SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 6
5/27/2010




         Soil quality and health                                                Defining soil
                                                               • Quality: the fitness of soil, to function within its
• Fundamental resources: Air, water and                          capacity and within natural/managed ecosystem
  soil                                                           boundaries, to sustain plant/animal (which!)
                                                                 productivity, maintain/ enhance water/air quality, and
• Interconnections                                               support human health and habitation
• Policy concerns – Federal Soil Protection                    • Health: promote plant/animal health; ability to
  Act, 1999 (Germany)                                            suppress diseases; Bioprotectants-soil food web-
                                                                 soil biodiversity
• Primary standards (human health) and
                                                               • High quality (high SOC) but poor health (abundance
  secondary standards (human well being                          of pathogens)
  and sustainability)                                          • Ecosystem/landscape health inclusive of soil health:
                                                                 resistance/resilience to stresses and disturbances




 Ecological functions of soil: dealing with multiplicity
           (FAO, 1995; Masto et al., 2007 )                                   Why indicators
Production function   High yields/incomes                      • Indicators: measurable changes in
                                                                 ecosystem structure, composition and
Biotic               High bioidversity; abundance of
environmental/living beneficial organisms/functions
                                                                 function
space function                                                 • Reduce the information overload
Climate-              High levels of carbon stocks/low           (oversimplify!)
regulative/storage    levels greenhouse gas emissions
function                                                       • Document large scale patterns
Hydrologic function   Water availability/reduced flood risks   • Help determine appropriate actions: early
                                                                 warning and corrective measures
Waste/pollution       High yields/incomes; good human
control function      health




                                                                     Realizing the neglect of soil
The best indicators (Parisi et al., 2005).
                                                                             biodiversity
• sensitivity (response vs background natural
  variability),
                                                               • Neglect in conservation inventories
• good correlation with the beneficial soil
  functions,                                                   • Lack of methodologies that can extract,
• h l f l
  helpfulness i revealing ecosystem processes
                in     li           t                            identify and quantify diversity
• comprehensibility and utility for land managers:             • Soil organisms taxonomy – time-
  policy relevance and public acceptance                         consuming, monotonous, painful, IPR
• Simple, cheap and easy to measure                            Contrasting hypotheses: most species must
• Knowledge of critical limits, thresholds,                      be redundant versus a significant role for
  standards                                                      diversity




                                                                                                                            1
5/27/2010




          Methodological challenge                                                    Forest-farmland linkages
• As a single measurable soil attribute is
  unlikely to be correlated with soil
  function(s) and measurement of ‘all’ soil
  attributes is not practical: minimum
  number of indicators (minimum data set)
• a single, affordable, workable soil quality
  index is unattainable! (Sojka and
  Upchurch 1999)




   Earthworm diversity in Himalaya                                               Indicator taxa: an illustration from
Species           Colour   Size Habitat                    Functional group
                           cm3)                                                          Himalayan region
Perionyx          Dark     5.2     FYM, Vermicompost,      Epigeic                                Indicator feature Indicator of
excavata          purple           oak forests
Drawida           Light    1.9     Agriculture, pasture    Endogeic-top soil   Perionyx           Absence in oak     Fire, high intensity of litter
nepalensis        grey                                                         excavatus          forests            removal, convex slopes, poor soil
Amynthas          Dark     9.5     Agriculture, forests,   Endogeic-anecic                                           aggregation
alexandri         pink             pasture                                     Drawida            Abundant           Tillage, FYM input, shaded-moist
                                                                                                                                         shaded moist
Metaphire         Dark     6.2     Agriculture, forests    Endogeic-top soil   nepalensis                            microsites in rainfed agroforestry
anomala           red              and pasture                                                                       systems
Metaphire         Dark     5.7     Agriculture, forests    Endogeic-top soil   Metaphire          Abundant           Irrigated paddy systems on clayey
birmanica         brown            and pasture
                                                                               anomala                               soils
Octochaetona      Light    3.1     Agriculture             Endogeic-top soil
beatrix           pink                                                         Collembola with    Abundant           Low intensity of leaf litter removal
Lennogaster       Light    0.4     FYM                     Epigeic             long antennae                         in forests
sp.               brown                                                        covered with
Eisenia fetida    Dark     1.6     Vermicompost            Epigeic             dense bristles
                  red




              Cultivated legume diversity in central Himalaya

Scientific name            Local name            Altitudinal range Nodule         Rhizobium- cross inoculation
                                                                   (mg)
Cajanus cajan              Tor                   500-1650 m          37        Isolate    V. mungo             V.           V.          V.
Glycine max                Safed Bhatt           700-1700 m          19        from/Nodul                      radiata      unguiculata angularis
Glycine max                Black Bhatt           1000-1500 m         16        ation in
Macrotyloma uniflorum Gehet                      500-2000 m          12        V. mungo   Yes                  No           Yes              No
Phaseolus vulgaris         Rajma                 1500 2500
                                                 1500-2500 m         12
Vigna angularis            Rains                 1000-2250 m         11        V. radiata        No            Yes          Yes              No
Vigna mungo                Urd                   500-1750 m          31
                                                                               V.          Yes                 Yes          Yes              No
Vigna unguiculata          Sontha                500-1750 m          10
                                                                               unguiculata
Lens culinaris             Masoor                500-1500 m          9
Pisum arvense              Kong                  2200-2650 m         5         V. angularis No                 No           No               Yes
Pisum sativum              Matar                 500-2650 m          8
Vicia faba                 Shiv Chana            500-1500 m          9




                                                                                                                                                                 2
5/27/2010




                        2500
                                               Roots        Aboveground residues       Seeds                                                                                    Nodulation behaviour
                                                                                                                                                                                      Pisum sativum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Phaseolus vulgaris

                        2000                                                                                                          200
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              200




                                                                                                                  Number of nodules




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Number of nodules
                                                                                                                                                                 30 d
                                                                                                                                      150                                                                                                                                                      30       60    90
                                                                                                                                                                 60 d                                                                                                         150
B io m as s (g /m 2 )




                                                                                                                                                                 90 d
                                                                                                                                      100                                                                                                                                     100

                                                                                                                                      50                                                                                                                                      50
                        1500
                                                                                                                                             0                                                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                                                                            RA          IA    PF        OF   DF    RA    BF       DF      RA   CF                                                      RA IA    PF OF DF RA BF DF RA CF

                                                                                                                                                                             1000 m                     2250 m             2800 m                                                              1000 m             2250 m    2800 m


                        1000
                                                                                                                                                                                        Glycine m ax                                                                                                Glycine soja




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Number of nodules
                                                                                                                                       Number of nodules
                                                                                                                                                           200                                                                                                 200
                                                                                                                                                                                   30         60        90
                                                                                                                                                           150                                                                                                 150                             30            60       90
                         500                                                                                                                               100                                                                                                 100
                                                                                                                                                           50                                                                                                                50
                                                                                                                                                            0                                                                                                                0
                                                                                                                                                                   RA IA        PF OF DF RA BF DF RA CF                                                                               RA IA    PF OF DF RA BF DF RA CF

                           0                                                                                                                                                  1000 m               2250 m        2800 m                                                                       1000 m               2250 m    2800 m




                               C.caj   V.mun       V. ang    G.max     G.sp    V.ung    M.uni   E.cor




                                        Soil quality index                                                                                                                                Soil organic matter
               • Selection: soil properties/indicators constituting                                     • a primary indicator of soil quality and
                 the minimum data set
               • Transformation: bringing all indicators to a                                             health for both scientists and farmers
                 common measurement scale                                                               • the best surrogate for soil health
               • Synthesis: combining the indicator scores into
                 the index                                                                              • L bil / ti l t / i bi l/t t l
                                                                                                          Labile/particulate/microbial/total
               • Statistical tools to avoid disciplinary biases in                                      • soil microbial carbon : total organic carbon
                 expert opinion based approaches (Bachmann
                 and Kinzel, 1992; Doran and Parkin, 1996).                                               ratio
               • QBX index, soil microbiological degradation                                            • Carbon management index
                 index (MDI),general index of soil quality (GISQ)
                                                                                                        • Soil depth




                                                                                                                                                                                      0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-50 cm 50-100 cm Mean
                               Soil organic carbon stock
                                                                                                        S o il o rg a n ic c a rb o n (% )




               • Cm = Cn * B * T * I                                                                                                                       2.8
               Cm, the amount of soil carbon some time after land use change
               Cn, the amount of soil carbon under the original native vegetation
                                                                                                                                                           2.4
               B, base factor, with values varying from 0.5 to 1.1 depending on                                                                              2
                    environmental factors and the type of agricultural activities - the
                    lowest values referring to long term cultivated aquic soils or                                                                         1.6
                    degraded land in the tropics and the highest values to improved
                                                                                                                         c




                    pasture and rice paddies                                                                                                               1.2
                T, tillage factor - higher values (1.1) for no tillage and lower values for
                    full tillage (0.9-1.0)                                                                                                                 0.8
                I, input factor accounting for different levels of input from different
                    residue management systems: 0.8 for shortened fallow under                                                                             0.4
                    shifting cultivation to 1.2 for high input systems, such as those
                    receiving regular fertilizer additions.                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                                                                                             RA                                 HG                                                        PF                                   OF




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             3
5/27/2010




                                                                            Land use differentiation in village landscape
      Agricultural land use intensification                                                    Oak forests   Pine forests   Rainfed
                                                                                                                            agriculture
                                                                                                                                          Homegarden


                                                                  Dominant tree                Quercus       Pinus          Grewia        Grewia

                                                                  Relative area (%)            14            74             11            1
• Population growth, market demand,                               Tree density (ind/ha)        578           503            107           501

  market risks, loss/gain in biodiversity and                     Irrigation                   No            No             No            Yes
                                                                  Tillage                      No            No             Less          More frequent
  ecosystem functions                                                                                                       frequent
                                                                  Manure (t/ha/year)           Nil           Nil            18            38
• Increase in productivity-lack of agricultural
              p          y           g                            Leaf litter removal          50-70%        80-90%         Nil           Nil

  land use expansion-increase in                                  Woody litter removal
                                                                  Lopping
                                                                                               80-90%
                                                                                               20-60%
                                                                                                             80-90%
                                                                                                             80-90%
                                                                                                                            Nil
                                                                                                                            80-90%
                                                                                                                                          Nil
                                                                                                                                          Low intensity

  external/modern inputs-decrease in inputs                                                    canopy
                                                                                               removal
                                                                                                             canopy
                                                                                                             removal
                                                                                                                            canopy
                                                                                                                            removal
                                                                                                                                          removal all
                                                                                                                                          through the year
                                                                                               during        during         during
  but increase or no change in outputs-                                                        winter        winter         winter
                                                                  Grazing                      1001 LU       513 LU         637 LU        Nil
  susbstitution of labour, capital or                                                          days/ha/yr    days/ha/yr     days/ha/yr

  technology for land                                             Fire                         Nil           Yes            Nil           Nil

                                                                  Net primary productivity     12.8          10.9           8.1           10.2
                                                                  (t/ha/yr)
                                                                  Annual biomass removal/NPP   53.1          64.2           85.7          84.1




                           3.5                                                  Methodological puzzles and
                             3                                                         challenges
                           2.5
                                                                   • sample soil from similar depths in different land uses and
                             2                                       express SOC as t carbon/ha using bulk density values.
                           1.5                               HG    • measure bulk density first and then calculate the
   DC A axis 2




                             1                               RA      sampling depths in different land uses to obtain the
                           0.5                               PF      same mass
                                                                   • Selection of soil attributes
                             0                               OF
                 -2   -1                                           • Sampling design and intensity
                           -0.5 0       1        2   3   4
                                                                   • Cordyceps sinensis (ascomycetes growing on
                            -1                                       caterpillars)
                           -1.5                                    • Application of biodiversity science to the benefit of the
                            -2                                       society
                                    DCA axis 1




  Carbon management index, CMI,
                                                                                      Change/impact studies
         (Blair et al. 1995)
• an indicator of the rate of change of SOM in response to
  land management changes, relative to a more stable               • repeated measurements on a single site
  reference soil:
• Carbon pool index (CPI) = Total C of a given land
                                                                   • paired sites
  use/Total C of the reference land use                            • chronosequences where neighbouring
• Lability index (LI) = [Labile carbon content of a given
  land use/Non-labile carbon content of a given land use] *          sites experienced l d use change at
                                                                      it          i    d land    h     t
  [Labile carbon content of the reference land use/Non-              different times in the past
  labile carbon content of the reference land use]
• Carbon management index (CMI) = CPI * LI * 100                   (Murty et al., 2002).
• Landscape CMI: sum of the products of multiplication of
  the CMI values of different land uses in a landscape and
  their relative areas (%) Collard and Zammit (2006)




                                                                                                                                                                    4
5/27/2010




         Choosing from the basket of                                                Soil microbiological degradation
                 enzymes                                                                      index (MDI)
• Three enzymes viz., phosphomonoesterase, chitinase and phenol
  oxidase, as a group reflect relative importance of bacteria and fungi,            • the sum of the normalized and weighted
  as well as the nature of organic matter complex (Giai and Boerner,
  2007).                                                                              values of the most important parameter
• Phosphomonoesterase (acid phosphatase) activity is often
  correlated with microbial biomass (Clarholm, 1993; Kandeler and
  Eder, 1993), fungal hyphal length (Haussling and Marschner, 1989)
  and nitrogen mineralization (D k et al., 1999)
    d it           i    li ti (Decker t l 1999).
• Chitinase is a bacterial enzyme which converts chitininto
  carbohydrates and inorganic nitrogen (Hanzlikova and Jandera,
  1993).
• Phenol oxidase is produced primarily by white rot fungi, and is
  specific for highly recalcitrant organic matter, such as lignin (Carlisle
  and Watkinson, 1994).




    General indicator of soil quality
                                                                                      QBX index(Parisi et al. (2000)
    (GISQ) (Velasquez et al., 2007).
• PCA analysis of the variables (50) allowing                                       • values based on evaluation of microarthropods’ level of adaptation
                                                                                      to the soil environment life rather than the species richness/diversity:
  testing of the significance of their variation                                      Reduction or loss of pigmentation and visual apparatus, streamlined
  among land use types;                                                               body form, with reduced and more compact appendages, reduction
                                                                                      or loss of flying, jumping or running adaptations and reduced water
• identification of the variables that best                                           retention capacity (e.g., by having thinner cuticle and lack of
  differentiate the sites according to the soil
                                   g                                                  hydrophobic compounds) are some of the adaptations of
                                                                                      microarthropods to soil environment (Parisi, 1974)
                                                                                                                                (Parisi 1974).
  quality;                                                                          • the morphotypes varying in terms of their degree of adaptation to
• creation of sub-indicators of soil physical quality,                                soil quantified as eco-morphological score: eu-edaphic (i.e., deep
                                                                                      soil-living) forms get a score of 20, epi-edaphic forms (surface living
  chemical fertility, organic matter, morphology                                      forms) of 1 and Groups like Protura and Diplura have a single value
  and soil macrofauna, with values ranging from                                       of 20, because all species belonging to these groups show a similar
  0.1 to 1.0;                                                                         level of adaptation to soil (Parisi et al., 2005).

• combination of all five subindicators into a
  general one.




        Vegetation attributes as a
                                                                                                Indicator species/taxa
       surrogate to the soil quality
•   environmental parameters which are expected to regulate soil fauna              • Reflect abiotic state of the environment
    composition, e.g., climate, soil and vegetation characteristics
•   measures inherent to soil fauna community itself, such as higher taxon
    richness, indicator taxa and maximum dominance.
                                                                                    • Reveal evidence of impacts or
•   only 34-60% of the variance in soil animal richness explained by
    environmental variables; Coefficient of variation of soil animal richness
                                                                                      environmental changes
    between replicate samples as as high as 60% indicating a high degree of
    independence of richness from environmental conditions Ekschmitt et al.         • I di t di
                                                                                      Indicate diversity of other species, t
                                                                                                      it f th         i    taxa or
    (2003)
•   outcome of significant influence of autogeneous dynamics of the population        communities (Lawton and Gaston 2001)
    under consideration, interaction of this population with predators, parasites
    and competitors and by presently indiscernible past conditions (Salt and
    Hollick, 1946).
                                                                                    • Focal species, umbrella species, flagship
•   positive correlations between species richness of all termites and mean
    canopy height, woody plant basal area, ratio of plant richness to plant
                                                                                      species, guilds
    functional types, while there was no significant correlation between
    individual plant and termite species (Gillison et al. 2003).




                                                                                                                                                                   5
5/27/2010




    Soil fertility, land quality and farm level
            environmental indicators

•   Land quality indicators represent generic directives for the functional role of
    land, indicating condition and capacity of land, including its soil, weather
    and biological properties, for purposes of production, conservation and
    environmental management (Pieri et al., 2000).
•   (i) measurable in space, i.e., over the landscape and in all countries (ii)
    reflect change over recognizable time periods (5-10 years) (iii) showing
    relationships with independent variables (iv) quantifiable and usually
    dimensionless (v) cost effectiveness and precison of its measurement and
    availability of an interpretative framework to translate it in terms of
    identifying sustainable management practices (Sparling et al., 2004).
•   (i) the yield gap indicator - a measure of the difference between yields
    under optimum management conditions and actual yields of the ‘most
    suitable crop’ (Monteith, 1990) (ii) soil nutrient balance indicator - measure
    of the rate with which soil fertility changes - net differences between
    nutrient inputs and outputs (Stoorvogel and Smaling, 1990).
•   Control indicators (those based on farmers’ management practices) and
    state indicators (those based on recordings of consequences for the farming
    system) (Halberg 1998)




                                                                                             6

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Richard Thackway_A system for tracking anthropogenic changes in condition of ...
Richard Thackway_A system for tracking anthropogenic changes in condition of ...Richard Thackway_A system for tracking anthropogenic changes in condition of ...
Richard Thackway_A system for tracking anthropogenic changes in condition of ...TERN Australia
 
Biodiversity Loss in Thailand
Biodiversity Loss in ThailandBiodiversity Loss in Thailand
Biodiversity Loss in Thailandtrisurat2000
 
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central Kalimantan
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central KalimantanAgroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central Kalimantan
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central KalimantanGlobalEnvironmentCentre
 
Basic soil improvement
Basic soil improvementBasic soil improvement
Basic soil improvementjbgruver
 
OP21:Economic Techniques and Methods for (E)Valuation of BGBD
OP21:Economic Techniques and Methods for (E)Valuation of BGBDOP21:Economic Techniques and Methods for (E)Valuation of BGBD
OP21:Economic Techniques and Methods for (E)Valuation of BGBDCSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Miyawaki greece
Miyawaki greeceMiyawaki greece
Miyawaki greecefkiourts
 
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY: APPROA...
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING  THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY:APPROA...OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING  THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY:APPROA...
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY: APPROA...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corrido...
Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corrido...Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corrido...
Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corrido...Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland
 
Mekong ARCC Climate Change Adaptation and Impact Study on Natural and Agricul...
Mekong ARCC Climate Change Adaptation and Impact Study on Natural and Agricul...Mekong ARCC Climate Change Adaptation and Impact Study on Natural and Agricul...
Mekong ARCC Climate Change Adaptation and Impact Study on Natural and Agricul...Mekong ARCC
 
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...IJEAB
 
Impacts of road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors an...
Impacts of road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors an...Impacts of road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors an...
Impacts of road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors an...Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland
 
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM USING...
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM USING...SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM USING...
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM USING...HARISH J
 
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
 
Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...
Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...
Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
 
Bakarr 2 2006 29th September
Bakarr 2 2006 29th SeptemberBakarr 2 2006 29th September
Bakarr 2 2006 29th Septemberguestd2d93b8
 
An investigation of the vegetation dynamics on Aride
An investigation of the vegetation dynamics on ArideAn investigation of the vegetation dynamics on Aride
An investigation of the vegetation dynamics on ArideRobert Gavan
 
Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation condition
Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation conditionTracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation condition
Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation conditionRichard Thackway
 
Recent advances in improving p use efficiency
Recent advances in improving p use efficiencyRecent advances in improving p use efficiency
Recent advances in improving p use efficiencyMaruthiNg
 

Mais procurados (20)

Richard Thackway_A system for tracking anthropogenic changes in condition of ...
Richard Thackway_A system for tracking anthropogenic changes in condition of ...Richard Thackway_A system for tracking anthropogenic changes in condition of ...
Richard Thackway_A system for tracking anthropogenic changes in condition of ...
 
Biodiversity Loss in Thailand
Biodiversity Loss in ThailandBiodiversity Loss in Thailand
Biodiversity Loss in Thailand
 
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central Kalimantan
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central KalimantanAgroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central Kalimantan
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central Kalimantan
 
Basic soil improvement
Basic soil improvementBasic soil improvement
Basic soil improvement
 
OP21:Economic Techniques and Methods for (E)Valuation of BGBD
OP21:Economic Techniques and Methods for (E)Valuation of BGBDOP21:Economic Techniques and Methods for (E)Valuation of BGBD
OP21:Economic Techniques and Methods for (E)Valuation of BGBD
 
Miyawaki greece
Miyawaki greeceMiyawaki greece
Miyawaki greece
 
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY: APPROA...
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING  THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY:APPROA...OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING  THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY:APPROA...
OP20: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK FOR VALUING THE SOIL BIOTA & ITS DIVERSITY: APPROA...
 
Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corrido...
Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corrido...Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corrido...
Impacts of landscape treatments on plant species richness within road corrido...
 
Mekong ARCC Climate Change Adaptation and Impact Study on Natural and Agricul...
Mekong ARCC Climate Change Adaptation and Impact Study on Natural and Agricul...Mekong ARCC Climate Change Adaptation and Impact Study on Natural and Agricul...
Mekong ARCC Climate Change Adaptation and Impact Study on Natural and Agricul...
 
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) plantation in Leb...
 
Impacts of road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors an...
Impacts of road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors an...Impacts of road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors an...
Impacts of road landscape treatments on biodiversity within road corridors an...
 
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM USING...
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM USING...SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM USING...
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM USING...
 
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...
 
Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...
Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...
Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...
 
Bakarr 2 2006 29th September
Bakarr 2 2006 29th SeptemberBakarr 2 2006 29th September
Bakarr 2 2006 29th September
 
0739 nurtjahya-indonesia
0739 nurtjahya-indonesia0739 nurtjahya-indonesia
0739 nurtjahya-indonesia
 
An investigation of the vegetation dynamics on Aride
An investigation of the vegetation dynamics on ArideAn investigation of the vegetation dynamics on Aride
An investigation of the vegetation dynamics on Aride
 
Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation condition
Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation conditionTracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation condition
Tracking the effects of land use and management on vegetation condition
 
Rosemary Bissett, NAB - Presentation - UNAA Vic Natural Capital Seminar
Rosemary Bissett, NAB - Presentation - UNAA Vic Natural Capital SeminarRosemary Bissett, NAB - Presentation - UNAA Vic Natural Capital Seminar
Rosemary Bissett, NAB - Presentation - UNAA Vic Natural Capital Seminar
 
Recent advances in improving p use efficiency
Recent advances in improving p use efficiencyRecent advances in improving p use efficiency
Recent advances in improving p use efficiency
 

Destaque

Distribution of acid sulphate soils and their management
Distribution of acid sulphate soils and their managementDistribution of acid sulphate soils and their management
Distribution of acid sulphate soils and their managementHimasha Rathnappriya
 
Diversification of rice-based cropping system and their impact on energy util...
Diversification of rice-based cropping system and their impact on energy util...Diversification of rice-based cropping system and their impact on energy util...
Diversification of rice-based cropping system and their impact on energy util...P.K. Mani
 
Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge
Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge
Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge P.K. Mani
 
BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL
BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOILBEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL
BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOILP.K. Mani
 
Strategies for sustainable managemnet of degraded coastal land and water for...
Strategies for sustainable managemnet of degraded coastal land  and water for...Strategies for sustainable managemnet of degraded coastal land  and water for...
Strategies for sustainable managemnet of degraded coastal land and water for...P.K. Mani
 
Quiz contest for UG level
Quiz  contest for UG levelQuiz  contest for UG level
Quiz contest for UG levelP.K. Mani
 
Long term effects of fertilizer and organic manures on the productivity of ri...
Long term effects of fertilizer and organic manures on the productivity of ri...Long term effects of fertilizer and organic manures on the productivity of ri...
Long term effects of fertilizer and organic manures on the productivity of ri...P.K. Mani
 
Crop residue management in rice based cropping system
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemCrop residue management in rice based cropping system
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemP.K. Mani
 

Destaque (9)

Distribution of acid sulphate soils and their management
Distribution of acid sulphate soils and their managementDistribution of acid sulphate soils and their management
Distribution of acid sulphate soils and their management
 
Diversification of rice-based cropping system and their impact on energy util...
Diversification of rice-based cropping system and their impact on energy util...Diversification of rice-based cropping system and their impact on energy util...
Diversification of rice-based cropping system and their impact on energy util...
 
Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge
Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge
Bioavailabilty and crop uptake of heavy metals from Sewage sludge
 
Lecture 3 feldspar group and its application
Lecture 3 feldspar group and its applicationLecture 3 feldspar group and its application
Lecture 3 feldspar group and its application
 
BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL
BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOILBEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL
BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL
 
Strategies for sustainable managemnet of degraded coastal land and water for...
Strategies for sustainable managemnet of degraded coastal land  and water for...Strategies for sustainable managemnet of degraded coastal land  and water for...
Strategies for sustainable managemnet of degraded coastal land and water for...
 
Quiz contest for UG level
Quiz  contest for UG levelQuiz  contest for UG level
Quiz contest for UG level
 
Long term effects of fertilizer and organic manures on the productivity of ri...
Long term effects of fertilizer and organic manures on the productivity of ri...Long term effects of fertilizer and organic manures on the productivity of ri...
Long term effects of fertilizer and organic manures on the productivity of ri...
 
Crop residue management in rice based cropping system
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemCrop residue management in rice based cropping system
Crop residue management in rice based cropping system
 

Semelhante a PK05:Soil quality and health:A review

2019 Oregon Wine Symposium | Regenerative Working Landscapes: Addressing Futu...
2019 Oregon Wine Symposium | Regenerative Working Landscapes: Addressing Futu...2019 Oregon Wine Symposium | Regenerative Working Landscapes: Addressing Futu...
2019 Oregon Wine Symposium | Regenerative Working Landscapes: Addressing Futu...Oregon Wine Board
 
Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture
Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in AgricultureBuilding Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture
Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in AgricultureFAO
 
Hidden capital: harnessing belowground biodiversity for sustainable agricultu...
Hidden capital: harnessing belowground biodiversity for sustainable agricultu...Hidden capital: harnessing belowground biodiversity for sustainable agricultu...
Hidden capital: harnessing belowground biodiversity for sustainable agricultu...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
 
Jonathan Muriuki: Evergreen Agriculture in East Africa #BeatingFamine
Jonathan Muriuki: Evergreen Agriculture in East Africa #BeatingFamineJonathan Muriuki: Evergreen Agriculture in East Africa #BeatingFamine
Jonathan Muriuki: Evergreen Agriculture in East Africa #BeatingFamineWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
 
Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I ...
Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I ...Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I ...
Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I ...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
 
Bakarr 2 2006 29th September
Bakarr 2 2006 29th SeptemberBakarr 2 2006 29th September
Bakarr 2 2006 29th Septemberobutuz
 
Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...
Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...
Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...Mekong ARCC
 
Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian...
Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian...Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian...
Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian...africa-rising
 
DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER N...
DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER N...DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER N...
DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER N...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
 
Modular Ecological Design: A Fruit and Vegetable Polyculture System
Modular Ecological Design: A Fruit and Vegetable Polyculture SystemModular Ecological Design: A Fruit and Vegetable Polyculture System
Modular Ecological Design: A Fruit and Vegetable Polyculture SystemFaiga64c
 
Rajesh seminar intercropping and INM
Rajesh seminar intercropping and INMRajesh seminar intercropping and INM
Rajesh seminar intercropping and INMC. Dotaniya
 
Reclaimation of problem soils
Reclaimation of problem soilsReclaimation of problem soils
Reclaimation of problem soilsSoleh Saedon
 
Long-term ecosystem development and plant diversity
Long-term ecosystem development and plant diversityLong-term ecosystem development and plant diversity
Long-term ecosystem development and plant diversityelalib
 
How to write a scientific abstract
How to write a scientific abstractHow to write a scientific abstract
How to write a scientific abstractVera Ferreira
 

Semelhante a PK05:Soil quality and health:A review (20)

2019 Oregon Wine Symposium | Regenerative Working Landscapes: Addressing Futu...
2019 Oregon Wine Symposium | Regenerative Working Landscapes: Addressing Futu...2019 Oregon Wine Symposium | Regenerative Working Landscapes: Addressing Futu...
2019 Oregon Wine Symposium | Regenerative Working Landscapes: Addressing Futu...
 
Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture
Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in AgricultureBuilding Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture
Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture
 
Análisis de vacíos en parientes silvestres
Análisis de vacíos en parientes silvestresAnálisis de vacíos en parientes silvestres
Análisis de vacíos en parientes silvestres
 
Hidden capital: harnessing belowground biodiversity for sustainable agricultu...
Hidden capital: harnessing belowground biodiversity for sustainable agricultu...Hidden capital: harnessing belowground biodiversity for sustainable agricultu...
Hidden capital: harnessing belowground biodiversity for sustainable agricultu...
 
Castaneda2013 capfitogen
Castaneda2013 capfitogenCastaneda2013 capfitogen
Castaneda2013 capfitogen
 
Jonathan Muriuki: Evergreen Agriculture in East Africa #BeatingFamine
Jonathan Muriuki: Evergreen Agriculture in East Africa #BeatingFamineJonathan Muriuki: Evergreen Agriculture in East Africa #BeatingFamine
Jonathan Muriuki: Evergreen Agriculture in East Africa #BeatingFamine
 
Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I ...
Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I ...Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I ...
Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I ...
 
Bakarr 2 2006 29th September
Bakarr 2 2006 29th SeptemberBakarr 2 2006 29th September
Bakarr 2 2006 29th September
 
Treediversityday2012vannoordwijk.ppt
Treediversityday2012vannoordwijk.pptTreediversityday2012vannoordwijk.ppt
Treediversityday2012vannoordwijk.ppt
 
Science Seminar Series 10 Andrew Lowe
Science Seminar Series 10 Andrew LoweScience Seminar Series 10 Andrew Lowe
Science Seminar Series 10 Andrew Lowe
 
July 29-330-Greg Schmidt
July 29-330-Greg SchmidtJuly 29-330-Greg Schmidt
July 29-330-Greg Schmidt
 
Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...
Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...
Overview of Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lo...
 
Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian...
Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian...Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian...
Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian...
 
DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER N...
DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER N...DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER N...
DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL AND EXTENSION KNOWLEDGE FAVOURS THE USE OF EXOTIC OVER N...
 
Modular Ecological Design: A Fruit and Vegetable Polyculture System
Modular Ecological Design: A Fruit and Vegetable Polyculture SystemModular Ecological Design: A Fruit and Vegetable Polyculture System
Modular Ecological Design: A Fruit and Vegetable Polyculture System
 
Permaculture for Farmers 2009
Permaculture for Farmers 2009Permaculture for Farmers 2009
Permaculture for Farmers 2009
 
Rajesh seminar intercropping and INM
Rajesh seminar intercropping and INMRajesh seminar intercropping and INM
Rajesh seminar intercropping and INM
 
Reclaimation of problem soils
Reclaimation of problem soilsReclaimation of problem soils
Reclaimation of problem soils
 
Long-term ecosystem development and plant diversity
Long-term ecosystem development and plant diversityLong-term ecosystem development and plant diversity
Long-term ecosystem development and plant diversity
 
How to write a scientific abstract
How to write a scientific abstractHow to write a scientific abstract
How to write a scientific abstract
 

Mais de CSM _BGBD biodiversity

The solution to global warming could be in the soil
The solution to global warming could be in the soilThe solution to global warming could be in the soil
The solution to global warming could be in the soilCSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Land use and community composition of arbusscular mycorrhizal fungi mabira fo...
Land use and community composition of arbusscular mycorrhizal fungi mabira fo...Land use and community composition of arbusscular mycorrhizal fungi mabira fo...
Land use and community composition of arbusscular mycorrhizal fungi mabira fo...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Changes in the diversity of assemblages of ground foraging ants in response t...
Changes in the diversity of assemblages of ground foraging ants in response t...Changes in the diversity of assemblages of ground foraging ants in response t...
Changes in the diversity of assemblages of ground foraging ants in response t...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexico
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoLand use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexico
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoCSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Nematode community structure as influenced by land use and intensity of culti...
Nematode community structure as influenced by land use and intensity of culti...Nematode community structure as influenced by land use and intensity of culti...
Nematode community structure as influenced by land use and intensity of culti...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Diversity of ant species across a gradient of land use types in western ghats...
Diversity of ant species across a gradient of land use types in western ghats...Diversity of ant species across a gradient of land use types in western ghats...
Diversity of ant species across a gradient of land use types in western ghats...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Abundance and diversity of azotobacter and po4 solubilizing microorganisms i...
Abundance and diversity of azotobacter and po4  solubilizing microorganisms i...Abundance and diversity of azotobacter and po4  solubilizing microorganisms i...
Abundance and diversity of azotobacter and po4 solubilizing microorganisms i...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Studies on microbial inoculation in the preparation of phospho compost using ...
Studies on microbial inoculation in the preparation of phospho compost using ...Studies on microbial inoculation in the preparation of phospho compost using ...
Studies on microbial inoculation in the preparation of phospho compost using ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Farming practices and soil health arbsucular mcorrhizal fungi (amf) in maize ...
Farming practices and soil health arbsucular mcorrhizal fungi (amf) in maize ...Farming practices and soil health arbsucular mcorrhizal fungi (amf) in maize ...
Farming practices and soil health arbsucular mcorrhizal fungi (amf) in maize ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...
Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...
Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Diversity of termites along a gradient of land use type in a tropical forest ...
Diversity of termites along a gradient of land use type in a tropical forest ...Diversity of termites along a gradient of land use type in a tropical forest ...
Diversity of termites along a gradient of land use type in a tropical forest ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Termites diversity along a gradient of land use in a tropical forest margin, ...
Termites diversity along a gradient of land use in a tropical forest margin, ...Termites diversity along a gradient of land use in a tropical forest margin, ...
Termites diversity along a gradient of land use in a tropical forest margin, ...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Assemblages of soil nematodes and land use systems in the benchmark site of a...
Assemblages of soil nematodes and land use systems in the benchmark site of a...Assemblages of soil nematodes and land use systems in the benchmark site of a...
Assemblages of soil nematodes and land use systems in the benchmark site of a...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
Land use changes the structure of soil bacterial communities in the western a...
Land use changes the structure of soil bacterial communities in the western a...Land use changes the structure of soil bacterial communities in the western a...
Land use changes the structure of soil bacterial communities in the western a...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
OP25:Soliciting for prominence of belowground biodiversity conservation and m...
OP25:Soliciting for prominence of belowground biodiversity conservation and m...OP25:Soliciting for prominence of belowground biodiversity conservation and m...
OP25:Soliciting for prominence of belowground biodiversity conservation and m...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
OP29:PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
OP29:PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOPOP29:PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
OP29:PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOPCSM _BGBD biodiversity
 
OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...
OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...
OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
 

Mais de CSM _BGBD biodiversity (20)

The solution to global warming could be in the soil
The solution to global warming could be in the soilThe solution to global warming could be in the soil
The solution to global warming could be in the soil
 
Land use and community composition of arbusscular mycorrhizal fungi mabira fo...
Land use and community composition of arbusscular mycorrhizal fungi mabira fo...Land use and community composition of arbusscular mycorrhizal fungi mabira fo...
Land use and community composition of arbusscular mycorrhizal fungi mabira fo...
 
Changes in the diversity of assemblages of ground foraging ants in response t...
Changes in the diversity of assemblages of ground foraging ants in response t...Changes in the diversity of assemblages of ground foraging ants in response t...
Changes in the diversity of assemblages of ground foraging ants in response t...
 
Nematodes vc
Nematodes vcNematodes vc
Nematodes vc
 
Nematodes sf
Nematodes sfNematodes sf
Nematodes sf
 
Nematodes lm
Nematodes lmNematodes lm
Nematodes lm
 
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexico
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoLand use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexico
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexico
 
Nematode community structure as influenced by land use and intensity of culti...
Nematode community structure as influenced by land use and intensity of culti...Nematode community structure as influenced by land use and intensity of culti...
Nematode community structure as influenced by land use and intensity of culti...
 
Diversity of ant species across a gradient of land use types in western ghats...
Diversity of ant species across a gradient of land use types in western ghats...Diversity of ant species across a gradient of land use types in western ghats...
Diversity of ant species across a gradient of land use types in western ghats...
 
Abundance and diversity of azotobacter and po4 solubilizing microorganisms i...
Abundance and diversity of azotobacter and po4  solubilizing microorganisms i...Abundance and diversity of azotobacter and po4  solubilizing microorganisms i...
Abundance and diversity of azotobacter and po4 solubilizing microorganisms i...
 
Studies on microbial inoculation in the preparation of phospho compost using ...
Studies on microbial inoculation in the preparation of phospho compost using ...Studies on microbial inoculation in the preparation of phospho compost using ...
Studies on microbial inoculation in the preparation of phospho compost using ...
 
Farming practices and soil health arbsucular mcorrhizal fungi (amf) in maize ...
Farming practices and soil health arbsucular mcorrhizal fungi (amf) in maize ...Farming practices and soil health arbsucular mcorrhizal fungi (amf) in maize ...
Farming practices and soil health arbsucular mcorrhizal fungi (amf) in maize ...
 
Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...
Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...
Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...
 
Diversity of termites along a gradient of land use type in a tropical forest ...
Diversity of termites along a gradient of land use type in a tropical forest ...Diversity of termites along a gradient of land use type in a tropical forest ...
Diversity of termites along a gradient of land use type in a tropical forest ...
 
Termites diversity along a gradient of land use in a tropical forest margin, ...
Termites diversity along a gradient of land use in a tropical forest margin, ...Termites diversity along a gradient of land use in a tropical forest margin, ...
Termites diversity along a gradient of land use in a tropical forest margin, ...
 
Assemblages of soil nematodes and land use systems in the benchmark site of a...
Assemblages of soil nematodes and land use systems in the benchmark site of a...Assemblages of soil nematodes and land use systems in the benchmark site of a...
Assemblages of soil nematodes and land use systems in the benchmark site of a...
 
Land use changes the structure of soil bacterial communities in the western a...
Land use changes the structure of soil bacterial communities in the western a...Land use changes the structure of soil bacterial communities in the western a...
Land use changes the structure of soil bacterial communities in the western a...
 
OP25:Soliciting for prominence of belowground biodiversity conservation and m...
OP25:Soliciting for prominence of belowground biodiversity conservation and m...OP25:Soliciting for prominence of belowground biodiversity conservation and m...
OP25:Soliciting for prominence of belowground biodiversity conservation and m...
 
OP29:PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
OP29:PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOPOP29:PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
OP29:PROPOSALS FROM THE NATIONAL STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
 
OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...
OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...
OP26:Socio-Economic Characteristics, Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis of...
 

Último

Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsSeth Reyes
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6DianaGray10
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024Alexander Turgeon
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-pyJamie (Taka) Wang
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDELiveplex
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Websitedgelyza
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
99.99% of Your Traces Are (Probably) Trash (SRECon NA 2024).pdf
99.99% of Your Traces  Are (Probably) Trash (SRECon NA 2024).pdf99.99% of Your Traces  Are (Probably) Trash (SRECon NA 2024).pdf
99.99% of Your Traces Are (Probably) Trash (SRECon NA 2024).pdfPaige Cruz
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesMd Hossain Ali
 

Último (20)

Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
Valere | Digital Solutions & AI Transformation Portfolio | 2024
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
99.99% of Your Traces Are (Probably) Trash (SRECon NA 2024).pdf
99.99% of Your Traces  Are (Probably) Trash (SRECon NA 2024).pdf99.99% of Your Traces  Are (Probably) Trash (SRECon NA 2024).pdf
99.99% of Your Traces Are (Probably) Trash (SRECon NA 2024).pdf
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
 

PK05:Soil quality and health:A review

  • 1. 5/27/2010 Soil quality and health Defining soil • Quality: the fitness of soil, to function within its • Fundamental resources: Air, water and capacity and within natural/managed ecosystem soil boundaries, to sustain plant/animal (which!) productivity, maintain/ enhance water/air quality, and • Interconnections support human health and habitation • Policy concerns – Federal Soil Protection • Health: promote plant/animal health; ability to Act, 1999 (Germany) suppress diseases; Bioprotectants-soil food web- soil biodiversity • Primary standards (human health) and • High quality (high SOC) but poor health (abundance secondary standards (human well being of pathogens) and sustainability) • Ecosystem/landscape health inclusive of soil health: resistance/resilience to stresses and disturbances Ecological functions of soil: dealing with multiplicity (FAO, 1995; Masto et al., 2007 ) Why indicators Production function High yields/incomes • Indicators: measurable changes in ecosystem structure, composition and Biotic High bioidversity; abundance of environmental/living beneficial organisms/functions function space function • Reduce the information overload Climate- High levels of carbon stocks/low (oversimplify!) regulative/storage levels greenhouse gas emissions function • Document large scale patterns Hydrologic function Water availability/reduced flood risks • Help determine appropriate actions: early warning and corrective measures Waste/pollution High yields/incomes; good human control function health Realizing the neglect of soil The best indicators (Parisi et al., 2005). biodiversity • sensitivity (response vs background natural variability), • Neglect in conservation inventories • good correlation with the beneficial soil functions, • Lack of methodologies that can extract, • h l f l helpfulness i revealing ecosystem processes in li t identify and quantify diversity • comprehensibility and utility for land managers: • Soil organisms taxonomy – time- policy relevance and public acceptance consuming, monotonous, painful, IPR • Simple, cheap and easy to measure Contrasting hypotheses: most species must • Knowledge of critical limits, thresholds, be redundant versus a significant role for standards diversity 1
  • 2. 5/27/2010 Methodological challenge Forest-farmland linkages • As a single measurable soil attribute is unlikely to be correlated with soil function(s) and measurement of ‘all’ soil attributes is not practical: minimum number of indicators (minimum data set) • a single, affordable, workable soil quality index is unattainable! (Sojka and Upchurch 1999) Earthworm diversity in Himalaya Indicator taxa: an illustration from Species Colour Size Habitat Functional group cm3) Himalayan region Perionyx Dark 5.2 FYM, Vermicompost, Epigeic Indicator feature Indicator of excavata purple oak forests Drawida Light 1.9 Agriculture, pasture Endogeic-top soil Perionyx Absence in oak Fire, high intensity of litter nepalensis grey excavatus forests removal, convex slopes, poor soil Amynthas Dark 9.5 Agriculture, forests, Endogeic-anecic aggregation alexandri pink pasture Drawida Abundant Tillage, FYM input, shaded-moist shaded moist Metaphire Dark 6.2 Agriculture, forests Endogeic-top soil nepalensis microsites in rainfed agroforestry anomala red and pasture systems Metaphire Dark 5.7 Agriculture, forests Endogeic-top soil Metaphire Abundant Irrigated paddy systems on clayey birmanica brown and pasture anomala soils Octochaetona Light 3.1 Agriculture Endogeic-top soil beatrix pink Collembola with Abundant Low intensity of leaf litter removal Lennogaster Light 0.4 FYM Epigeic long antennae in forests sp. brown covered with Eisenia fetida Dark 1.6 Vermicompost Epigeic dense bristles red Cultivated legume diversity in central Himalaya Scientific name Local name Altitudinal range Nodule Rhizobium- cross inoculation (mg) Cajanus cajan Tor 500-1650 m 37 Isolate V. mungo V. V. V. Glycine max Safed Bhatt 700-1700 m 19 from/Nodul radiata unguiculata angularis Glycine max Black Bhatt 1000-1500 m 16 ation in Macrotyloma uniflorum Gehet 500-2000 m 12 V. mungo Yes No Yes No Phaseolus vulgaris Rajma 1500 2500 1500-2500 m 12 Vigna angularis Rains 1000-2250 m 11 V. radiata No Yes Yes No Vigna mungo Urd 500-1750 m 31 V. Yes Yes Yes No Vigna unguiculata Sontha 500-1750 m 10 unguiculata Lens culinaris Masoor 500-1500 m 9 Pisum arvense Kong 2200-2650 m 5 V. angularis No No No Yes Pisum sativum Matar 500-2650 m 8 Vicia faba Shiv Chana 500-1500 m 9 2
  • 3. 5/27/2010 2500 Roots Aboveground residues Seeds Nodulation behaviour Pisum sativum Phaseolus vulgaris 2000 200 200 Number of nodules Number of nodules 30 d 150 30 60 90 60 d 150 B io m as s (g /m 2 ) 90 d 100 100 50 50 1500 0 0 RA IA PF OF DF RA BF DF RA CF RA IA PF OF DF RA BF DF RA CF 1000 m 2250 m 2800 m 1000 m 2250 m 2800 m 1000 Glycine m ax Glycine soja Number of nodules Number of nodules 200 200 30 60 90 150 150 30 60 90 500 100 100 50 50 0 0 RA IA PF OF DF RA BF DF RA CF RA IA PF OF DF RA BF DF RA CF 0 1000 m 2250 m 2800 m 1000 m 2250 m 2800 m C.caj V.mun V. ang G.max G.sp V.ung M.uni E.cor Soil quality index Soil organic matter • Selection: soil properties/indicators constituting • a primary indicator of soil quality and the minimum data set • Transformation: bringing all indicators to a health for both scientists and farmers common measurement scale • the best surrogate for soil health • Synthesis: combining the indicator scores into the index • L bil / ti l t / i bi l/t t l Labile/particulate/microbial/total • Statistical tools to avoid disciplinary biases in • soil microbial carbon : total organic carbon expert opinion based approaches (Bachmann and Kinzel, 1992; Doran and Parkin, 1996). ratio • QBX index, soil microbiological degradation • Carbon management index index (MDI),general index of soil quality (GISQ) • Soil depth 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-50 cm 50-100 cm Mean Soil organic carbon stock S o il o rg a n ic c a rb o n (% ) • Cm = Cn * B * T * I 2.8 Cm, the amount of soil carbon some time after land use change Cn, the amount of soil carbon under the original native vegetation 2.4 B, base factor, with values varying from 0.5 to 1.1 depending on 2 environmental factors and the type of agricultural activities - the lowest values referring to long term cultivated aquic soils or 1.6 degraded land in the tropics and the highest values to improved c pasture and rice paddies 1.2 T, tillage factor - higher values (1.1) for no tillage and lower values for full tillage (0.9-1.0) 0.8 I, input factor accounting for different levels of input from different residue management systems: 0.8 for shortened fallow under 0.4 shifting cultivation to 1.2 for high input systems, such as those receiving regular fertilizer additions. 0 RA HG PF OF 3
  • 4. 5/27/2010 Land use differentiation in village landscape Agricultural land use intensification Oak forests Pine forests Rainfed agriculture Homegarden Dominant tree Quercus Pinus Grewia Grewia Relative area (%) 14 74 11 1 • Population growth, market demand, Tree density (ind/ha) 578 503 107 501 market risks, loss/gain in biodiversity and Irrigation No No No Yes Tillage No No Less More frequent ecosystem functions frequent Manure (t/ha/year) Nil Nil 18 38 • Increase in productivity-lack of agricultural p y g Leaf litter removal 50-70% 80-90% Nil Nil land use expansion-increase in Woody litter removal Lopping 80-90% 20-60% 80-90% 80-90% Nil 80-90% Nil Low intensity external/modern inputs-decrease in inputs canopy removal canopy removal canopy removal removal all through the year during during during but increase or no change in outputs- winter winter winter Grazing 1001 LU 513 LU 637 LU Nil susbstitution of labour, capital or days/ha/yr days/ha/yr days/ha/yr technology for land Fire Nil Yes Nil Nil Net primary productivity 12.8 10.9 8.1 10.2 (t/ha/yr) Annual biomass removal/NPP 53.1 64.2 85.7 84.1 3.5 Methodological puzzles and 3 challenges 2.5 • sample soil from similar depths in different land uses and 2 express SOC as t carbon/ha using bulk density values. 1.5 HG • measure bulk density first and then calculate the DC A axis 2 1 RA sampling depths in different land uses to obtain the 0.5 PF same mass • Selection of soil attributes 0 OF -2 -1 • Sampling design and intensity -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 • Cordyceps sinensis (ascomycetes growing on -1 caterpillars) -1.5 • Application of biodiversity science to the benefit of the -2 society DCA axis 1 Carbon management index, CMI, Change/impact studies (Blair et al. 1995) • an indicator of the rate of change of SOM in response to land management changes, relative to a more stable • repeated measurements on a single site reference soil: • Carbon pool index (CPI) = Total C of a given land • paired sites use/Total C of the reference land use • chronosequences where neighbouring • Lability index (LI) = [Labile carbon content of a given land use/Non-labile carbon content of a given land use] * sites experienced l d use change at it i d land h t [Labile carbon content of the reference land use/Non- different times in the past labile carbon content of the reference land use] • Carbon management index (CMI) = CPI * LI * 100 (Murty et al., 2002). • Landscape CMI: sum of the products of multiplication of the CMI values of different land uses in a landscape and their relative areas (%) Collard and Zammit (2006) 4
  • 5. 5/27/2010 Choosing from the basket of Soil microbiological degradation enzymes index (MDI) • Three enzymes viz., phosphomonoesterase, chitinase and phenol oxidase, as a group reflect relative importance of bacteria and fungi, • the sum of the normalized and weighted as well as the nature of organic matter complex (Giai and Boerner, 2007). values of the most important parameter • Phosphomonoesterase (acid phosphatase) activity is often correlated with microbial biomass (Clarholm, 1993; Kandeler and Eder, 1993), fungal hyphal length (Haussling and Marschner, 1989) and nitrogen mineralization (D k et al., 1999) d it i li ti (Decker t l 1999). • Chitinase is a bacterial enzyme which converts chitininto carbohydrates and inorganic nitrogen (Hanzlikova and Jandera, 1993). • Phenol oxidase is produced primarily by white rot fungi, and is specific for highly recalcitrant organic matter, such as lignin (Carlisle and Watkinson, 1994). General indicator of soil quality QBX index(Parisi et al. (2000) (GISQ) (Velasquez et al., 2007). • PCA analysis of the variables (50) allowing • values based on evaluation of microarthropods’ level of adaptation to the soil environment life rather than the species richness/diversity: testing of the significance of their variation Reduction or loss of pigmentation and visual apparatus, streamlined among land use types; body form, with reduced and more compact appendages, reduction or loss of flying, jumping or running adaptations and reduced water • identification of the variables that best retention capacity (e.g., by having thinner cuticle and lack of differentiate the sites according to the soil g hydrophobic compounds) are some of the adaptations of microarthropods to soil environment (Parisi, 1974) (Parisi 1974). quality; • the morphotypes varying in terms of their degree of adaptation to • creation of sub-indicators of soil physical quality, soil quantified as eco-morphological score: eu-edaphic (i.e., deep soil-living) forms get a score of 20, epi-edaphic forms (surface living chemical fertility, organic matter, morphology forms) of 1 and Groups like Protura and Diplura have a single value and soil macrofauna, with values ranging from of 20, because all species belonging to these groups show a similar 0.1 to 1.0; level of adaptation to soil (Parisi et al., 2005). • combination of all five subindicators into a general one. Vegetation attributes as a Indicator species/taxa surrogate to the soil quality • environmental parameters which are expected to regulate soil fauna • Reflect abiotic state of the environment composition, e.g., climate, soil and vegetation characteristics • measures inherent to soil fauna community itself, such as higher taxon richness, indicator taxa and maximum dominance. • Reveal evidence of impacts or • only 34-60% of the variance in soil animal richness explained by environmental variables; Coefficient of variation of soil animal richness environmental changes between replicate samples as as high as 60% indicating a high degree of independence of richness from environmental conditions Ekschmitt et al. • I di t di Indicate diversity of other species, t it f th i taxa or (2003) • outcome of significant influence of autogeneous dynamics of the population communities (Lawton and Gaston 2001) under consideration, interaction of this population with predators, parasites and competitors and by presently indiscernible past conditions (Salt and Hollick, 1946). • Focal species, umbrella species, flagship • positive correlations between species richness of all termites and mean canopy height, woody plant basal area, ratio of plant richness to plant species, guilds functional types, while there was no significant correlation between individual plant and termite species (Gillison et al. 2003). 5
  • 6. 5/27/2010 Soil fertility, land quality and farm level environmental indicators • Land quality indicators represent generic directives for the functional role of land, indicating condition and capacity of land, including its soil, weather and biological properties, for purposes of production, conservation and environmental management (Pieri et al., 2000). • (i) measurable in space, i.e., over the landscape and in all countries (ii) reflect change over recognizable time periods (5-10 years) (iii) showing relationships with independent variables (iv) quantifiable and usually dimensionless (v) cost effectiveness and precison of its measurement and availability of an interpretative framework to translate it in terms of identifying sustainable management practices (Sparling et al., 2004). • (i) the yield gap indicator - a measure of the difference between yields under optimum management conditions and actual yields of the ‘most suitable crop’ (Monteith, 1990) (ii) soil nutrient balance indicator - measure of the rate with which soil fertility changes - net differences between nutrient inputs and outputs (Stoorvogel and Smaling, 1990). • Control indicators (those based on farmers’ management practices) and state indicators (those based on recordings of consequences for the farming system) (Halberg 1998) 6