The document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style, including how to format in-text citations for various numbers of authors and published years. It also describes how to cite sources with no author, specific parts of texts, personal communications, quotations, and alternative formats for long quotations. The document is intended as a reference for citing sources correctly in APA style.

1. Bank Street College Library
APA In-Text Citations
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

2. One Work One Author
Narative (non-parenthetical)
•
•
Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples
In 2003, Kessler's study of epidemiological samples showed that
Parenthetical
•
Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003).
•
Among epidemiological samples, Kessler (2003) found that early onset social
anxiety disorder results in a more potent and severe course. Kessler also found ....
The study also showed that there was a high rate of comorbidity with alcohol
abuse or dependence and major depression (Kessler, 2003).
Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003). Kessler
(2003) also found. …
•
(American Psychological Association, pp. 174-175)

3. One Work Two Authors
• as Kurtines and Szapocznik (2003) demonstrated
• as has been shown (Joreskog & Sorbom, 2007)
(American Psychological Association, p. 175)

4. One Work 3-5 Authors
Three, Four, Five authors
Use as first citation in text
• Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found
Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter.
• Kisangau et al. (2007) found
Omit year from subsequent citations after first nonparenthical citation
within a paragraph
• Kisangau et. al. found.
Include the year in subsequent citations if first citation within a paragraph
is parenthetical.
(American Psychological Association, p. 175)

5. One Work 6+ Authors
Six or more authors
• Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Gabrieli (1996)
For first and subsequent citations
• Kosslyn et al. (1996) or (Kosslyn et al., 1996)
(American Psychological Association, p. 175)

6. Three Surnames and
the Same Year Exception
Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet, & Kim (2001)
Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, DeVet & Silver (2001)
• Ireys, Chernoff, DeVet et. al. (2001) and Ireys, Chernoff, Stein, et. al.
(2001)
(American Psychological Association, p. 175)

7. Groups as Authors
Corporations, associations, government agencies, and study groups
• Spell out each time they appear in a text citation
• However, if the name is long, cumbersome, familiar, or easily
understandable, then you can abbreviate and use for second and
subsequent
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003)
• Second citation NIMH (2003)
• (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003)
• Second citation (NIMH, 2003)
(American Psychological Association, p. 176)

8. Authors With the Same Surname
References:
• Light, I. (2006). Deflecting immigration: Networks, markets, and
regulation in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Light, M.A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of
Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for
local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal,
8, 73-82.
Text Cites:
• Among studies, we review M. A. Light and Light (2008) and I. Light
(2006)
(American Psychological Association, p. 176)

9. Works With No Identified Author
No identified author or the author is designated as anonymous.
Use the first few words of the title followed by the year.
• On free care (“Study Finds,” 2007)
• (Anonymous, 1998)
(American Psychological Association, pp. 176-177)

10. Book Titles
If you mention the title of a book, italicize it
• the book College Bound Seniors (2008)
(American Psychological Association, p. 176)

11. Two or More Works
Within the Same Parentheses
• Several studies (Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b, in press-a;
Rothbart, 2003a, 2003b)
List authors alphabetically
• Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998)
Major citation exception
• (Minor, 2001; see also Adam, 1999; Storandt, 2007)
(American Psychological Association, pp. 177-178)

12. Secondary Sources
Nicholson goes in the reference list not Allport.
• Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
(American Psychological Association, p.178)

13. Specific Parts of the Text
Always give page numbers for quotations
• (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, p. 1 0)
• (Shimamura, 1989, Chapter 3)
Abbreviate page p. (pp.) but write out Chapter.
(American Psychological Association, p. 179)

14. No Pagination
When paragraph numbers are visible. Use the abbreviation para
• Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new
“intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of
regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4).
(American Psychological Association, pp. 171-172)

15. Headings Only
Cite the heading and the number of paragraphs where the quote is located
• In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found that "the level
of perceived disability in patients with fibromyalgia seemed best
explained by their mental health condition and less by their physical
condition" (Discussion section, para. 1 ).
If the heading is too unwieldly – shorten it
• "Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels in
educating consumers and changing consumption behavior" (Golan,
Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007, "Mandatory Labeling Has Targeted," para. 4) .
The heading was "Mandatory Labeling Has Targeted Information Gaps and
Social Objectives.“
(American Psychological Association, p. 172)

16. Personal Communication
Private letters, emails, personal interviews, lectures, telephone calls
• T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001)
• (V.-G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998)
Use exact dates, and persons initials
These do not go in the reference list
(American Psychological Association, p. 179)

17. Quotation Less Than 40 Words
In the middle of a sentence:
Interpreting these results, Robbins et al. (2003) suggested that the
“therapists in dropout cases may have inadvertently validated parental
negativity about the adolescent without adequately responding to the
adolescent's needs or concerns” (p. 541 ), contributing to an overall
climate of negativity.
At the end of a sentence:
Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care, whereby
"medical needs are met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs
may be addressed by anyone on the team" (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).
(American Psychological Association, pp. 170-171)

18. Quotation 40 Or More Words
Others have contradicted this view:
Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members.
Consider large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of
people gather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event.
In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of
the group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate
connections with those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the
assembly. (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112)
(American Psychological Association, p. 171)

19. Alternative 40 Or More Words
In 1997, Purcell contradicted this view:
Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members.
Consider large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of
people gather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event.
In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of
the group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate
connections with those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the
assembly. (pp. 111-112)
(American Psychological Association, p. 171)

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