T*%+,%&'>9#,9')"%'
    !9#7%'$9%"%')"%'$93*&)+=&'3@'5)5%"&'=%,":#+<')+='=%$)#7#+<'          7#D%7:'$3'&5)>+'+%>'>#,D%='5"367%4&.
$9%'5"367%4'3@',3+<%&$#3+'$9%"%'#&'+3'&#+<7%')<"%%='=%Y+#$#;%'              G)+:'&37*$#3+&'$3',3+<%&$#3+')"%'7)"<%')+='%85%+&#;%.'I"6)+'
&$)$%4%+$'3@'VC9%'/"367%4.J'M&')'5"367%4K'$")@Y,',3+<%&$#3+'#&'          ")#7'#&')'9*<%'*+=%"$)D#+<.'`&'#$'$9%'6%&$'&37*$#3+_'d3$')77')<"%% .'
#77'&$"*,$*"%='a')',3457%8')+='%;37;#+<'&%$'3@'#+$%"73,D#+<'#&&*%&'      S;%+'#@'$9%:'=#=K'>9)$'"3*$%'&93*7='#$'$)D%_'X3>'73+<'&93*7='#$'
)+=',3+&$")#+$&.'X3"&$'b#$$%7'&)#=K'1]+%',)++3$'*+=%"&$)+='$9%'          6%_'293*7='#$'@3773>'$9%'4)A3"#$:'5)$9'3@',*""%+$',344*$%"&'3"'
5"367%4'>#$93*$'D+3>#+<')63*$'#$&',3+$%8$Z'3+%',)++3$'4%)+?              >#77' $")+&#$?3"#%+$%=' =%;%7354%+$' 4)D%' #$' >3"$9>9#7%' $3' 7):'
#+<@*77:' &%)",9' @3"' #+@3"4)$#3+' >#$93*$' $9%' 3"#%+$)$#3+' 3@' )'    $"),D'>9%"%'+3'3+%',*""%+$7:'<3%&_
&37*$#3+' ,3+,%5$Z' 3+%' ,)++3$' Y"&$' *+=%"&$)+=K' $9%+' &37;%.B'
G3"%3;%"K'>9)$'V$9%'5"367%4J'#&'=%5%+=&'3+'>93':3*')&D'?'=#@?               J<$C(&$*).6+2)0$+)$+34#?'$')01&*+2)0$(4*$0)$125&0$
@%"%+$'&$)D%937=%"&'9);%'=#@@%"%+$';#%>&')63*$'>9)$'$9%'5"36?            4.+&304+25&$*).6+2)0*$D$C9%"%'4):'6%'+3'&37*$#3+&K'3"'$9%"%'
7%4'#&')+='>9)$',3+&$#$*$%&')+'),,%5$)67%'&37*$#3+.'C9#&'$%77&'*&'       4):' 6%' )' 93&$' 3@' 53$%+$#)7' &37*$#3+&' $9)$' )"%' =%;#&%=K' )+='
$9)$'$9%"%'#&'+3'5%"@%,$'&37*$#3+'$3'$")@Y,',3+<%&$#3+.                  )+3$9%"'93&$'$9)$')"%'+%;%"'%;%+'$93*<9$'3@.'C9*&K'#$'#&')'4)$$%"'
                                                                         3@',"%)$#;#$:'$3'=%;#&%'53$%+$#)7'&37*$#3+&K')+=')'4)$$%"'3@'A*=<?
  @<$A$*).6+2)0$+)$+34#?'$')01&*+2)0$(4*$0)$*+)--201$                    4%+$'$3'=%$%"4#+%'>9#,9')"%';)7#=K'>9#,9'&93*7='6%'5*"&*%='
36.&(9(2#+,%'$9%"%'#&'+3'=%Y+#$#;%'V/"367%4JK'$9%"%'#&')7&3'+3'          )+='#457%4%+$%=.
=%Y+#$#;%'V237*$#3+.J'C9%' 5"367%4' &37;#+<' 5"3,%&&' %+=&' >9%+'           !93',)+'&):'$9)$'>%'9);%'$93*<9$'3@')77'&37*$#3+&'$3',3+<%&?
:3*'"*+'3*$'3@'"%&3*",%&K'&*,9')&'$#4%K'43+%:K'3"'%+%"<:K'+3$'           $#3+_'`+')+:'3+%'73,)$#3+'>%';#&#$K'>%'4#<9$'6%'&*"5"#&%=')$')'
>9%+'&34%'35$#4)7'3"'VY+)7')+=',3""%,$J'&37*$#3+'%4%"<%&.                73,)7'&37*$#3+.'`'>)&'"%,%+$7:'#+'25"#+<Y%7=K'G#&&3*"#')+='>)&'
  L3"' ,3+<%&$#3+K' +3' 3+%' 9)&' =%&,"#6%=' )' &37*$#3+' $9)$' >%'      57%)&)+$7:'&*"5"#&%='$3'7%)"+'3@'$9%'%@@%,$#;%+%&&'3@')',3+$#+*?
>3*7=')77'7#D%K'>9%"%'$9%',*""%+$'"3)=',)5),#$:'#&'&*@Y,#%+$'@3"'        3*&' 3>' #+$%"&%,$#3+.'C9#&' &:&$%4K' >9#,9' `' 9)=' +%;%"' &%%+'
$9%',)"&'>%'>)+$'$3'*&%.                                                 6%@3"%K'#&'+3>'5"3A%,$%='$3'"%=*,%'<"#=73,D'=%7):&')$'$9)$'#+$%"?

64     Vol 5 No 2 Thinking Highways                                                                www.thinkinghighways.com
Congestion Pricing

&%,$#3+'6:'3;%"'ef'5%"',%+$'")$9%"'$9)+'$9%'3"#<#+)7'QP'5%"',%+$'        >):&.'`$',)+')@@%,$'%4573:%"'73,)$#3+K'"%$)#7'6*&#+%&&'),$#;#$:K'6*&'
5"3A%,$%=.'^#&#$'$9#&'>%6&#$%'#@':3*'>3*7='7#D%'$3'D+3>'43"%0'           &,9%=*7%&K'&%$$7%4%+$'5)$$%"+&K')+='$9%'436#7#$:'9)6#$&'3@'9*+?
9$$50gg>>>.%+<=%&#<+&3*",%.,34g>3"Dh$")+&53"$)$#3+E%?                    ="%=&'3@'$93*&)+=&'3@'5%357%.'`$'#&'*+7#D%7:'$9)$'$9%'@*77'%@@%,$'3@'
&#<+.595                                                                 )+:'%8#&$#+<',3+<%&$#3+'&:&$%4',)+'6%'%@@%,$#;%7:'*+=%"&$33='$3'
                                                                         $9)$'7%;%7.
Part 2 - congestion pricing                                                C9%"%')"%'$93*&)+=&'3@'5)5%"&'%857)#+#+<'$9%',"#$#,)7'+%%='@3"'
C9%'$")+&53"$'%,3+34#&$J&'&37*$#3+'$3'$")@Y,',3+<%&$#3+'#&',3+?          ,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<K'6*$'$9%"%'#&'+3'&#+<7%',3+&%+&*&'@3"'=%573:?
<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<.'C9#&'#&')"<*)67:K'6*$'+3$'*+)+#43*&7:')<"%%=K'$9%'      4%+$.'!9#7%'$9%',7%)"'4)A3"#$:';#%>'#+'$9%'SI'#&'kd22'ik/2'n'
6%&$'$337');)#7)67%'@3"'$9%'5*"53&%.'C9%'D%:'#=%)'#&'$3',9)"<%'6:'       k)7#7%3j?6)&%='$%7%4)$#,&K'%;%+'$9)$'#&'+3$'Nff'5%"',%+$'*+)+#?
=#&$)+,%'6*$';)":'$9)$',9)"<%'=%5%+=#+<'3+'$#4%')+='57),%'3@'            43*&'$9%"%.'`$'#&'3+7:'6)"%7:'$9%'4)A3"#$:';#%>')43+<'I2',3<+3?
*&%K')&'>%77')&';%9#,7%'$:5%.'H*$'#&',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'+3$'#$&%7@')'    &,%+$#K'#@'$9)$.'M+='%;%+'>9%+'k/2'#&'),,%5$%=')&'$9%'6%&$',3*"&%'
>#,D%='5"367%4_'(%$J&')557:'F3+D7#+J&'&#8'=%&,"#5$#;%',9)"),$%"?         3@'),$#3+K'$9%"%'#&'+3'*+#@3"4')<"%%4%+$')&'$3'%8),$7:'93>'#$'
#&$#,&')77'3;%"')<)#+.                                                   &93*7='6%'=%573:%=.
                                                                           M&'X3"&$'b#$$%7'&*<<%&$&K'$9%"%'#&'+3'),,%5$%='3"'D+3>+'V5%"?
   ;<$O)01&*+2)0$-32'201$'400)+$L&$60,&3*+)),$60+2.$4$                   @%,$' &37*$#3+J' $3' $9#&' D#+=' 3@' 5"367%4.' M,,3"=#+<' $3' &34%K'      '
*).6+2)0$2*$413&&,$D$G)+:'&37*$#3+&')"%'5"353&%='@3"',3+?                ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' #&' 4%"%7:' $9%' 7%)&$' 3@' %;#7&Z' #$' #&' #$&%7@' )'
                                                                                                                                                   '
<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<.'E)#7:'Y8%='@%%&'$3'%+$%"'=3>+$3>+'i(3+=3+jK'            >#,D%='5"367%4'6%#+<')557#%='$3'$9%'>#,D%='5"367%4'3@'$")@Y,'
=)#7:';)"#)67%'@%%&'i2$3,D9374jK';)"#)67%',9)"<%&'%;%":'@%>'D4'          ,3+<%&$#3+.
i2#+<)53"%jK',9)"<%&'3+'$9%'4)#+'"3*$%&'#+$3'$9%',#$:'iE*6)#jK'
$#4%?=#&$)+,%?57),%' ,9)"<#+<'                                                                                    @<$C(&$*).6+2)0$+)$')0D
*&#+<'k/2'i4)+:'5"353&)7&K'+3'                                                                                 1&*+2)0$ -32'201$ (4*$ 0)$
=%573:4%+$&jK' 7#,%+&%?57)$%'                                                                                  *+)--201$36.&<$D$L3"')'$")+&?
,)4%")&'i(3+=3+K'2$3,D9374jK'                                                                                  53"$'%,3+34#&$K'$9%'$9%3"%$#?
)*$34)$%=';%9#,7%'`E'iM^`K'#.%.K'                                                                              ,)77:'35$#4)7'&37*$#3+'#&'@3*+='
bL`EgE2bF' )&' #+' E*6)#K'                                                                                     >9%+'$9%'5"#,%'#&'&%$'&3'$9)$'
2$3,D9374j.' `$' ,)+' 6%' )"<*%='                                                                              %8),$7:' $9%' =%&#<+?4)8#4*4'
$9)$' +3+?,9)"<#+<' &,9%4%&'                                                                                   +*46%"' 3@' ;%9#,7%&' *&%' $9%'
&*,9')&'3==g%;%+'7#,%+&%'57)$%'                                                                                &:&$%4'i#.%.K'>9%+'$9%'&:&$%4'
=):&'$9)$',)"":'Y+%&'@3"'+3+?                                                                                  #&' @*77K' 6*$' +3$' <"#=73,D%=j.'
,3457#)+,%' #&' )7&3' )' @3"4' 3@'                                                                             d3$#+<'$9)$'$9%')>%='9#&$3":'
,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<.                                                                                            3@' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' 9)&' :%$'
   S;%":'3+%'3@'$9%&%'&37*$#3+&'                                                                               $3' 5"3=*,%' )' 5%"@%,$' &:&$%4K'
#&'#45%"@%,$.'(3+=3+J&'&:&$%4'                                                                                 2$3,D9374')+='2#+<)53"%'4):'
#&' $33' %85%+&#;%' iI2lNP' 5%"'                                                                               9);%',34%',73&%.'!%'9);%'+3'
=):jK' 2$3,D9374J&' <%$&' 9#<9'                                                                                >):' $3' D+3>' >9%+' >%' >#77'
4)"D&'?'#@':3*')"%')'5%+#+&*7)"'                                                                               9);%' ),9#%;%=' $9%' 35$#4*4'
#&7)+=K'2#+<)53"%J&'>3"D&'>%77'                                                                                ,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'5"3<")4.'
6*$'+3>'$9%:'>)+$'$3'4)+)<%',3+<%&$#3+'%;%":>9%"%'&3'$9%:'
)"%' =%6)$#+<' )' 43;%' $3' k/2' $377#+<K' )+=' E*6)#J&' &:&$%4' "%?       B<$O)01&*+2)0$-32'201$(4*$0)$321(+$)3$%3)01$*).6+2)0$
73,)$%&'$")@Y,'@"34'"#+<?"3)=&'$3')"$%"#)7&.                             D$C9%'")+<%'3@'"%&53+&%&'$3'#=%)&'3"',)77&'@3"',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'
   M*$34)$#,';%9#,7%'#=%+$#Y,)$#3+'iM^`j'"%T*#"%&'%85%+&#;%')+='         ")+<%'@"34'1$9#&'#&'+%%=%=K'73+<'3;%"=*%K')+=',"#$#,)7'$3'&);%'$9%'
3@$%+' *+&#<9$7:' <)+$"#%&K' 7#,%+&%?57)$%' ,)4%")&' )"%' %85%+&#;%K'    57)+%$B'$3'1+3'>):K'3;%"'4:'=%)='63=:K')+='$9#&'#&'$9%'%+='3@'
;*7+%")67%' )+=' #+$"*&#;%K' >9#7%' k/2' #&' %85%+&#;%' )+=' ")#&%&'     =%43,"),:B.'`+'6%$>%%+K'>%'9%)"0'1#$'#&'$33',3&$7:K'+3$'5"#;)$%K'
*+@3*+=%='@%)"&'3@'5"#;),:'#+;)&#3+.                                     *+@)#"K' +3$' %+3*<9' )+=' &93*7=' #+,7*=%' ,:,7#&$&B.'C9#&' #&' 3+%'
   ]+7:'$>3'3@'$9%&%'9);%'9)=')'&*&$)#+)67%'#45),$.'2$3,D9374J&'         >#,D%='&37*$#3+'$9)$'>#77'+%;%"'6%'"#<9$'3"'>"3+<.
)55%)"&'$3'6%'&$#77'%@@%,$#;%K')&'=3%&'2#+<)53"%J&K'6*$'$9%'@*+=)?
4%+$)7'#++3;)$#3+'3@'$9%'7)$$%"'&:&$%4'?'#$&'&5%%=?5"#,%'@%%=?              E<$F4'($*).6+2)0$+)$')01&*+2)0$-32'201$2*$&**&0+24../$
6),D'7335'?'9)&':%$'$3'6%',35#%='%8,%5$'6:'F)7#@3"+#)J&'2bmN.            602G6&$40,$0)5&.$D$C9%"%')"%'&3'4)+:'&3,#)7K'537#$#,)7K'<%3?
   d3+%'3@'$9%'%8#&$#+<',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'&37*$#3+&'Y$'%8),$7:'         <")59#,)7' )+=' %,3+34#,' @),$3"&' )+=' ,3+=#$#3+&K' $9)$' +3' $>3'
)+:>9%"%'%7&%'i2#+<)53"%J&'>3*7='+3$'7#D%7:'6%'),,%5$)67%'#+'            ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' &:&$%4&' 3"' 5"353&)7&' )"%' #=%+$#,)7.' G3&$'
d%>' 3"D'F#$:j.'234%'3@'$9%4'+3'73+<%"'>3"D'3"'+%;%"'>3"D%='
      O                                                                  5"353+%+$&'3@',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'&$)"$'6:'&$)$#+<0'1!%'&93*7='
>%77' >9%"%' $9%:' >%"%' =%573:%=' i(3+=3+K' E*6)#j.' L3"' &34%'         =3'>9)$'i+)4%'3@',#$:j'=3%&BK'$9%+'6%<#+'5"353&#+<'43=#Y,)?
535*7)$#3+&K' 4)"D%$' 5"#,#+<' @3"' "3)=' *&%' #&' =%%4%=' )+$#?'        $#3+&.'G)+:'$#4%&'$9%',93#,%'3@')+'%8#&$#+<'&:&$%4')&')'&$)"$#+<'
=%43,")$#,.'C9#&'9)55%+&'%&5%,#)77:'#+'H"#$)#+')+='$9%'I+#$%='           53#+$'4)D%&'%+;#&#3+#+<')'>3"D)67%'&37*$#3+'9)"=%".'M+')$$%45$'
2$)$%&.'`'>)&'"%,%+$7:',)77%='V)'&3,#)7#&$J'6:')'@%773>'M4%"#,)+K')+='   $3',3+,%5$*)77:')=35$'$9%'(3+=3+'&:&$%4'#+'G)+9)$$)+K'>9#7%'
V)'d)[#J')'@%>'43+$9&'6%@3"%'$9)$.'E#&)553#+$#+<'$9%4'63$9K'4:'          )+')+)73<:'$3'$9%'2$3,D9374'&:&$%4'>3*7='9);%'4)=%'43"%'
$9%3":'#&'&3*",%='43"%'#+'M=)4'24#$9'i!%)7$9'3@'d)$#3+&j')+='            &%+&%K'>)&')'"%)7'=#&$"),$#3+'=*"#+<'$9)$'=%6)$%.'!9#7%',3+<%&?
E>#<9$'S#&%+93>%"'i>93K'>9%+'9%'#+)*<*")$%='$9%'I2'#+$%"?                $#3+'5"#,#+<'@3"'G)+9)$$)+'#+'Pffe'>)&'=%")#7%='@3"'3$9%"'"%)?
&$)$%'&:&$%4K'9)=')&&*4%='#$'>3*7='6%'5"#,%=j.                           &3+&K')+'%&5%,#)77:'533"'&:&$%4'=%&#<+'&$)"$#+<'53#+$'=#='+3$'
   F3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' 4):' %)&%' $9%' 5"367%4' >9#7%' )==#+<'          9%75'#+&5#"%',3+Y=%+,%'#+'$9%'&37*$#3+.'
)+3$9%"'4)+)<%4%+$'&:&$%4'$3')+')7"%)=:',3457%8'&%$'3@'"3)=?

www.thinkinghighways.com                                                                    Thinking Highways Vol 5 No 2                       65
Congestion Pricing

   H<$F4'($*).6+2)0$+)$')01&*+2)0$-32'201$2*$4$I)0&D*()+$                   ;<$RSTT$C)..201$'400)+$L&$60,&3*+)),$60+2.$4$*).6D
)-&34+2)0<>$ D$ F3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' &:&$%4&' )"%' 7)"<%' )+='           +2)0$2*$413&&,$D$-*&$')&'$9%"%')"%'4*7$#57%'5"353&%='&37*$#3+&'
%85%+&#;%.'C9%' ,3&$' 3@' $9%' (3+=3+' &:&$%4' 3;%"' #$&' Y"&$' Y;%'     $3' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<K' &3' $33K' )"%' $9%"%' 4*7$#57%' &:&$%4'
:%)"&'>)&')63*$'I2lN6#77#3+.'C3'"%57),%'#$'+3>'>#$9K'&):K'E2bF'          )55"3),9%&' $3' k/2?%+)67%=' "3)=?*&%' 4%$%"#+<' $%7%4)$#,&.'
>3*7='7#D%7:'6%')'&#4#7)"',3&$.'k/2'$%,9+373<:'#&'+3>'"%)=:'@3"'         C9%&%'#+,7*=%0'$9%'*&%'3@'kd22?$377#+<'$3',9)"<%'6:'=#&$)+,%'
2#+<)53"%')+='#@'2#+<)53"%'=#='+3$')7"%)=:'9);%')+'bL`E'&:&$%4'          >#$9#+' )"%)&' i,3"=3+&j' >#$9' 5"#,%&' &,)7%=' $3' =%4)+=K' 5"%?'
#+' 57),%K' `' &*&5%,$' )' kd22?6)&%=' &:&$%4' >3*7=' )7"%)=:' 6%'       =%$%"4#+)$#3+'3@')',9)"<%'@3"'%;%":'"3)='&%<4%+$'i#+,7*=#+<'
=%573:%=.                                                                3+%'673,D'&%,$#3+&j')+=')&&%467%'$9)$'#+$3')'&%$'3@',9)"<#+<'
   S;%+'$9%'=%,#&#3+'+3$'$3'9);%',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<',)+'6%'9)"='         "*7%&'$3'6%'4%$%='3*$'6:'$9%'k/2'$%7%4)$#,&K'=#&$"#6*$#3+'3@'$#+:'
$3'*+=3.'`$'#&'>%77'),,%5$%='$9)$'d%>'O3"D'F#$:'+3>'+%%=&'$3'            ),,*")$%'<%3?@%+,%&'i;#"$*)7'<)+$"#%&j')+='),,%&&')'4#,"3?,9)"<%'
1>)#$')',3*57%'43"%':%)"&B'6%@3"%'#$'"%?%+<)<%&'#+')'+%>',3+?            %),9'$#4%':3*'5)&&'3+%K'3"'#<+3"%'73,)$#3+')+='$#4%'3@'=):')+='
<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'=%6)$%.'M+='3+%'=):'6%@3"%'$9%'E*$,9'/)"7#)?             &#457:',9)"<%'6:'=#&$)+,%'a'%&&%+$#)77:')'57)#+'@*%7?$)8'"%57),%?
4%+$'5)&&%='Pffm'7%<#&7)$#3+'$3'%8%,*$%',3*+$":?>#=%'$377#+<K')'         4%+$'3"'&*",9)"<%')&'#&')557#%='#+'$9%'+%>'273;)D'&:&$%4.
E*$,9'%85%"$K'L%"":'24#$9'3@'$9%'R4'4%46%"'E*$,9'M*$343?                    G:'@);3"#$%'#&'$9%'Y"&$'3+%K',)77%='C#4%?E#&$)+,%?)+=?/7),%'
6#7%'F7*6K'Md!HK'&5%)D#+<'#+'C3"3+$3'&)#=0'1`@'#$'=3%&'+3$'5)&&K'        iCE/j',9)"<#+<K'6%,)*&%'%,3+34#,)77:'#$'#&'$9%'@)#"%&$')+='$9%'         '
>%'>#77'6%'&%$'6),D')'=%,)=%.B                                           43&$'%@@%,$#;%.'`$'#&')7&3'$9%'%)&#%&$'$3'*+=%"&$)+='`L':3*'*+=%"?
                                                                         &$)+='93>'4)"D%$&'>3"D.'H*$'+3$'%;%":3+%'$9#+D&'$9)$'"3)=&'
   J<$O)01&*+2)0$-32'201$(4*$0)$125&0$P4**63&,Q$4.+&3D                   &93*7='6%'$"%)$%=')&')'4)"D%$',3443=#$:K'>9#,9'#&'>9:'$9%:')"%'
04+25&$*).6+2)0*$D$C9%"%')"%'4)+:')7$%"+)$#;%'&37*$#3+&'$3'              ,3+<%&$%=.
,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<.'!%',3*7='D%%5')==#+<'7)+%&K'3@@%"'@"%%'$")+?            C9%'SI')+='$9%'I2'9);%'%85%"#4%+$%='&%;%")7'$#4%&'>#$9'
&#$K'%+@3",%'3==')+='%;%+'=):&K'5):'5%357%'$3',)"5337K'#453&%'           kd22'$377#+<.'/*<%$'23*+=K'!M'4)55%='3*$'5"#,%&'@3"';)"#3*&'
9*<%'$)8%&'3+';%9#,7%'3>+%"&9#5K'")#&%'                                                             "3)=&')+='$#4%&'3@'=):'iCE/',9)"<#+<jK'
4#+#4*4'="#;#+<')<%'$3'PWK'3"',3+$#+*%'      !"#$%&$'())*&$+)$,&-.)/$                               >9#,9' &93>%=' $9)$' 4)+:' 5%357%' )"%'
>9)$'>%'=3'+3>K'>9#,9'#&'$#+D%"#+<'6:'
)557:#+<'73,)7'&53$'&37*$#3+&.
                                             ')01&*+2)0$-32'201$40,$                                >#77#+<' $3' ,9)+<%' )' @%>' 9)6#$&' $3' &);%'
                                                                                                    43+%:.' C9#&' *+&*"5"#&#+<' %@@%,$' >)&'
   `@' >%' ,933&%' $3' =%573:' ,3+<%&$#3+'      125&0$+(&$4334/$)#$                                 "%,%+$7:' "%57#,)$%=' #+' S#+=93;%+K' $9%'
5"#,#+<')+='<#;%+'$9%')""):'3@',3+<%&$#3+'
5"#,#+<' &37*$#3+&' >%' ,)+' #4)<#+%K' >93'
                                                ')01&*+2)0$-32'201$                                 d%$9%"7)+=&.' C")+&53"$' @3"' (3+=3+'
                                                                                                    &93>%=' $9)$' $9%' %T*#54%+$' );)#7)67%'
,)+'&):'$9)$'>%'9);%'$93*<9$'3@')77'$9%'         *).6+2)0*$%&$'40$                                  Y;%':%)"&')<3'=#='+3$'>3"D'&)$#&@),$3"#7:'
>):&'$3'=%573:'&*,9')'5"3<")4_'C9%"%'
4):'6%')&'4)+:'&37*$#3+&'>%'9);%'3;%"?
                                              274120&8$%()$'40$*4/$                                 #+')'7)"<%',#$:'ik/2'&#<+)7&'=#&$*"6%='6:'
                                                                                                    $9%'6*#7=#+<&jK'6*$'$9)$'5"367%4'9)&'+3>'
733D%=')&'>%'9);%'&$*=#%=.'!%',)++3$'         +(4+$%&$(45&$+()61(+$                                 6%%+'&37;%='6:')',3*57%'3@',345)+#%&.'
%;%+' 6%' ,%"$)#+' >%' D+3>' $9%' %+$#"%'
&37*$#3+'&5),%.
                                                 )#$4..$+(&$%4/*$+)$                                M+3$9%"'#+']"%<3+'&93>%='$9)$'#$'>)&'
                                                                                                    53&&#67%' $3' =#&$#+<*#&9' ="#;#+<' #+&#=%'
                                                   ,&-.)/$*6'($4$                                   ]"%<3+'@"34'3*$&#=%']"%<3+')+='>#$9'
Part 3: congestion pricing
using GNSS
                                                    -3)13479:                                       )'+%)"?Y%7='")=#3'%8,9)+<%')$')+']"%?
                                                                                                    <3+' <)&?5*45' $3' =%=*,$' ]"%<3+' @*%7?
C9%' $377#+<' %+<#+%%"J&' 6%&$' &37*$#3+' $3' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' #&'   $)8'@"34'$9%']"%<3+'"3)=?*&%'@%%&.'G3"%'#+$%"%&$#+<7:K'k%"4)+:'
)"<*)67:K'6*$')<)#+'+3$'*+)+#43*&7:K';)"#)67%'$377#+<'*&#+<'kd22'        573>%=' )9%)=' %)"7:' )+=' =%573:%=' )+' 35%")$#3+)7' &:&$%4' @3"'
&)$%77#$%&'@3"'$#4%'3@'*&%K'=#&$)+,%K'57),%')+='$:5%'3@';%9#,7%'$3'      effKfff'$"*,D&.'`$'>3"D&'Y+%'6*$'#$'#&'$33'%85%+&#;%'$3')=35$'
=%$%"4#+%')'@%%.'C9%'#=%)'#&'$3'6%')67%'$3',9)"<%'%;%":>9%"%'            %7&%>9%"%.
@)#"7:')+='#+'"%57),%4%+$'@3"'@*%7'$)8%&')+='3$9%"'*&%"'7%;#%&.' 9%'
                                                                C           23'@)"'$9%'$"#)7&K'5#73$&')+='35%")$#3+)7'&:&$%4&'9);%'$)*<9$'*&'
D%:';)7*%'3@'$9#&')55"3),9'#&'$9)$'#$'5"3;#=%&'$9%'*7$#4)$%'=%4)+='      )'73$'>9#7%'&93>#+<'*&'$9%"%')"%'5"367%4&'&$#77.'M'@%>',345)+#%&'
4)+)<%4%+$'7%;%".'H*$')<)#+K'$9#&'&37*$#3+')55%)"&'$3'6%')':%$'          )"%',7)#4#+<'$9)$'$9%'$%7%4)$#,&')+='k/2'5"367%4&')"%'&37;%=.'
)+3$9%"' >#,D%=' 5"367%4.' (%$J&' )557:' F3+D7#+J&' ,"#$%"#)' 3+%'   '   H*$'>9)$')63*$'537#,:_'293*7='"3)=&'6%',9)"<%=')'73>K'"%;%+*%?
7)&$'$#4%.                                                               +%*$")7K' 6)&%' ")$%' >#$9' #+,"%4%+$&' @3"' ,3+<%&$%=' $#4%&' )+='
                                                                         57),%&_'X3>'6#<'&93*7='$93&%'#+,"%4%+$&'6%_'!9)$'7%;%7'3@'5"#?
                                                                         ;),:'>#77'6%'<*)"=%='6:'7)>_'293*7='$9%'#+?,)"'%T*#54%+$'+%,%&?
                                                                         &)"#7:' =#&57):' %;%":' ,9)"<%K' 7#D%' )+' 3=34%$%"' $9)$' ,3*+$&'
                                                                         @"),$#3+&'3@',%+$&_'293*7='>%'#+&#&$'3+'$9%')+$%++)'6%#+<'#+&#=%'
                                                                         $9%',)"'$3'"%=*,%';)+=)7#&4')+='73&$'"%;%+*%_'293*7='>%'#+&#&$'
                                                                         %;%":' ="#;%"' 9);%' )' 4%$%"' 3"' ,)+' )+' )++*)7' @%%' >)#;%' $9)$'
                                                                         "%T*#"%4%+$'6:',93#,%_'X3>'>#77'>%'%+@3",%'#$_'iC9%"%')"%'&%;?
                                                                         %")7'5"353&)7&'?')+='%;%+')'=")@$'&$)+=)"='?'@3"'$9#&.j
                                                                            M43+<'$93&%'$9)$'9);%'<3$'$9#&'@)"'?'#.%.K'&)#=':%&'$3'*&#+<'
                                                                         kd22?%+)67%='$%7%4)$#,&'@3"',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'?'*+#@3"4'537?
                                                                         #,:K'4%$%"#+<K')+='=%573:4%+$'4%$93=&'4):'6%'9)"='$3')<"%%'3+.'
                                                                         `+;3D#+<'b#$$%7'3+%'7)&$'$#4%K'$9%"%'>#77'6%'4)+:'&37*$#3+&K'A*&$'
                                                                         7#D%'$9%"%')"%'4)+:',%77'593+%&')+='4)+:'7)5$35&')+='4)+:'6#77?
                                                                         #+<'&:&$%4&.' %'>#77')<"%%'3+'&34%'&$)+=)"='#+$%"@),%&')+='5%"?
                                                                                       !
                                                                         @3"4)+,%'&5%,#Y,)$#3+&K')+='$9)$'>#77'=3.

66   Vol 5 No 2 Thinking Highways                                                                   www.thinkinghighways.com
Congestion Pricing

  @<$C(&$*).6+2)0$+)$RSTT$+)..201$(4*$0)$*+)--201$36.&$                   `'@*"$9%"')&&%"$'$9)$',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'#&'#$&%7@')'>#,D%='5"36?
D$L3"'$9%'"%57),%4%+$'3@'@*%7'$)8%&K')+'#=%)7'kd22'$377#+<'&:&?           7%4')+='#&'6%&$')=="%&&%='6:'kd22'$377#+<.'L#+)77:K'`')&&%"$K'6)&%='
$%4' >3*7=' $377' %;%":>9%"%' 6)&%=' 3+' ,3+<%&$#3+' 7%;%7&.' H*$'        3+' 4:' %85%"#%+,%' #+' >3"D#+<' 3+' #+$%"+)$#3+)7' &$)+=)"=&' @3"'
>9)$')63*$'$9%'#+$%"#4_'293*7='>%'$377'3+7:'9#<9>):&'3"'3+7:'             kd22'$377#+<K'$9)$'kd22'$377#+<'#&')7&3')'>#,D%='5"367%4.
,3+<%&$%=')"%)&_'293*7='>%'3+7:'*+#@3"47:'$377'4)&&#;%')"%)&'                !9#7%'6:'+3'4%)+&'*+)+#43*&7:')<"%%=K'$9%'5)$9'`'9);%'=")>+'
&*,9')&')'5"3;#+,%'3"'&$)$%_']"'&93*7='%),9'"3)=')+='&$"%%$'              @"34' $")@Y,' ,3+<%&$#3+' $9"3*<9' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' $3' kd22'
&%<4%+$'6%'&%5)")$%7:'5"#,%=.']"'&93*7='>%'A*&$'%;37;%'#+'$9)$'           $377#+<'#&')"<*)67:'$9%'5)$9'3@'43&$'5"34#&%K'3"')&'M="#)+'G33"%'
=#"%,$#3+' ?' )+=' D%%5' "%Y+#+<' )&' +%%=%=_' 293*7=' >%' #+,7*=%'       3@' $9%' b%)&3+' L3*+=)$#3+' 43"%' ,373"@*77:' 5*$' #$0'1$9%' 7%)&$'
5)"D#+<' )+=' 5):?)&?:3*?="#;%' #+&*")+,%' 3"' #&' $9#&' 5*"%7:' @3"'     &$#+D:'&37*$#3+B.'`$'3@@%"&'*&'$9%'6%&$'&37*$#3+'D+3>+'$3'=)$%.'
"3)=?*&%_                                                                 X%+,%K'#@'>%',)+'&37;%'#$&'5"367%4&K'>%'4#<9$'9);%'&34%$9#+<.
                                                                             C3'&$)$%'$9%'5"367%4&'3@'kd22'$377#+<'#+')'&%+$%+,%0'#$'#&'5%"?
  B<$ RSTT$ +)..201$ (4*$ 0)$ 321(+$ )3$ %3)01$ *).6+2)0$ D$              ,%#;%=' )&' ,3457%8K' ,3&$7:K' ,*46%"&34%K' 9)"=' $3' %+@3",%K' )+'
293*7='kd22'$377#+<'6%'3+7:'*&%='@3"',344%",#)7';%9#,7%&'3"'              #453&#$#3+K' #+),,*")$%K' 5"#;),:' #+;)&#;%K' )' $)45%"?"#&DK' *+@)#"K'
@3"'5"#;)$%';%9#,7%&K')&'>%77_'293*7='#$'6%')+3+:43*&'i+3',9)+,%'         *+"%7#)67%' )+=' *+$"*&$%=' 6:' <3;%"+4%+$' )+=' ="#;%"' )7#D%.'          '
@3"'&*653%+)jK'3"')"%',*""%+$'#+$%"+)$#3+)7'5"#;),:'<*#=%7#+%&'           F3+$")":'$3'>9)$'4)+:'43$3"#&$&'6%7#%;%K'43&$'<3;%"+4%+$&K'
&*@Y,#%+$' )&' 3*"' 5"#;),:' 43=%7_' ]"' &93*7=' *&%"&' 6%' <#;%+' )'     >)$,9%='6:'5"#;),:',344#&&#3+%"&K'#+@3"4)$#3+',344#&&#3+?
,93#,%' )43+<' $9%4_' 293*7=' $9%' <3;%"+4%+$' <#;%' ="#;%"&' )'          %"&')+=',#;#7?7#6%"$:'7)>:%"&K'>3"":'&#<+#Y,)+$7:')63*$'5"#;),:'
4%$%"'3"'&93*7='="#;%"&'5*",9)&%'3+%_'293*7='#$'6%';37*+$)":?             )+=' >3*7=' 6%' @3379)"=:' +3$' $3' #+&#&$' 3+' )6&37*$%' 5"#;),:'        '
*&%'3"'4)+=)$%=_'293*7='>%'>)#$'*+$#7'#$'#&'6*#7$'#+$3'$9%';%9#,7%_'      4%)&*"%&.
293*7='4%$%"#+<')+='"%;%+*%',377%,$#3+'6%'&57#$'$3');3#=',3+?                M==#+<' $3' $9#&' 7#&$K' >%' )"%' *+=%,#=%=0' 93>' $3' =%573:' &*,9'
#,$')&'$9%'S*"35%)+&'&*<<%&$_                                            &:&$%4&K'>9)$'3*"'*&%"'537#,#%&')+=',9)"<#+<'537#,#%&'&93*7='6%K'
                                                                          93>'<")+*7)"'3*"',9)"<#+<'&,9%4%'&93*7='6%K'%8),$7:'>9%+')+='
  E<$F4'($*).6+2)0$+)$RSTT$+)..201$2*$                                                                >9%"%'>%'&93*7='$377K')+='>9)$'$377'")$%&'
&**&0+24../$602G6&$40,$0)5&.$D$23'@)"'             !S)+$&5&3/)0&$+(20N*$                              >%'&93*7='&%$.'C9#&'=3%&'+3$'63=%'>%77'
$9%"%')"%'$9"%%'35%")$#3+)7'$377#+<'&:&$%4&'
$9)$' *&%' kd220' 2>#$[%"7)+=K' k%"4)+:' )+='
                                                   +(4+$3)4,*$*()6.,$L&$                              @3"' )' "%7)$#;%7:' T*#,D' &9#@$' @"34' @*%7?
                                                                                                      $)8%&'$3'"3)=?*&%',9)"<%&')&'#&'%85%,$%='
273;)D#).'S),9'9)&')'=#@@%"%+$')",9#$%,$*"%K')'     +3&4+&,$4*$4$743N&+$                              6:'&34%'+)$#3+&',*""%+$7:',3+$%457)$?
=#@@%"%+$'=%&#<+K'=#@@%"%+$'3+?63)"='=%;#,%&K'
)+='=#@@%"%+$'%+@3",%4%+$'4%$93=&.' 9%:'=3'
                                     C
                                                    ')77),2+/8$%(2'($2*$                              #+<' $9%' =%573:4%+$' 3@' kd22?$377#+<.'
                                                                                                      2*,9')'&$%5'>3*7='6%'@)"'$33'7)"<%')+='
+3$'#+$%"35%")$%.'C9%'2>#&&'&:&$%4'#&'3+7:'            %(/$+(&/$43&$                                  $33'"#&D:.
&*#$)67%'@3"'$"*,D&K'$9%'k%"4)+'&:&$%4'3+7:'
@3"'35%+'&D:.'C9%'M4%"#,)+&K'F[%,9&K'E*$,9K'
                                                        ')01&*+&,:                                      C9%'>):'3*$_'2#457:')=="%&&'%),9'3@'
                                                                                                      $9%'5"367%4&'#+'$9%'7#&$.'G)D%')'"3)=?*&%'
L"%+,9K')+='2>%=%&')"%'#+';)"#3*&'&$)<%&'3@'=#&,*&&#3+'3"'&5%,#?          $377#+<'4%$%"'&#457%K'&4)77K'%)&:'$3'#+&$)77K'%+@3",%)67%K',3+;%+?
Y,)$#3+')+=')77')"%'$9*&'@)"'=#@@%"%+$K'#+'&5#$%'3@'#+$%"+)$#3+)7'        #%+$K'),,*")$%K')+3+:43*&K'$)45%"?5"33@K')+='"%7#)67%.' 9#&'4*,9'
                                                                                                                                         C
&$)+=)"=&'$9)$'>3*7='5%"4#$'$9%4'$3'#+$%"35%")$%.                         #&' &$")#<9$@3">)"=' %+<#+%%"#+<' )+=' 9)&' )7"%)=:' 6%%+' 5"3;%+'
                                                                          =3)67%.'H*$'>%'&$#77'+%%='@"%%K'@)#"K';37*+$)":K')+='$"*&$%='$3',34?
   H<$F4'($*).6+2)0$+)$RSTT$+)..201$2*$4$I)0&D*()+$)-&3D                  57%$%'$9%'&37*$#3+'=%4)+=%='6:'3*"'5"367%4'&$)$%4%+$.
4+2)0>$D$C3'=)$%'%),9'kd22'$377#+<'&:&$%4'9)&'6%%+'=%&#<+%='                 X);%'$9%'5"#;)$%'&%,$3"'#+$"3=*,%'$9%&%'$%7%4)$#,&'=%;#,%&'
$3')=="%&&')+'#44%=#)$%'"3)=?Y+)+,#+<'#&&*%'#+'$9%'93&$',3*+?             73)=%='>#$9'=%&#")67%'i)+='5"3Y$)67%jK';)7*%?)==%='&%";#,%&')+='
$":.' `&&*%&' 3@' #+$%"35%")6#7#$:' )+=' #+$%"+)$#3+)7' &$)+=)"=&' )"%'   3+')';37*+$)":'6)&#&'$3'6%'5"3;#=%='3+')'43+$97:'&%";#,%'43=%7'
&%,3+=)":'$3'$9%'5"%&&#+<'Y+)+,#)7'#&&*%.'S),9'9)&'6%%+'4)+?              4#4#,D#+<'$9%',%77*7)"'436#7#$:'4)"D%$.'H"#+<',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'
=)$%=' 6:' )' +)$#3+)7' <3;%"+4%+$' @3"' #$&' #44%=#)$%' 5*"53&%&.'   '   #+'7)$%"K'3+'$9%'&)4%'=%7#;%":'57)$@3"4K'>9%+'$9%',3&$'3@'#+,"%?
(#$$7%'$93*<9$'#&'<#;%+'$3'>#=%"')557#,)$#3+'#+'3$9%"',3*+$"#%&'          4%+$)7'&%";#,%'5"3;#&#3+'#&'+%)"'[%"3'?'#%K'%&&%+$#)77:')$'$9%'&)4%'
i$9%'k%"4)+'k3;%"+4%+$'%8,%5$%=K'#+#$#)77:j'3"'$3')557#,)$#3+'            ,3&$')&'$9%',377%,$#3+'3@'@*%7'$)8%&'%+A3:&K'#%K')743&$'@"%%.
$3'5"#;)$%';%9#,7%&K'#$'9)&'&#457:'6%%+'$33'=#@Y,*7$'i3"'$33'%85%+?
&#;%'3"'63$9j'$3'=3'&3.                                                   Just what the doctor ordered?
                                                                          C9#&'5"%&,"#5$#3+K'$9%+K')=="%&&%&'%;%":$9#+<'%8,%5$'1@)#"B')+='
  J<$RSTT$+)..201$(4*$0)$125&0$P4**63&,Q$4.+&304+25&$                     1$"*&$%=B.'L)#"'#&')'4)$$%"'3@'537#,:K'>9#,9'4*&$'6%')=="%&&%='#+'
*).6+2)0*$D$C9%"%')"%')7$%"+)$#;%'&37*$#3+&'$3'kd22'$377#+<K'             )+'%;37*$#3+)":'4)++%"')+='<7%)+%='@"34'"%)7?>3"7='%85%"#?
#+,7*=#+<'")#&#+<'@*%7'$)8%&'3"'Y+=#+<')+3$9%"'$)8'&3*",%')&'<)&'         %+,%.'C"*&$')7&3',34%&'@"34'%85%"#%+,%K')+='43&$'3@'*&'D+3>'
*&%'=#4#+#&9%&K'E2bFgbL`E'3+'4)A3"'9#<9>):&')+='7%$$#+<'$9)$'             <3;%"+4%+$&' =3' +3$' )7>):&' #+&5#"%' $"*&$.' S85%"#%+,%' 3+' $9%'
,)"":'$9%'4#+3"'"3)=>):&K'"%)='3=34%$%"&')',3*57%'3@'$#4%&')'             5)"$'3@'63$9'="#;%"')+='<3;%"+4%+$',)+'3+7:',34%'@"34'4#7?
:%)"K'*&%'$9%',%77*7)"'+%$>3"D'$3'4%$%"'*&%'#+&$%)='3@'k/2'@3"'           7#3+&'3@'4%$%"%=?4#7%&'="#;%+'>#$9'73>'&%";#,%'@)#7*"%'")$%&K'+3'
;%9#,7%'=#&$)+,%'4%)&*"%4%+$K'6*$'+3+%'5"3;#=%&'$9%'@)#"+%&&K'            #+$"*&#3+'#+'5"#;),:K')+='&)$#&Y%=',*&$34%"&.'k3;%"+4%+$&'+%%='
,7)"#$:K' 5"#;),:' )+=' 6"3)=' &5%,$"*4' 3@' )557#,)$#3+&' )&' =3%&'      $9#&'$"*&$'%85%"#%+,%'6%,)*&%'$")+&53"$)$#3+'"%T*#"%&'&%,*"%K'
kd22'3+,%',3+&$")#+%='6:'$9%'%8#&$#+<'&$)+=)"=&')+='$%,9+37?              &*&$)#+)67%'@*+=#+<.'E"#;%"&'+%%='#$'6%,)*&%'$9%:'"%T*#"%'5"#?
3<:'@3"'5"#;),:'5"3$%,$#3+.                                               ;),:')+='"%7#)67%'$")+&53"$)$#3+.'!%',)+'$)D%')=;)+$)<%'3@'$9#&'
                                                                          <37=%+' ,3+<"*%+,%' 6:' *&#+<' 5"#;)$%K' &%,*"%K' "3)=?4%$%"#+<'
Part 5 - acceptance-based design                                          $%,9+373<:'@3"'%;%":$9#+<'%8,%5$'"3)=?*&%"',9)"<#+<'&$)"$#+<'
!%'9);%')""#;%=')$'$9#&'53#+$'3+'4:')&&%"$#3+'$9)$'$9%'>%#<9$'3@'         #44%=#)$%7:.'!%' >#77' )==' "3)=?*&%' ,9)"<#+<' 7)$%"K' &34%$#4%'
$9%' $")@Y,' ,3+<%&$#3+' 7#$%")$*"%' #+=#,)$%&' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<.'
                                                                    '     )@$%"'PfNU.

www.thinkinghighways.com                                                                     Thinking Highways Vol 5 No 2                       67
Congestion Pricing

   C9%' VL"%%4#*4J' 6*&#+%&&' 43=%7K' =%&,"#6%=' 6:' F9"#&' ,)+'#+;%+$3":')+='&%77'535*7)"'#$%4&'5"3Y$)67:'#+')'&$3"%?@"3+$K'
                                                                    '
M+=%"&3+'#+'9#&'Pffm'633D'!"##$%&'#%!()("#%*+%,%-,./0,1%2"/0#3' 6*$'$3'&%77'&4)77'T*)+$#$#%&'3@')'73$'3@'$9#+<&':3*'+%%='M4)[3+.'
=%&,"#6%&')'>):'$3'&%77'&3@$>)"%'3+7#+%'6:'3@@%"#+<')'@%>'@"%%' H*$'$9#&'73+<'$)#7'#=%)'5%"$)#+&'$3'5)"D#+<K')&'>%77.']+'&$"%%$&'
@%)$*"%&')+=',9)"<#+<'7)$%"'3+7:'@3"'5"%4#*4'@%)$*"%&.'C9#&',3+?      >#$9'9#<9'=%4)+=K'>%'#+&$)77',*"6&#=%'5)"D#+<'4%$%"&K'6*$'3+'
,%5$',)+'6%'"%;%"&%=')+=')557#%='$3'$")+&53"$)$#3+?"%7)$%='5):?       &$"%%$&'>#$9'43=%&$'=%4)+='?'$9%'73+<'$)#7'3@'5)"D#+<'i&%%'L#<.'N'
4%+$'&%";#,%&'6:'3@@%"#+<'="#;%"&'&%;%")7'5"%4#*4'@%)$*"%&'3+' ?'3*"'#+;%&$4%+$'>3*7='+%;%"'6%'"%,3;%"%=.'`+&$%)=K'>%'<#;%'
>9#,9')'$%7%4)$#,&'&%";#,%&'6*&#+%&&',)+'6%'6*#7$')+='>9#,9',)+' )>):' 5"%,#3*&' 7)+=K' %+,3*")<%' ,)"?*&%K' &T*)+=%"' "%;%+*%'
7)$%"'3@@%"'+%)"?@"%%'"3)='$377#+<'&%";#,%&K')&'$9%:')"%'"%T*#"%=.'   3553"$*+#$:K')773>'&5#773;%"K')+='%+<%+=%"',3+<%&$#3+.
   L3"'%8)457%K')'"3)=?*&%'4%$%"',3*7=')773>':3*'$3'5)"D':3*"'           E3+)7='293*5'#+'9#&'7)+=4)"D';37*4%K'C9%'X#<9'F3&$'3@'L"%%'
,)"')+='+3$'<%$'3*$'$3'5):')'4%$%"'3+'$9%',*"6'?')+='+3$'4)D%')' /)"D#+<'53#+$&'3*$'$9%'$3$)7';)7*%'3@'$9%'I+#$%='2$)$%&'&*6&#=:'
593+%',)77'$3')'5)"D#+<'&%";#,%.'`$',3*7='Y+='$9%'5)"D#+<'&53$K' @3"'*+=%"5"#,%='5)"D#+<'%8,%%=&'$9%'+)$#3+J&'=%@%+&%'6*=<%$.'`$'
"%&%";%'#$'@3"':3*K'$9%+'<*#=%':3*'$3'#$.'`$',3*7='5"3;#=%'<")=*?     #&' #+' $9%' (3+<'C)#7' 3@' 5)"D#+<K' ,*""%+$7:' #+),,%&&#67%K' $9)$' $9%'
)$%=' 5)"D#+<' 5"#,#+<' )+=' <*)")+$%%' :3*' >3*7=' +%;%"' <%$' 43+%:',)+'6%'@3*+='$3'4)D%'$377#+<'@"%%.
                                                                    '
)+3$9%"'5)"D#+<'$#,D%$'@3"')+'%85#"%='4%$%".'`+'4)+:',3*+$"#%&K'         `@'+)$#3+&K'&$)$%&'3"'4%<)"%<#3+&'7#,%+&%='4*7$#57%'"3)='$377'
)'6*&#+%&&5%"&3+',)++3$',7)#4')'$)8'=%=*,$#3+'@3"')'5)"D#+<' 35%")$3"&' $3' ,377%,$' 5)"D#+<' @%%&' *&#+<' #+@")&$"*,$*"%?@"%%K'
$#,D%$K' 6*$' ,)+' @3"' 5)"D#+<' 5):?                                                                     "3)=?4%$%"#+<' $%7%4)$#,&' &:&?
4%+$&.'2#457:');3#=#+<')',3*57%'
3@' +3+?=%=*,$#67%' 5)"D#+<' $#,D?
                                       C#5?(D(E7&(F+35(E1#-(+6(G1*%#35 $%4&K' $9%' (3+<' C)#7' 3@' $9%"%6:'
                                                                                                          ,3*7=' 6%' 4)+)<%='
                                                                                                                                       5)"D#+<'

%$&' %),9' :%)"' >3*7=' 5):' @3"' )'                                                                      "%=*,#+<' ,3+<%&$#3+' )+=' &5#773?
:%)"' 3@' $)8?=%=*,$#67%' $%7%4)$?                                                                        ;%"' >9#7%' <%+%")$#+<' &*@Y,#%+$'
#,&'&%";#,%&'@3"'="#;%"&'>93'*&%')'                                                                       +%>' "%;%+*%&' >9#,9' ,)+' 6%'
;%9#,7%'@3"'6*&#+%&&.                                                                                     &9)"%='>#$9'5"#;)$%?&%,$3"'5)"$?
   `$',3*7='&%";#,%'43+%:?&);#+<'                                                                         +%"&' #+' %8,9)+<%' @3"' "3)=?*&%'
5):?)&?:3*?="#;%' #+&*")+,%K' 5):'                                                                        4%$%"#+<' &%";#,%&' $9)$' )"%'       '
@3"' )77' %8#&$#+<' 9#<9>):' )+='                                                                         @"%%' 3"' +%)"?@"%%' $3' )' $377#+<'
6"#=<%' $377&K' 5"3;#=%' )+' %4%"?                                                                        )*$93"#$:.
<%+,:',)77'6*$$3+'3"'%;%+')'&*#$%'                                                                           `+' 3$9%"' >3"=&K' &%$' 537#,:' $3'
3@'%4%"<%+,:'&%";#,%&.'`$',3*7='                                                                          35%+' *5' +%>' 5)"D#+<' "%;%+*%K'
4)+)<%'#+?,)"'&#<+)<%'@3"'&)@%$:'                                                                         7#,%+&%'$377'35%")$3"&'$3',377%,$'
)557#,)$#3+&K' ,3+<%&$#3+?6)&%='                                                                          $9)$' "%;%+*%' )+=' /MOE' #+&*"?
+);#<)$#3+K' &)$%77#$%' ")=#3' )+=' )'                                                                    )+,%' 5"%4#*4&' *&#+<' Y+)+,#)7?
!#?L#'+3=%'@3"':3*"'5)&&%+<%"&K'
3"'@3"':3*'#@':3*'5*77'3@@'$9%'"3)='
                                      !U)*+$1)5&307&0+*8$%4+'(&,$                                         <")=%' 4%$%"#+<' $%7%4)$#,&' $9)$'
                                                                                                          )7&3',377%,$'"3)=?*&%'@%%&'#+'$9%'
i&%%' >>>.+<,3++%,$.3"<' @3"'          L/$-3254'/$40,$20#)374+2)0$                                        6)"<)#+.' X%+,%K' &*,9' 5"3<")4&'
43"%' #=%)&j.' `$' ,3*7=' 4)+)<%' )'
,"%=#$'%8,9)+<%'&:&$%4'&3'$9)$'
                                         ')772**2)0&3*$40,$'252.D                                         >3*7=' 6%' "%<#3+)7' #+' %8$%+$K' $3'
                                                                                                          5"3;#=%'$9%'"#<9$'&,)7%'3@';)7*%'
:3*"',#$:',3*7='"%>)"=':3*'>#$9'          .2L&3+/$.4%/&3*8$%)33/$                                         $3'="#;%"&K'%85%"#%+,%'$3'<3;%"+?
)',3*57%'3@'93*"&'3@'@"%%'5)"D#+<'
@3"'7%);#+<':3*"',)"'934%'3+,%'
                                       *2102?'40+./$4L)6+$-3254'/$                                        4%+$&')+=';)7*%?)==%='"%;%+*%'
                                                                                                          $3'$377#+<'35%")$3"&'$3'&*553"$'
3"' $>#,%' )' >%%D.' ]"' %;%+' 5"3?   40,$%)6.,$L&$#)).(43,/$0)+$+)$                                      ,377%,$#3+'3@'"3)=?*&%'@%%&'@"%%'
;#=%' :3*' >#$9' &34%' "3)=' *&%'
,"%=#$&')&')'@3"4'3@'$)8',"%=#$.'`$'
                                        20*2*+$)0$4L*).6+&$-3254'/$                                       3@',9)"<%.
                                                                                                             !9)$'#&'43&$')55%)7#+<')63*$'
,3*7='9)+=7%'73:)7$:'5"3<")4&Z'#@'              7&4*63&*:                                                 $9#&' )55"3),9' #&' $9)$' 5)"D#+<K'
:3*' &9355%=' #+' )' 5)"$#,*7)"'                                                                          3$9%"' +3+?$377' 5):4%+$' ),$#;#?
&$3"%K')'4%",9)+$',3*7='3@@%"'$3'5):':3*"'5)"D#+<'@3"':3*'3"'#@' $#%&K'"%>)"=&')+='$");%7%"')+='#+@3$)#+4%+$'&%";#,%&',)+'Y+=')'
:3*'"%5%)$%=7:'*&%=')'5)"D#+<'<)")<%K':3*',3*7='<%$')'@%>'@"%%' >#77#+<',3+&*4%"'4)"D%$'#+')=;)+,%'3@')+:'CE/'3"'^GC',9)"<?
93*"&' )$' &73>' $#4%&.'C9)$' >3*7=' 7%$' :3*' &D#5' $9%' 43+$97:' #+<' 5"3<")4&.'C9#&' <#;%&' $9%' $%7%4)$#,&' #+=*&$":' )' ,3*57%' 3@'
                                                                    '
5)"D#+<'5)&&K'6%,)*&%':3*J"%'$9#+D#+<')63*$'$%7%>3"D#+<'43"%' :%)"&'$3'5%"@%,$'$9%')"$'3@'$9%',9%)5K'"%7#)67%'"3)=?*&%'4%$%".'M77'
3@$%+')+:>):.'O3*"'&4)"$593+%',3*7='9);%')'>#"%7%&&'#+$%"@),%' $9%' >9#7%K' <3;%"+4%+$&' )+=' 43$3"#&$&' ,)+' 36&%";%' $9%'                    '
&3':3*',3*7='=3>+73)=':3*"'5)"D#+<'6#77&')+='&3"$'$9%4'@3"' $%,9+373<:'#+'*&%')+='=%,#=%'>9%$9%"'#$'#&'$3'6%'$"*&$%=.
:3*"' %85%+&%' "%53"$&' ?' 3"' )==' )' &4)"$593+%' 5"3<")4' $9)$'   '    S;37*$#3+)":' )=35$#3+' 3@' ;37*+$)":K' )557#,)$#3+?"#,9K' "3)=?
35$#4#[%&':3*"'$#4%'3"'"3*$%'3@'$");%7'$3'4#+#4#[%':3*"',3&$'3@' 4%$%"#+<'$%7%4)$#,&')$$"),$&'*&%"&K'"%=*,%&',3+<%&$#3+K',"%)$%&'
$377&.'`@'$9%&%'&%";#,%&'4)=%':3*"'$"#5'43"%'57%)&)+$K'&);%=':3*' A36&K' <%+%")$%&' "%;%+*%' )+=' 5%"@%,$&' "3)=?*&%' ,9)"<#+<'                '
$#4%')+='$"3*67%')+='43+%:'?'5%"9)5&'%;%+')&'4*,9'43+%:')&' $%,9+373<:.' H*$' 43&$' #453"$)+$7:' 3@' )77' #$' 7%$&' <3;%"+4%+$&'
:3*'&5%+='3+'$377&'?'$9%+'4):6%':3*J='7#+%'*5'$3'<%$'3+%.'`'>3*7=.    =%&#<+')+='$%&$'537#,:'#+')+'%;37*$#3+)":K'35$?#+'4)++%"'")$9%"'
                                                                      $9)+'4)+=)$#+<')'4)&&#;%'^GC',9)"<#+<'5"3<")4'3;%"')'$#<9$'
Less is more – isn’t it?                                              $#4%@")4%.' 9#&'#&'$9%'3+7:'>):'$3'%+<%+=%"'$9%'$"*&$'+%%=%='3+'
                                                                                    C
H*$'>9:'>3*7='$9%'5"#;)$%'&%,$3"')<"%%'$3'5"3;#=%'@"%%'3"'+%)"?       $9%'5)"$&'3@'63$9'="#;%"&')+='<3;%"+4%+$&.
@"%%' $377#+<' &%";#,%&' $3' <3;%"+4%+$&_' F9"#&'M+=%"&3+' 9%75&'        !%7,34%'$3'5):#+<'3+7:'@3"'$9%'$")+&53"$)$#3+':3*'*&%'#+'$9%'
9%"%K'$33.'`+'PffWK'9%'5*67#&9%='C9%'(3+<'C)#70'!9:'$9%'L*$*"%' PN&$',%+$*":.'TH
                                                                    '
3@'H*&#+%&&'`&'2%77#+<'(%&&'3@'G3"%.'b3*<97:K'9#&'53#+$'#&'$9)$':3*'                                           6<"*&9o&D:4%$%",3"5.,34

68   Vol 5 No 2 Thinking Highways                                                                   www.thinkinghighways.com

More Related Content

What's hot

Sonia alvarez gubernamentalidad
Sonia alvarez gubernamentalidadSonia alvarez gubernamentalidad
Sonia alvarez gubernamentalidad
Viviana soto
 
International Logistics and Transportation Program: Best Practices and Lesso...
International Logistics and Transportation Program: Best Practices and  Lesso...International Logistics and Transportation Program: Best Practices and  Lesso...
International Logistics and Transportation Program: Best Practices and Lesso...
Victor Castillo
 
Cuecos! Capítulo Cinco
Cuecos! Capítulo Cinco Cuecos! Capítulo Cinco
Cuecos! Capítulo Cinco
Revulú
 
Psychiatristscientologist
PsychiatristscientologistPsychiatristscientologist
Psychiatristscientologist
englishonthebus
 
Carl marx el capital capitulo cuatro (4) iv
Carl marx el capital capitulo cuatro (4) ivCarl marx el capital capitulo cuatro (4) iv
Carl marx el capital capitulo cuatro (4) iv
Rafael Verde)
 
Οδηγός Επιβίωσης για Μικρομεσαίους Επιχειρηματίες & Ελεύθερους Επαγγελματίες
Οδηγός Επιβίωσης για Μικρομεσαίους Επιχειρηματίες & Ελεύθερους ΕπαγγελματίεςΟδηγός Επιβίωσης για Μικρομεσαίους Επιχειρηματίες & Ελεύθερους Επαγγελματίες
Οδηγός Επιβίωσης για Μικρομεσαίους Επιχειρηματίες & Ελεύθερους Επαγγελματίες
epistimonikomarketing
 

What's hot (17)

Leisure Insight
Leisure InsightLeisure Insight
Leisure Insight
 
SerbIAA Newsletter 1
SerbIAA Newsletter 1SerbIAA Newsletter 1
SerbIAA Newsletter 1
 
Sonia alvarez gubernamentalidad
Sonia alvarez gubernamentalidadSonia alvarez gubernamentalidad
Sonia alvarez gubernamentalidad
 
International Logistics and Transportation Program: Best Practices and Lesso...
International Logistics and Transportation Program: Best Practices and  Lesso...International Logistics and Transportation Program: Best Practices and  Lesso...
International Logistics and Transportation Program: Best Practices and Lesso...
 
Avanzamento 6 7(Compress)
Avanzamento 6  7(Compress)Avanzamento 6  7(Compress)
Avanzamento 6 7(Compress)
 
Cuecos! Capítulo Cinco
Cuecos! Capítulo Cinco Cuecos! Capítulo Cinco
Cuecos! Capítulo Cinco
 
Teoria de los resiudos
Teoria de los resiudosTeoria de los resiudos
Teoria de los resiudos
 
Modul pratikum pbo fix-pages 4-10
Modul pratikum pbo fix-pages  4-10Modul pratikum pbo fix-pages  4-10
Modul pratikum pbo fix-pages 4-10
 
Pelota al cesto
Pelota al cestoPelota al cesto
Pelota al cesto
 
Податки 2012
Податки 2012Податки 2012
Податки 2012
 
Acm
AcmAcm
Acm
 
Psychiatristscientologist
PsychiatristscientologistPsychiatristscientologist
Psychiatristscientologist
 
Carl marx el capital capitulo cuatro (4) iv
Carl marx el capital capitulo cuatro (4) ivCarl marx el capital capitulo cuatro (4) iv
Carl marx el capital capitulo cuatro (4) iv
 
Ac 3 ens
Ac 3 ensAc 3 ens
Ac 3 ens
 
Muhammad the greatest
Muhammad the greatestMuhammad the greatest
Muhammad the greatest
 
Ac 4 es
Ac 4 esAc 4 es
Ac 4 es
 
Οδηγός Επιβίωσης για Μικρομεσαίους Επιχειρηματίες & Ελεύθερους Επαγγελματίες
Οδηγός Επιβίωσης για Μικρομεσαίους Επιχειρηματίες & Ελεύθερους ΕπαγγελματίεςΟδηγός Επιβίωσης για Μικρομεσαίους Επιχειρηματίες & Ελεύθερους Επαγγελματίες
Οδηγός Επιβίωσης για Μικρομεσαίους Επιχειρηματίες & Ελεύθερους Επαγγελματίες
 

Viewers also liked

LATISM 2011: Plugging Youth into Social Media
LATISM 2011: Plugging Youth into Social MediaLATISM 2011: Plugging Youth into Social Media
LATISM 2011: Plugging Youth into Social Media
Luis Alejandro Molina
 

Viewers also liked (8)

eChicago presentation
eChicago presentationeChicago presentation
eChicago presentation
 
IPRAC slideshow
IPRAC slideshowIPRAC slideshow
IPRAC slideshow
 
09 Palante Oliva
09 Palante Oliva09 Palante Oliva
09 Palante Oliva
 
Test NBHRNv2
Test NBHRNv2Test NBHRNv2
Test NBHRNv2
 
Paseo Boricua Slideshow, 3-7-10
Paseo Boricua Slideshow, 3-7-10Paseo Boricua Slideshow, 3-7-10
Paseo Boricua Slideshow, 3-7-10
 
Apha2003 110903 Fina Lalm
Apha2003 110903 Fina LalmApha2003 110903 Fina Lalm
Apha2003 110903 Fina Lalm
 
Presentation j byelick
Presentation   j byelickPresentation   j byelick
Presentation j byelick
 
LATISM 2011: Plugging Youth into Social Media
LATISM 2011: Plugging Youth into Social MediaLATISM 2011: Plugging Youth into Social Media
LATISM 2011: Plugging Youth into Social Media
 

More from Bern Grush

More from Bern Grush (9)

Grush social evolution and road pricing 2014 final
Grush   social evolution and road pricing 2014 finalGrush   social evolution and road pricing 2014 final
Grush social evolution and road pricing 2014 final
 
Grush kiss your bus goodbye with cover published version
Grush kiss your bus goodbye with cover published versionGrush kiss your bus goodbye with cover published version
Grush kiss your bus goodbye with cover published version
 
The end of driving grush niles intertraffic 2015
The end of driving grush niles intertraffic 2015The end of driving grush niles intertraffic 2015
The end of driving grush niles intertraffic 2015
 
Privacy-by-Design Cavoukian TTI March 2011
Privacy-by-Design Cavoukian TTI March 2011Privacy-by-Design Cavoukian TTI March 2011
Privacy-by-Design Cavoukian TTI March 2011
 
10 reasons gnss tolling is better than microwave
10 reasons gnss tolling is better than microwave10 reasons gnss tolling is better than microwave
10 reasons gnss tolling is better than microwave
 
Cruising For Dollars
Cruising For DollarsCruising For Dollars
Cruising For Dollars
 
Regarding The Acceptability Of Road Pricing
Regarding The Acceptability Of Road PricingRegarding The Acceptability Of Road Pricing
Regarding The Acceptability Of Road Pricing
 
Transport Demand Information
Transport Demand InformationTransport Demand Information
Transport Demand Information
 
Road Pricing for Transit-Advocates
Road Pricing for Transit-AdvocatesRoad Pricing for Transit-Advocates
Road Pricing for Transit-Advocates
 

Wicked problems trusted solutions

  • 1. Congestion Pricing Wicked problems, trusted solutions Wicked problems have a way of spawning other wicked problems. One such problem, traffic congestion, calls for road user charging, which is itself a wicked problem. Road use charging, in turn, has several hundreds of economists and engineers planning for another wicked problem – GNSS-based road user charging. Here’s the way out of this most vicious of cycles, according to BERN GRUSH 62 Vol 5 No 2 Thinking Highways www.thinkinghighways.com
  • 2. Congestion Pricing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www.thinkinghighways.com Thinking Highways Vol 5 No 2 63
  • 3. Congestion Pricing '''U.' S;%":'&37*$#3+'$3')'>#,D%='5"367%4'#&')'V3+%'&93$'' B<$C34#?'$')01&*+2)0$(4*$0)$321(+$)3$%3)01$*).6+2)0$ ' 35%")$#3+J. D$C9%:')"%'3+7:'V6%$$%"KJ'V>3"&%KJ'V<33='%+3*<9KJ'3"'V+3$'<33=' '''W.' !#,D%='5"367%4&'9);%'+3'<#;%+')7$%"+)$#;%'&37*$#3+&. %+3*<9J'&37*$#3+&'$3',3+<%&$#3+.'C9%'=%$%"4#+)$#3+'3@'&37*$#3+' T*)7#$:'#&'+3$'36A%,$#;%')+=',)++3$'6%'=%"#;%='@"34'@3773>#+<')' Part 1 - traffic congestion @3"4*7).' 237*$#3+&' )"%' )&&%&&%=' #+' )' &3,#)7' ,3+$%8$' #+' >9#,9' X%"%J&')+')&&%&&4%+$'3@'$9%'>#,D%=+%&&'3@'$")@Y,',3+<%&$#3+' 14)+:'5)"$#%&')"%'%T*#55%=K'#+$%"%&$%=K'3"'%+$#$7%='$3'A*=<%KB' $9"3*<9'$9%'7%+&'3@'F3+D7#+J&'&#8',9)"),$%"#&$#,&. )+='$9%&%'A*=<4%+$&';)":'>#=%7:')+='=%5%+='3+'$9%'&$)D%937=? %"J&'#+=%5%+=%+$';)7*%&')+='<3)7&. ;<$=)6$,)0>+$60,&3*+40,$+34#?'$')01&*+2)0$60+2.$/)6$ `'9);%':%$'$3'"%)=')+:'=%&,"#5$#3+'3@')'&37*$#3+'$3',3+<%&$#3+' (45&$,&5&.)-&,$4$*).6+2)0(9(G)+:'&37*$#3+&')"%'5"353&%=' #+')+'3+7#+%'+%>&5)5%"')"$#,7%'3"'673<'$9)$'#&'+3$'@3773>%='6:')' $3'&37;%',3+<%&$#3+0'43"%'"3)=&Z'43"%'$")+&#$Z'@%>%"'$"#5&Z',)"? 57%$93")' 3@' ;)":#+<' 35#+#3+&' ;%9%4%+$7:' @3"' 3"' ;%9%4%+$7:' 5337#+<Z'9#<9%"'=%+&#$:Z'%)$#+<'73,)7Z'$%7%>3"D#+<Z'&4)77%"',)"&Z' )<)#+&$.'`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b#$$%70'1C9%',3+=#$#3+'#+')',#$:',3+&$"*,$#+<')'&*6>):'4):' #+,"%)&%'#+'$9%'+*46%"'3@',)"&'?',3+$#+*3*&7:'3;%">9%74&'3*"' 733D'&#4#7)"'$3'$9%',3+=#$#3+&'#+'2)+'L")+,#&,3K'&):c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b#$$%7' &):&K' ,9)+<%. 1]+%',)++3$'6*#7=')'@"%%>):'$3'&%%'93>'#$'>3"D&.B'C9#&'#&'$9%' C3'&):'V="#;#+<'#&'+3$',3""%,$7:'5"#,%=J'4):'9%75'6*$'$9)$')7$%"&' 1F)$,9'PPB'>#$9'>#,D%='5"367%4&0':3*',)+J$'7%)"+')63*$'$9%' $9%'5"367%4'=34)#+'%853&#+<')'>937%'+%>'>#,D%='5"367%4K' 5"367%4'>#$93*$'$":#+<'&37*$#3+&K'6*$'%;%":'&37*$#3+':3*'$":'#&' ,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<K'$3'>9#,9'`'>#77'"%$*"+'6%73>. %85%+&#;%')+='9)&'7)&$#+<'*+#+$%+=%=',3+&%T*%+,%&'>9#,9')"%' !9#7%'$9%"%')"%'$93*&)+=&'3@'5)5%"&'=%,":#+<')+='=%$)#7#+<' 7#D%7:'$3'&5)>+'+%>'>#,D%='5"367%4&. $9%'5"367%4'3@',3+<%&$#3+'$9%"%'#&'+3'&#+<7%')<"%%='=%Y+#$#;%' G)+:'&37*$#3+&'$3',3+<%&$#3+')"%'7)"<%')+='%85%+&#;%.'I"6)+' &$)$%4%+$'3@'VC9%'/"367%4.J'M&')'5"367%4K'$")@Y,',3+<%&$#3+'#&' ")#7'#&')'9*<%'*+=%"$)D#+<.'`&'#$'$9%'6%&$'&37*$#3+_'d3$')77')<"%% .' #77'&$"*,$*"%='a')',3457%8')+='%;37;#+<'&%$'3@'#+$%"73,D#+<'#&&*%&' S;%+'#@'$9%:'=#=K'>9)$'"3*$%'&93*7='#$'$)D%_'X3>'73+<'&93*7='#$' )+=',3+&$")#+$&.'X3"&$'b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`+')+:'3+%'73,)$#3+'>%';#&#$K'>%'4#<9$'6%'&*"5"#&%=')$')' >9%+'&34%'35$#4)7'3"'VY+)7')+=',3""%,$J'&37*$#3+'%4%"<%&. 73,)7'&37*$#3+.'`'>)&'"%,%+$7:'#+'25"#+<Y%7=K'G#&&3*"#')+='>)&' L3"' ,3+<%&$#3+K' +3' 3+%' 9)&' =%&,"#6%=' )' &37*$#3+' $9)$' >%' 57%)&)+$7:'&*"5"#&%='$3'7%)"+'3@'$9%'%@@%,$#;%+%&&'3@')',3+$#+*? >3*7=')77'7#D%K'>9%"%'$9%',*""%+$'"3)=',)5),#$:'#&'&*@Y,#%+$'@3"' 3*&' 3>' #+$%"&%,$#3+.'C9#&' &:&$%4K' >9#,9' `' 9)=' +%;%"' &%%+' $9%',)"&'>%'>)+$'$3'*&%. 6%@3"%K'#&'+3>'5"3A%,$%='$3'"%=*,%'<"#=73,D'=%7):&')$'$9)$'#+$%"? 64 Vol 5 No 2 Thinking Highways www.thinkinghighways.com
  • 4. Congestion Pricing &%,$#3+'6:'3;%"'ef'5%"',%+$'")$9%"'$9)+'$9%'3"#<#+)7'QP'5%"',%+$' >):&.'`$',)+')@@%,$'%4573:%"'73,)$#3+K'"%$)#7'6*&#+%&&'),$#;#$:K'6*&' 5"3A%,$%=.'^#&#$'$9#&'>%6&#$%'#@':3*'>3*7='7#D%'$3'D+3>'43"%0' &,9%=*7%&K'&%$$7%4%+$'5)$$%"+&K')+='$9%'436#7#$:'9)6#$&'3@'9*+? 9$$50gg>>>.%+<=%&#<+&3*",%.,34g>3"Dh$")+&53"$)$#3+E%? ="%=&'3@'$93*&)+=&'3@'5%357%.'`$'#&'*+7#D%7:'$9)$'$9%'@*77'%@@%,$'3@' &#<+.595 )+:'%8#&$#+<',3+<%&$#3+'&:&$%4',)+'6%'%@@%,$#;%7:'*+=%"&$33='$3' $9)$'7%;%7. Part 2 - congestion pricing C9%"%')"%'$93*&)+=&'3@'5)5%"&'%857)#+#+<'$9%',"#$#,)7'+%%='@3"' C9%'$")+&53"$'%,3+34#&$J&'&37*$#3+'$3'$")@Y,',3+<%&$#3+'#&',3+? ,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<K'6*$'$9%"%'#&'+3'&#+<7%',3+&%+&*&'@3"'=%573:? <%&$#3+'5"#,#+<.'C9#&'#&')"<*)67:K'6*$'+3$'*+)+#43*&7:')<"%%=K'$9%' 4%+$.'!9#7%'$9%',7%)"'4)A3"#$:';#%>'#+'$9%'SI'#&'kd22'ik/2'n' 6%&$'$337');)#7)67%'@3"'$9%'5*"53&%.'C9%'D%:'#=%)'#&'$3',9)"<%'6:' k)7#7%3j?6)&%='$%7%4)$#,&K'%;%+'$9)$'#&'+3$'Nff'5%"',%+$'*+)+#? =#&$)+,%'6*$';)":'$9)$',9)"<%'=%5%+=#+<'3+'$#4%')+='57),%'3@' 43*&'$9%"%.'`$'#&'3+7:'6)"%7:'$9%'4)A3"#$:';#%>')43+<'I2',3<+3? *&%K')&'>%77')&';%9#,7%'$:5%.'H*$'#&',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'+3$'#$&%7@')' &,%+$#K'#@'$9)$.'M+='%;%+'>9%+'k/2'#&'),,%5$%=')&'$9%'6%&$',3*"&%' >#,D%='5"367%4_'(%$J&')557:'F3+D7#+J&'&#8'=%&,"#5$#;%',9)"),$%"? 3@'),$#3+K'$9%"%'#&'+3'*+#@3"4')<"%%4%+$')&'$3'%8),$7:'93>'#$' #&$#,&')77'3;%"')<)#+. &93*7='6%'=%573:%=. M&'X3"&$'b#$$%7'&*<<%&$&K'$9%"%'#&'+3'),,%5$%='3"'D+3>+'V5%"? ;<$O)01&*+2)0$-32'201$'400)+$L&$60,&3*+)),$60+2.$4$ @%,$' &37*$#3+J' $3' $9#&' D#+=' 3@' 5"367%4.' M,,3"=#+<' $3' &34%K' ' *).6+2)0$2*$413&&,$D$G)+:'&37*$#3+&')"%'5"353&%='@3"',3+? ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' #&' 4%"%7:' $9%' 7%)&$' 3@' %;#7&Z' #$' #&' #$&%7@' )' ' <%&$#3+'5"#,#+<.'E)#7:'Y8%='@%%&'$3'%+$%"'=3>+$3>+'i(3+=3+jK' >#,D%='5"367%4'6%#+<')557#%='$3'$9%'>#,D%='5"367%4'3@'$")@Y,' =)#7:';)"#)67%'@%%&'i2$3,D9374jK';)"#)67%',9)"<%&'%;%":'@%>'D4' ,3+<%&$#3+. i2#+<)53"%jK',9)"<%&'3+'$9%'4)#+'"3*$%&'#+$3'$9%',#$:'iE*6)#jK' $#4%?=#&$)+,%?57),%' ,9)"<#+<' @<$C(&$*).6+2)0$+)$')0D *&#+<'k/2'i4)+:'5"353&)7&K'+3' 1&*+2)0$ -32'201$ (4*$ 0)$ =%573:4%+$&jK' 7#,%+&%?57)$%' *+)--201$36.&<$D$L3"')'$")+&? ,)4%")&'i(3+=3+K'2$3,D9374jK' 53"$'%,3+34#&$K'$9%'$9%3"%$#? )*$34)$%=';%9#,7%'`E'iM^`K'#.%.K' ,)77:'35$#4)7'&37*$#3+'#&'@3*+=' bL`EgE2bF' )&' #+' E*6)#K' >9%+'$9%'5"#,%'#&'&%$'&3'$9)$' 2$3,D9374j.' `$' ,)+' 6%' )"<*%=' %8),$7:' $9%' =%&#<+?4)8#4*4' $9)$' +3+?,9)"<#+<' &,9%4%&' +*46%"' 3@' ;%9#,7%&' *&%' $9%' &*,9')&'3==g%;%+'7#,%+&%'57)$%' &:&$%4'i#.%.K'>9%+'$9%'&:&$%4' =):&'$9)$',)"":'Y+%&'@3"'+3+? #&' @*77K' 6*$' +3$' <"#=73,D%=j.' ,3457#)+,%' #&' )7&3' )' @3"4' 3@' d3$#+<'$9)$'$9%')>%='9#&$3":' ,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<. 3@' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' 9)&' :%$' S;%":'3+%'3@'$9%&%'&37*$#3+&' $3' 5"3=*,%' )' 5%"@%,$' &:&$%4K' #&'#45%"@%,$.'(3+=3+J&'&:&$%4' 2$3,D9374')+='2#+<)53"%'4):' #&' $33' %85%+&#;%' iI2lNP' 5%"' 9);%',34%',73&%.'!%'9);%'+3' =):jK' 2$3,D9374J&' <%$&' 9#<9' >):' $3' D+3>' >9%+' >%' >#77' 4)"D&'?'#@':3*')"%')'5%+#+&*7)"' 9);%' ),9#%;%=' $9%' 35$#4*4' #&7)+=K'2#+<)53"%J&'>3"D&'>%77' ,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'5"3<")4.' 6*$'+3>'$9%:'>)+$'$3'4)+)<%',3+<%&$#3+'%;%":>9%"%'&3'$9%:' )"%' =%6)$#+<' )' 43;%' $3' k/2' $377#+<K' )+=' E*6)#J&' &:&$%4' "%? B<$O)01&*+2)0$-32'201$(4*$0)$321(+$)3$%3)01$*).6+2)0$ 73,)$%&'$")@Y,'@"34'"#+<?"3)=&'$3')"$%"#)7&. D$C9%'")+<%'3@'"%&53+&%&'$3'#=%)&'3"',)77&'@3"',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<' M*$34)$#,';%9#,7%'#=%+$#Y,)$#3+'iM^`j'"%T*#"%&'%85%+&#;%')+=' ")+<%'@"34'1$9#&'#&'+%%=%=K'73+<'3;%"=*%K')+=',"#$#,)7'$3'&);%'$9%' 3@$%+' *+&#<9$7:' <)+$"#%&K' 7#,%+&%?57)$%' ,)4%")&' )"%' %85%+&#;%K' 57)+%$B'$3'1+3'>):K'3;%"'4:'=%)='63=:K')+='$9#&'#&'$9%'%+='3@' ;*7+%")67%' )+=' #+$"*&#;%K' >9#7%' k/2' #&' %85%+&#;%' )+=' ")#&%&' =%43,"),:B.'`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bmN. 602G6&$40,$0)5&.$D$C9%"%')"%'&3'4)+:'&3,#)7K'537#$#,)7K'<%3? d3+%'3@'$9%'%8#&$#+<',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'&37*$#3+&'Y$'%8),$7:' <")59#,)7' )+=' %,3+34#,' @),$3"&' )+=' ,3+=#$#3+&K' $9)$' +3' $>3' )+:>9%"%'%7&%'i2#+<)53"%J&'>3*7='+3$'7#D%7:'6%'),,%5$)67%'#+' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' &:&$%4&' 3"' 5"353&)7&' )"%' #=%+$#,)7.' G3&$' d%>' 3"D'F#$:j.'234%'3@'$9%4'+3'73+<%"'>3"D'3"'+%;%"'>3"D%=' O 5"353+%+$&'3@',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'&$)"$'6:'&$)$#+<0'1!%'&93*7=' >%77' >9%"%' $9%:' >%"%' =%573:%=' i(3+=3+K' E*6)#j.' L3"' &34%' =3'>9)$'i+)4%'3@',#$:j'=3%&BK'$9%+'6%<#+'5"353&#+<'43=#Y,)? 535*7)$#3+&K' 4)"D%$' 5"#,#+<' @3"' "3)=' *&%' #&' =%%4%=' )+$#?' $#3+&.'G)+:'$#4%&'$9%',93#,%'3@')+'%8#&$#+<'&:&$%4')&')'&$)"$#+<' =%43,")$#,.'C9#&'9)55%+&'%&5%,#)77:'#+'H"#$)#+')+='$9%'I+#$%=' 53#+$'4)D%&'%+;#&#3+#+<')'>3"D)67%'&37*$#3+'9)"=%".'M+')$$%45$' 2$)$%&.'`'>)&'"%,%+$7:',)77%='V)'&3,#)7#&$J'6:')'@%773>'M4%"#,)+K')+=' $3',3+,%5$*)77:')=35$'$9%'(3+=3+'&:&$%4'#+'G)+9)$$)+K'>9#7%' V)'d)[#J')'@%>'43+$9&'6%@3"%'$9)$.'E#&)553#+$#+<'$9%4'63$9K'4:' )+')+)73<:'$3'$9%'2$3,D9374'&:&$%4'>3*7='9);%'4)=%'43"%' $9%3":'#&'&3*",%='43"%'#+'M=)4'24#$9'i!%)7$9'3@'d)$#3+&j')+=' &%+&%K'>)&')'"%)7'=#&$"),$#3+'=*"#+<'$9)$'=%6)$%.'!9#7%',3+<%&? E>#<9$'S#&%+93>%"'i>93K'>9%+'9%'#+)*<*")$%='$9%'I2'#+$%"? $#3+'5"#,#+<'@3"'G)+9)$$)+'#+'Pffe'>)&'=%")#7%='@3"'3$9%"'"%)? &$)$%'&:&$%4K'9)=')&&*4%='#$'>3*7='6%'5"#,%=j. &3+&K')+'%&5%,#)77:'533"'&:&$%4'=%&#<+'&$)"$#+<'53#+$'=#='+3$' F3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' 4):' %)&%' $9%' 5"367%4' >9#7%' )==#+<' 9%75'#+&5#"%',3+Y=%+,%'#+'$9%'&37*$#3+.' )+3$9%"'4)+)<%4%+$'&:&$%4'$3')+')7"%)=:',3457%8'&%$'3@'"3)=? www.thinkinghighways.com Thinking Highways Vol 5 No 2 65
  • 5. Congestion Pricing H<$F4'($*).6+2)0$+)$')01&*+2)0$-32'201$2*$4$I)0&D*()+$ ;<$RSTT$C)..201$'400)+$L&$60,&3*+)),$60+2.$4$*).6D )-&34+2)0<>$ D$ F3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' &:&$%4&' )"%' 7)"<%' )+=' +2)0$2*$413&&,$D$-*&$')&'$9%"%')"%'4*7$#57%'5"353&%='&37*$#3+&' %85%+&#;%.'C9%' ,3&$' 3@' $9%' (3+=3+' &:&$%4' 3;%"' #$&' Y"&$' Y;%' $3' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<K' &3' $33K' )"%' $9%"%' 4*7$#57%' &:&$%4' :%)"&'>)&')63*$'I2lN6#77#3+.'C3'"%57),%'#$'+3>'>#$9K'&):K'E2bF' )55"3),9%&' $3' k/2?%+)67%=' "3)=?*&%' 4%$%"#+<' $%7%4)$#,&.' >3*7='7#D%7:'6%')'&#4#7)"',3&$.'k/2'$%,9+373<:'#&'+3>'"%)=:'@3"' C9%&%'#+,7*=%0'$9%'*&%'3@'kd22?$377#+<'$3',9)"<%'6:'=#&$)+,%' 2#+<)53"%')+='#@'2#+<)53"%'=#='+3$')7"%)=:'9);%')+'bL`E'&:&$%4' >#$9#+' )"%)&' i,3"=3+&j' >#$9' 5"#,%&' &,)7%=' $3' =%4)+=K' 5"%?' #+' 57),%K' `' &*&5%,$' )' kd22?6)&%=' &:&$%4' >3*7=' )7"%)=:' 6%' =%$%"4#+)$#3+'3@')',9)"<%'@3"'%;%":'"3)='&%<4%+$'i#+,7*=#+<' =%573:%=. 3+%'673,D'&%,$#3+&j')+=')&&%467%'$9)$'#+$3')'&%$'3@',9)"<#+<' S;%+'$9%'=%,#&#3+'+3$'$3'9);%',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<',)+'6%'9)"=' "*7%&'$3'6%'4%$%='3*$'6:'$9%'k/2'$%7%4)$#,&K'=#&$"#6*$#3+'3@'$#+:' $3'*+=3.'`$'#&'>%77'),,%5$%='$9)$'d%>'O3"D'F#$:'+3>'+%%=&'$3' ),,*")$%'<%3?@%+,%&'i;#"$*)7'<)+$"#%&j')+='),,%&&')'4#,"3?,9)"<%' 1>)#$')',3*57%'43"%':%)"&B'6%@3"%'#$'"%?%+<)<%&'#+')'+%>',3+? %),9'$#4%':3*'5)&&'3+%K'3"'#<+3"%'73,)$#3+')+='$#4%'3@'=):')+=' <%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'=%6)$%.'M+='3+%'=):'6%@3"%'$9%'E*$,9'/)"7#)? &#457:',9)"<%'6:'=#&$)+,%'a'%&&%+$#)77:')'57)#+'@*%7?$)8'"%57),%? 4%+$'5)&&%='Pffm'7%<#&7)$#3+'$3'%8%,*$%',3*+$":?>#=%'$377#+<K')' 4%+$'3"'&*",9)"<%')&'#&')557#%='#+'$9%'+%>'273;)D'&:&$%4. E*$,9'%85%"$K'L%"":'24#$9'3@'$9%'R4'4%46%"'E*$,9'M*$343? G:'@);3"#$%'#&'$9%'Y"&$'3+%K',)77%='C#4%?E#&$)+,%?)+=?/7),%' 6#7%'F7*6K'Md!HK'&5%)D#+<'#+'C3"3+$3'&)#=0'1`@'#$'=3%&'+3$'5)&&K' iCE/j',9)"<#+<K'6%,)*&%'%,3+34#,)77:'#$'#&'$9%'@)#"%&$')+='$9%' ' >%'>#77'6%'&%$'6),D')'=%,)=%.B 43&$'%@@%,$#;%.'`$'#&')7&3'$9%'%)&#%&$'$3'*+=%"&$)+='`L':3*'*+=%"? &$)+='93>'4)"D%$&'>3"D.'H*$'+3$'%;%":3+%'$9#+D&'$9)$'"3)=&' J<$O)01&*+2)0$-32'201$(4*$0)$125&0$P4**63&,Q$4.+&3D &93*7='6%'$"%)$%=')&')'4)"D%$',3443=#$:K'>9#,9'#&'>9:'$9%:')"%' 04+25&$*).6+2)0*$D$C9%"%')"%'4)+:')7$%"+)$#;%'&37*$#3+&'$3' ,3+<%&$%=. ,3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<.'!%',3*7='D%%5')==#+<'7)+%&K'3@@%"'@"%%'$")+? C9%'SI')+='$9%'I2'9);%'%85%"#4%+$%='&%;%")7'$#4%&'>#$9' &#$K'%+@3",%'3==')+='%;%+'=):&K'5):'5%357%'$3',)"5337K'#453&%' kd22'$377#+<.'/*<%$'23*+=K'!M'4)55%='3*$'5"#,%&'@3"';)"#3*&' 9*<%'$)8%&'3+';%9#,7%'3>+%"&9#5K'")#&%' "3)=&')+='$#4%&'3@'=):'iCE/',9)"<#+<jK' 4#+#4*4'="#;#+<')<%'$3'PWK'3"',3+$#+*%' !"#$%&$'())*&$+)$,&-.)/$ >9#,9' &93>%=' $9)$' 4)+:' 5%357%' )"%' >9)$'>%'=3'+3>K'>9#,9'#&'$#+D%"#+<'6:' )557:#+<'73,)7'&53$'&37*$#3+&. ')01&*+2)0$-32'201$40,$ >#77#+<' $3' ,9)+<%' )' @%>' 9)6#$&' $3' &);%' 43+%:.' C9#&' *+&*"5"#&#+<' %@@%,$' >)&' `@' >%' ,933&%' $3' =%573:' ,3+<%&$#3+' 125&0$+(&$4334/$)#$ "%,%+$7:' "%57#,)$%=' #+' S#+=93;%+K' $9%' 5"#,#+<')+='<#;%+'$9%')""):'3@',3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' &37*$#3+&' >%' ,)+' #4)<#+%K' >93' ')01&*+2)0$-32'201$ d%$9%"7)+=&.' C")+&53"$' @3"' (3+=3+' &93>%=' $9)$' $9%' %T*#54%+$' );)#7)67%' ,)+'&):'$9)$'>%'9);%'$93*<9$'3@')77'$9%' *).6+2)0*$%&$'40$ Y;%':%)"&')<3'=#='+3$'>3"D'&)$#&@),$3"#7:' >):&'$3'=%573:'&*,9')'5"3<")4_'C9%"%' 4):'6%')&'4)+:'&37*$#3+&'>%'9);%'3;%"? 274120&8$%()$'40$*4/$ #+')'7)"<%',#$:'ik/2'&#<+)7&'=#&$*"6%='6:' $9%'6*#7=#+<&jK'6*$'$9)$'5"367%4'9)&'+3>' 733D%=')&'>%'9);%'&$*=#%=.'!%',)++3$' +(4+$%&$(45&$+()61(+$ 6%%+'&37;%='6:')',3*57%'3@',345)+#%&.' %;%+' 6%' ,%"$)#+' >%' D+3>' $9%' %+$#"%' &37*$#3+'&5),%. )#$4..$+(&$%4/*$+)$ M+3$9%"'#+']"%<3+'&93>%='$9)$'#$'>)&' 53&&#67%' $3' =#&$#+<*#&9' ="#;#+<' #+&#=%' ,&-.)/$*6'($4$ ]"%<3+'@"34'3*$&#=%']"%<3+')+='>#$9' Part 3: congestion pricing using GNSS -3)13479: )'+%)"?Y%7='")=#3'%8,9)+<%')$')+']"%? <3+' <)&?5*45' $3' =%=*,$' ]"%<3+' @*%7? C9%' $377#+<' %+<#+%%"J&' 6%&$' &37*$#3+' $3' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' #&' $)8'@"34'$9%']"%<3+'"3)=?*&%'@%%&.'G3"%'#+$%"%&$#+<7:K'k%"4)+:' )"<*)67:K'6*$')<)#+'+3$'*+)+#43*&7:K';)"#)67%'$377#+<'*&#+<'kd22' 573>%=' )9%)=' %)"7:' )+=' =%573:%=' )+' 35%")$#3+)7' &:&$%4' @3"' &)$%77#$%&'@3"'$#4%'3@'*&%K'=#&$)+,%K'57),%')+='$:5%'3@';%9#,7%'$3' effKfff'$"*,D&.'`$'>3"D&'Y+%'6*$'#$'#&'$33'%85%+&#;%'$3')=35$' =%$%"4#+%')'@%%.'C9%'#=%)'#&'$3'6%')67%'$3',9)"<%'%;%":>9%"%' %7&%>9%"%. @)#"7:')+='#+'"%57),%4%+$'@3"'@*%7'$)8%&')+='3$9%"'*&%"'7%;#%&.' 9%' C 23'@)"'$9%'$"#)7&K'5#73$&')+='35%")$#3+)7'&:&$%4&'9);%'$)*<9$'*&' D%:';)7*%'3@'$9#&')55"3),9'#&'$9)$'#$'5"3;#=%&'$9%'*7$#4)$%'=%4)+=' )'73$'>9#7%'&93>#+<'*&'$9%"%')"%'5"367%4&'&$#77.'M'@%>',345)+#%&' 4)+)<%4%+$'7%;%".'H*$')<)#+K'$9#&'&37*$#3+')55%)"&'$3'6%')':%$' )"%',7)#4#+<'$9)$'$9%'$%7%4)$#,&')+='k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iC9%"%')"%'&%;? %")7'5"353&)7&'?')+='%;%+')'=")@$'&$)+=)"='?'@3"'$9#&.j M43+<'$93&%'$9)$'9);%'<3$'$9#&'@)"'?'#.%.K'&)#=':%&'$3'*&#+<' kd22?%+)67%='$%7%4)$#,&'@3"',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'?'*+#@3"4'537? #,:K'4%$%"#+<K')+='=%573:4%+$'4%$93=&'4):'6%'9)"='$3')<"%%'3+.' `+;3D#+<'b#$$%7'3+%'7)&$'$#4%K'$9%"%'>#77'6%'4)+:'&37*$#3+&K'A*&$' 7#D%'$9%"%')"%'4)+:',%77'593+%&')+='4)+:'7)5$35&')+='4)+:'6#77? #+<'&:&$%4&.' %'>#77')<"%%'3+'&34%'&$)+=)"='#+$%"@),%&')+='5%"? ! @3"4)+,%'&5%,#Y,)$#3+&K')+='$9)$'>#77'=3. 66 Vol 5 No 2 Thinking Highways www.thinkinghighways.com
  • 6. Congestion Pricing @<$C(&$*).6+2)0$+)$RSTT$+)..201$(4*$0)$*+)--201$36.&$ `'@*"$9%"')&&%"$'$9)$',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<'#&'#$&%7@')'>#,D%='5"36? D$L3"'$9%'"%57),%4%+$'3@'@*%7'$)8%&K')+'#=%)7'kd22'$377#+<'&:&? 7%4')+='#&'6%&$')=="%&&%='6:'kd22'$377#+<.'L#+)77:K'`')&&%"$K'6)&%=' $%4' >3*7=' $377' %;%":>9%"%' 6)&%=' 3+' ,3+<%&$#3+' 7%;%7&.' H*$' 3+' 4:' %85%"#%+,%' #+' >3"D#+<' 3+' #+$%"+)$#3+)7' &$)+=)"=&' @3"' >9)$')63*$'$9%'#+$%"#4_'293*7='>%'$377'3+7:'9#<9>):&'3"'3+7:' kd22'$377#+<K'$9)$'kd22'$377#+<'#&')7&3')'>#,D%='5"367%4. ,3+<%&$%=')"%)&_'293*7='>%'3+7:'*+#@3"47:'$377'4)&&#;%')"%)&' !9#7%'6:'+3'4%)+&'*+)+#43*&7:')<"%%=K'$9%'5)$9'`'9);%'=")>+' &*,9')&')'5"3;#+,%'3"'&$)$%_']"'&93*7='%),9'"3)=')+='&$"%%$' @"34' $")@Y,' ,3+<%&$#3+' $9"3*<9' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<' $3' kd22' &%<4%+$'6%'&%5)")$%7:'5"#,%=.']"'&93*7='>%'A*&$'%;37;%'#+'$9)$' $377#+<'#&')"<*)67:'$9%'5)$9'3@'43&$'5"34#&%K'3"')&'M="#)+'G33"%' =#"%,$#3+' ?' )+=' D%%5' "%Y+#+<' )&' +%%=%=_' 293*7=' >%' #+,7*=%' 3@' $9%' b%)&3+' L3*+=)$#3+' 43"%' ,373"@*77:' 5*$' #$0'1$9%' 7%)&$' 5)"D#+<' )+=' 5):?)&?:3*?="#;%' #+&*")+,%' 3"' #&' $9#&' 5*"%7:' @3"' &$#+D:'&37*$#3+B.'`$'3@@%"&'*&'$9%'6%&$'&37*$#3+'D+3>+'$3'=)$%.' "3)=?*&%_ X%+,%K'#@'>%',)+'&37;%'#$&'5"367%4&K'>%'4#<9$'9);%'&34%$9#+<. C3'&$)$%'$9%'5"367%4&'3@'kd22'$377#+<'#+')'&%+$%+,%0'#$'#&'5%"? B<$ RSTT$ +)..201$ (4*$ 0)$ 321(+$ )3$ %3)01$ *).6+2)0$ D$ ,%#;%=' )&' ,3457%8K' ,3&$7:K' ,*46%"&34%K' 9)"=' $3' %+@3",%K' )+' 293*7='kd22'$377#+<'6%'3+7:'*&%='@3"',344%",#)7';%9#,7%&'3"' #453&#$#3+K' #+),,*")$%K' 5"#;),:' #+;)&#;%K' )' $)45%"?"#&DK' *+@)#"K' @3"'5"#;)$%';%9#,7%&K')&'>%77_'293*7='#$'6%')+3+:43*&'i+3',9)+,%' *+"%7#)67%' )+=' *+$"*&$%=' 6:' <3;%"+4%+$' )+=' ="#;%"' )7#D%.' ' @3"'&*653%+)j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kd220' 2>#$[%"7)+=K' k%"4)+:' )+=' +(4+$3)4,*$*()6.,$L&$ @3"' )' "%7)$#;%7:' T*#,D' &9#@$' @"34' @*%7? $)8%&'$3'"3)=?*&%',9)"<%&')&'#&'%85%,$%=' 273;)D#).'S),9'9)&')'=#@@%"%+$')",9#$%,$*"%K')' +3&4+&,$4*$4$743N&+$ 6:'&34%'+)$#3+&',*""%+$7:',3+$%457)$? =#@@%"%+$'=%&#<+K'=#@@%"%+$'3+?63)"='=%;#,%&K' )+='=#@@%"%+$'%+@3",%4%+$'4%$93=&.' 9%:'=3' C ')77),2+/8$%(2'($2*$ #+<' $9%' =%573:4%+$' 3@' kd22?$377#+<.' 2*,9')'&$%5'>3*7='6%'@)"'$33'7)"<%')+=' +3$'#+$%"35%")$%.'C9%'2>#&&'&:&$%4'#&'3+7:' %(/$+(&/$43&$ $33'"#&D:. &*#$)67%'@3"'$"*,D&K'$9%'k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kd22'$377#+<'&:&$%4'9)&'6%%+'=%&#<+%=' X);%'$9%'5"#;)$%'&%,$3"'#+$"3=*,%'$9%&%'$%7%4)$#,&'=%;#,%&' $3')=="%&&')+'#44%=#)$%'"3)=?Y+)+,#+<'#&&*%'#+'$9%'93&$',3*+? 73)=%='>#$9'=%&#")67%'i)+='5"3Y$)67%jK';)7*%?)==%='&%";#,%&')+=' $":.' `&&*%&' 3@' #+$%"35%")6#7#$:' )+=' #+$%"+)$#3+)7' &$)+=)"=&' )"%' 3+')';37*+$)":'6)&#&'$3'6%'5"3;#=%='3+')'43+$97:'&%";#,%'43=%7' &%,3+=)":'$3'$9%'5"%&&#+<'Y+)+,#)7'#&&*%.'S),9'9)&'6%%+'4)+? 4#4#,D#+<'$9%',%77*7)"'436#7#$:'4)"D%$.'H"#+<',3+<%&$#3+'5"#,#+<' =)$%=' 6:' )' +)$#3+)7' <3;%"+4%+$' @3"' #$&' #44%=#)$%' 5*"53&%&.' ' #+'7)$%"K'3+'$9%'&)4%'=%7#;%":'57)$@3"4K'>9%+'$9%',3&$'3@'#+,"%? (#$$7%'$93*<9$'#&'<#;%+'$3'>#=%"')557#,)$#3+'#+'3$9%"',3*+$"#%&' 4%+$)7'&%";#,%'5"3;#&#3+'#&'+%)"'[%"3'?'#%K'%&&%+$#)77:')$'$9%'&)4%' i$9%'k%"4)+'k3;%"+4%+$'%8,%5$%=K'#+#$#)77:j'3"'$3')557#,)$#3+' ,3&$')&'$9%',377%,$#3+'3@'@*%7'$)8%&'%+A3:&K'#%K')743&$'@"%%. $3'5"#;)$%';%9#,7%&K'#$'9)&'&#457:'6%%+'$33'=#@Y,*7$'i3"'$33'%85%+? &#;%'3"'63$9j'$3'=3'&3. Just what the doctor ordered? C9#&'5"%&,"#5$#3+K'$9%+K')=="%&&%&'%;%":$9#+<'%8,%5$'1@)#"B')+=' J<$RSTT$+)..201$(4*$0)$125&0$P4**63&,Q$4.+&304+25&$ 1$"*&$%=B.'L)#"'#&')'4)$$%"'3@'537#,:K'>9#,9'4*&$'6%')=="%&&%='#+' *).6+2)0*$D$C9%"%')"%')7$%"+)$#;%'&37*$#3+&'$3'kd22'$377#+<K' )+'%;37*$#3+)":'4)++%"')+='<7%)+%='@"34'"%)7?>3"7='%85%"#? #+,7*=#+<'")#&#+<'@*%7'$)8%&'3"'Y+=#+<')+3$9%"'$)8'&3*",%')&'<)&' %+,%.'C"*&$')7&3',34%&'@"34'%85%"#%+,%K')+='43&$'3@'*&'D+3>' *&%'=#4#+#&9%&K'E2bFgbL`E'3+'4)A3"'9#<9>):&')+='7%$$#+<'$9)$' <3;%"+4%+$&' =3' +3$' )7>):&' #+&5#"%' $"*&$.' S85%"#%+,%' 3+' $9%' ,)"":'$9%'4#+3"'"3)=>):&K'"%)='3=34%$%"&')',3*57%'3@'$#4%&')' 5)"$'3@'63$9'="#;%"')+='<3;%"+4%+$',)+'3+7:',34%'@"34'4#7? :%)"K'*&%'$9%',%77*7)"'+%$>3"D'$3'4%$%"'*&%'#+&$%)='3@'k/2'@3"' 7#3+&'3@'4%$%"%=?4#7%&'="#;%+'>#$9'73>'&%";#,%'@)#7*"%'")$%&K'+3' ;%9#,7%'=#&$)+,%'4%)&*"%4%+$K'6*$'+3+%'5"3;#=%&'$9%'@)#"+%&&K' #+$"*&#3+'#+'5"#;),:K')+='&)$#&Y%=',*&$34%"&.'k3;%"+4%+$&'+%%=' ,7)"#$:K' 5"#;),:' )+=' 6"3)=' &5%,$"*4' 3@' )557#,)$#3+&' )&' =3%&' $9#&'$"*&$'%85%"#%+,%'6%,)*&%'$")+&53"$)$#3+'"%T*#"%&'&%,*"%K' kd22'3+,%',3+&$")#+%='6:'$9%'%8#&$#+<'&$)+=)"=&')+='$%,9+37? &*&$)#+)67%'@*+=#+<.'E"#;%"&'+%%='#$'6%,)*&%'$9%:'"%T*#"%'5"#? 3<:'@3"'5"#;),:'5"3$%,$#3+. ;),:')+='"%7#)67%'$")+&53"$)$#3+.'!%',)+'$)D%')=;)+$)<%'3@'$9#&' <37=%+' ,3+<"*%+,%' 6:' *&#+<' 5"#;)$%K' &%,*"%K' "3)=?4%$%"#+<' Part 5 - acceptance-based design $%,9+373<:'@3"'%;%":$9#+<'%8,%5$'"3)=?*&%"',9)"<#+<'&$)"$#+<' !%'9);%')""#;%=')$'$9#&'53#+$'3+'4:')&&%"$#3+'$9)$'$9%'>%#<9$'3@' #44%=#)$%7:.'!%' >#77' )==' "3)=?*&%' ,9)"<#+<' 7)$%"K' &34%$#4%' $9%' $")@Y,' ,3+<%&$#3+' 7#$%")$*"%' #+=#,)$%&' ,3+<%&$#3+' 5"#,#+<.' ' )@$%"'PfNU. www.thinkinghighways.com Thinking Highways Vol 5 No 2 67
  • 7. Congestion Pricing C9%' VL"%%4#*4J' 6*&#+%&&' 43=%7K' =%&,"#6%=' 6:' F9"#&' ,)+'#+;%+$3":')+='&%77'535*7)"'#$%4&'5"3Y$)67:'#+')'&$3"%?@"3+$K' ' M+=%"&3+'#+'9#&'Pffm'633D'!"##$%&'#%!()("#%*+%,%-,./0,1%2"/0#3' 6*$'$3'&%77'&4)77'T*)+$#$#%&'3@')'73$'3@'$9#+<&':3*'+%%='M4)[3+.' =%&,"#6%&')'>):'$3'&%77'&3@$>)"%'3+7#+%'6:'3@@%"#+<')'@%>'@"%%' H*$'$9#&'73+<'$)#7'#=%)'5%"$)#+&'$3'5)"D#+<K')&'>%77.']+'&$"%%$&' @%)$*"%&')+=',9)"<#+<'7)$%"'3+7:'@3"'5"%4#*4'@%)$*"%&.'C9#&',3+? >#$9'9#<9'=%4)+=K'>%'#+&$)77',*"6&#=%'5)"D#+<'4%$%"&K'6*$'3+' ,%5$',)+'6%'"%;%"&%=')+=')557#%='$3'$")+&53"$)$#3+?"%7)$%='5):? &$"%%$&'>#$9'43=%&$'=%4)+='?'$9%'73+<'$)#7'3@'5)"D#+<'i&%%'L#<.'N' 4%+$'&%";#,%&'6:'3@@%"#+<'="#;%"&'&%;%")7'5"%4#*4'@%)$*"%&'3+' ?'3*"'#+;%&$4%+$'>3*7='+%;%"'6%'"%,3;%"%=.'`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`$',3*7='Y+='$9%'5)"D#+<'&53$K' @3"'*+=%"5"#,%='5)"D#+<'%8,%%=&'$9%'+)$#3+J&'=%@%+&%'6*=<%$.'`$' "%&%";%'#$'@3"':3*K'$9%+'<*#=%':3*'$3'#$.'`$',3*7='5"3;#=%'<")=*? #&' #+' $9%' (3+<'C)#7' 3@' 5)"D#+<K' ,*""%+$7:' #+),,%&&#67%K' $9)$' $9%' )$%=' 5)"D#+<' 5"#,#+<' )+=' <*)")+$%%' :3*' >3*7=' +%;%"' <%$' 43+%:',)+'6%'@3*+='$3'4)D%'$377#+<'@"%%. ' )+3$9%"'5)"D#+<'$#,D%$'@3"')+'%85#"%='4%$%".'`+'4)+:',3*+$"#%&K' `@'+)$#3+&K'&$)$%&'3"'4%<)"%<#3+&'7#,%+&%='4*7$#57%'"3)='$377' )'6*&#+%&&5%"&3+',)++3$',7)#4')'$)8'=%=*,$#3+'@3"')'5)"D#+<' 35%")$3"&' $3' ,377%,$' 5)"D#+<' @%%&' *&#+<' #+@")&$"*,$*"%?@"%%K' $#,D%$K' 6*$' ,)+' @3"' 5)"D#+<' 5):? "3)=?4%$%"#+<' $%7%4)$#,&' &:&? 4%+$&.'2#457:');3#=#+<')',3*57%' 3@' +3+?=%=*,$#67%' 5)"D#+<' $#,D? C#5?(D(E7&(F+35(E1#-(+6(G1*%#35 $%4&K' $9%' (3+<' C)#7' 3@' $9%"%6:' ,3*7=' 6%' 4)+)<%=' 5)"D#+<' %$&' %),9' :%)"' >3*7=' 5):' @3"' )' "%=*,#+<' ,3+<%&$#3+' )+=' &5#773? :%)"' 3@' $)8?=%=*,$#67%' $%7%4)$? ;%"' >9#7%' <%+%")$#+<' &*@Y,#%+$' #,&'&%";#,%&'@3"'="#;%"&'>93'*&%')' +%>' "%;%+*%&' >9#,9' ,)+' 6%' ;%9#,7%'@3"'6*&#+%&&. &9)"%='>#$9'5"#;)$%?&%,$3"'5)"$? `$',3*7='&%";#,%'43+%:?&);#+<' +%"&' #+' %8,9)+<%' @3"' "3)=?*&%' 5):?)&?:3*?="#;%' #+&*")+,%K' 5):' 4%$%"#+<' &%";#,%&' $9)$' )"%' ' @3"' )77' %8#&$#+<' 9#<9>):' )+=' @"%%' 3"' +%)"?@"%%' $3' )' $377#+<' 6"#=<%' $377&K' 5"3;#=%' )+' %4%"? )*$93"#$:. <%+,:',)77'6*$$3+'3"'%;%+')'&*#$%' `+' 3$9%"' >3"=&K' &%$' 537#,:' $3' 3@'%4%"<%+,:'&%";#,%&.'`$',3*7=' 35%+' *5' +%>' 5)"D#+<' "%;%+*%K' 4)+)<%'#+?,)"'&#<+)<%'@3"'&)@%$:' 7#,%+&%'$377'35%")$3"&'$3',377%,$' )557#,)$#3+&K' ,3+<%&$#3+?6)&%=' $9)$' "%;%+*%' )+=' /MOE' #+&*"? +);#<)$#3+K' &)$%77#$%' ")=#3' )+=' )' )+,%' 5"%4#*4&' *&#+<' Y+)+,#)7? !#?L#'+3=%'@3"':3*"'5)&&%+<%"&K' 3"'@3"':3*'#@':3*'5*77'3@@'$9%'"3)=' !U)*+$1)5&307&0+*8$%4+'(&,$ <")=%' 4%$%"#+<' $%7%4)$#,&' $9)$' )7&3',377%,$'"3)=?*&%'@%%&'#+'$9%' i&%%' >>>.+<,3++%,$.3"<' @3"' L/$-3254'/$40,$20#)374+2)0$ 6)"<)#+.' X%+,%K' &*,9' 5"3<")4&' 43"%' #=%)&j.' `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`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`@'$9%&%'&%";#,%&'4)=%':3*"'$"#5'43"%'57%)&)+$K'&);%=':3*' A36&K' <%+%")$%&' "%;%+*%' )+=' 5%"@%,$&' "3)=?*&%' ,9)"<#+<' ' $#4%')+='$"3*67%')+='43+%:'?'5%"9)5&'%;%+')&'4*,9'43+%:')&' $%,9+373<:.' H*$' 43&$' #453"$)+$7:' 3@' )77' #$' 7%$&' <3;%"+4%+$&' :3*'&5%+='3+'$377&'?'$9%+'4):6%':3*J='7#+%'*5'$3'<%$'3+%.'`'>3*7=. =%&#<+')+='$%&$'537#,:'#+')+'%;37*$#3+)":K'35$?#+'4)++%"'")$9%"' $9)+'4)+=)$#+<')'4)&&#;%'^GC',9)"<#+<'5"3<")4'3;%"')'$#<9$' Less is more – isn’t it? $#4%@")4%.' 9#&'#&'$9%'3+7:'>):'$3'%+<%+=%"'$9%'$"*&$'+%%=%='3+' C H*$'>9:'>3*7='$9%'5"#;)$%'&%,$3"')<"%%'$3'5"3;#=%'@"%%'3"'+%)"? $9%'5)"$&'3@'63$9'="#;%"&')+='<3;%"+4%+$&. @"%%' $377#+<' &%";#,%&' $3' <3;%"+4%+$&_' F9"#&'M+=%"&3+' 9%75&' !%7,34%'$3'5):#+<'3+7:'@3"'$9%'$")+&53"$)$#3+':3*'*&%'#+'$9%' 9%"%K'$33.'`+'PffWK'9%'5*67#&9%='C9%'(3+<'C)#70'!9:'$9%'L*$*"%' PN&$',%+$*":.'TH ' 3@'H*&#+%&&'`&'2%77#+<'(%&&'3@'G3"%.'b3*<97:K'9#&'53#+$'#&'$9)$':3*' 6<"*&9o&D:4%$%",3"5.,34 68 Vol 5 No 2 Thinking Highways www.thinkinghighways.com