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Using Luxembourg in
international structures

Kiev - December 2012
BDO Luxembourg – Philippe PONSARD
General considerations
Luxembourg : General considerations


Central position in the heart of Europe



Top level financial center



2nd in the World for domiciled funds
(behind the United States)



Multi-cultural and expert workforce



Highly qualitative infrastructure and
good logistical network



Supportive and welcoming authorities



Favorable tax environment



Economic, social and political stability
ensuring a secure legal and tax
framework
Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 3
International players with operations in Luxembourg

Page 4
Luxembourg fund industry at a glance
 3 705 Investment funds

 13 030 fund units
 € 2,208 billion in Assets under Management
 More than 46 000 distribution agreements for Luxembourg

UCITS
Figures as at February 28, 2011 – Sources: ALFI / CSSF / LuxembourgforFinance
Luxembourg investment funds :a unique brand
Luxembourg market share of foreign funds registered for
sale

Sweden 75%
Germany 70%
South Korea 100%

Switzerland 73%
France 72%

Japan 62%
Taiwan 76%
Bahrain 81%

Hong Kong 78%

Peru 93%
Singapore 74%

Chile 79%

Sources: LuxembourgforFinance
Luxembourg : a favorable tax environment


No withholding tax on royalties, interest & liquidation proceeds



No withholding tax on dividends paid to tax treaty corporation if 10%
shareholding or acquisition price > € 1.2m. and 12 months holding period



Maximum withholding tax on dividends : 15%



Participation exemption : total exemption for dividends and capital gains
income if 10% shareholding or acquisition price of € 1.2 m. for dividends / €
6m. for capital gains and 12 months holding period



An 80% exemption for net income deriving from certain IP rights and capital
gains realized on the sale of IP



No or minor taxation upon exit or refinancing strategy



No CFC rules



Access to EU Directives (Parents/Subsidiary, Interest/Royalties, and Merger
Directives)



64 double tax treaties (latest treaties : Hong Kong, Bahrain, Qatar, ...)



Lowest VAT rate in the European Union (standard rate : 15%)



Ruling practice and stable law environment
Page 7
Luxembourg DDT network
01. Austria
11. Finland
21. Italy
35. Portugal
44. Sweden
59. Cyprus
72. Serbia

02. Azerbaijan
12. France
24. Latvia
36. Romania
45. Switzerland
61. Albania
74. Armenia

03. Belgium
13. Germany
25. Lithuania
37. Russia
49. Turkey
62. Kazakhstan
75. Ukraine

05. Bulgaria
14. Greece
27. Malta
38. San Marino
50. UK
64. Kyrgyzstan

17

Brazil
Canada
Mexico
Trinidad & Tobago
United States

9
32
3
40
45
1
57

51

38
72

60. Argentina
68. Barbados

44
33

6

04.
06.
29.
47.
51.

08. Czech Rep.
16. Hungary
32. Netherlands
40. Slovakia
52. Uzbekistan
66. Liechtenstein

19

12
35
31

43

34
8
75
16
41 36

66

69

21

14

5

62
55

49 74

30
52

2

23

7
70
73
63

67

68
47

64

48 27

61

29

56

54

15
46

58

53

71

26
39

65

Double tax treaties in force
(Bahrain, UAE, Qatar)
Double tax treaties pending
(Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Syria)

59
20

4
28

No double tax treaty

10. Estonia
19. Ireland
34. Poland
43. Spain
57. Moldavia
69. Monaco

37

11 10
24
25

13

50

09. Denmark
17. Iceland
33. Norway
41. Slovenia
55. Georgia
67. Macedonia

42
60

Sources: LuxembourgforFinance

18

22

20.
28.
31.
56.
42.
48.
54.
58.
71.

Israel
Mauritius
Morocco
U.A.E.
South Africa
Tunisia
India
Bahrain
Qatar

63.
65.
70.
73.

Kuwait
Lebanon
Pakistan
Syria
Tax treaty

No tax treaty currently in force with Ukraine
Treaty voted in Luxembourg in 2001

Page 9
Typical structures
Typical Structures:
Private wealth management company (SPF)
Investments in securities
Indiv or HoldCo
•
Capital

Lux SPF

Dividends,
interest, etc

Securities of any
kind

Page 11

•

Not subject to any tax in Luxembourg (only
registration duty of 0,25% of the share capital)

•

Dividends

Directly or indirectly (through patrimonial vehicle)
held by a limited number of private shareholders

No withholding tax on dividends paid without
condition

•

Does not enjoy the benefits of the EU Directives
or DTTs

•

Cannot grant remunarated loans
Typical Structures: Holding (SOPARFI)
EU or non-EU Subsidiaries
HoldCo
(DTT country)

No withholding tax on dividends paid to tax treaty
parent company if :
- 10% ownership or acquisition price of EUR 1.2m
- 12 month holding period

•

Capital

•

Full exemption on incoming dividends and capital
gains (participation exemption regime) if
- 10% ownership or acquisition price > € 1.2m
(dividends)/ € 6m (capital gains)
- 12 month holding period
- If EU subsidiary subject to tax or non EU sub.
taxed at an effective rate > 10,5%

•

In general, no or low foreign withholding tax on
incoming dividends from EU/ non-EU subsidiaries
pursuant to EU Directive and tax treaties

Dividends

LuxCo

Capital

Dividends

EU / non-EU

Page 12
Financing Luxembourg entities

Typical Structures: Holding & Financing
Optimization through use of hybrid Instruments
Tracking
hybrid
loans

ParentCo

Capital

Dividends

LuxCo

Loan

Capital

Dividends

Foreign Subs

Page 13

Description:
• Parent funds LuxCo with an hybrid instrument
• Hybrid instrument is equity for Parent tax purposes
and debt for LuxCo tax purposes
• LuxCo uses proceeds to fund subs or to acquire assets
Benefits:
• Income on hybrid loan treated as tax deductible
interest expense at level of LuxCo
• Only taxation of small spread at the level of LuxCo
(subject to confirmation of the Luxembourg tax
authorities based on TP study)
• No withholding tax from LuxCo to Parent
• Certainty through tax clearance
Financing Luxembourg entities

Typical Structures: Hybrid instruments
Debt qualification in Luxembourg
Debt qualification in Luxembourg if :

LuxCo

Assets
Assets
Assets

Page 14

Interest /
dividend

Variable interest based on profits before tax

•

No stapling provision
No entitlement to voting rights

•

Preferably not convertible into shares

•

Capital

(Low) Interest rate accruing even in case of
losses

•

Hybrid
instrument

•
•

Foreign Entity

No entitlement to participation in liquidation
proceeds or hidden reserves,

•

Short term (i.e. <49 years)

•

Ranking prior to capital

No single factor is decisive. A comprehensive
analysis is required. Tax agreement needed to
secure tax treatment in Luxembourg
Financing Luxembourg entities

Typical Structures: Hybrid instruments
Debt qualification in Luxembourg
Tested Hybrid Instruments (treated as debt for
Luxembourg tax purposes) :

Foreign Entity
Hybrid
instrument

Interest /
dividend

LuxCo

•

Profit Participating Loan (“PPL”) / Asset linked
note (“ALN”)
Used to repatriate income to an investment fund (real estate
investment fund, private equity fund, …), a private holding
company, …

•
•

Convertible Loan Note (“CLN”)
Preferred Equity Certificates (“PEC") or
Convertible Preferred Equity Certificates
(“CPEC”)
Treated as debt in commercial balance sheet. Used mainly
to repatriate income to the USA

Assets
Assets
Assets

Page 15

•

Mandatory Redeemable Preference Shares
(“MRPS”)
Treated as capital in commercial balance sheet but debt for
tax purposes. Allows to show a strong balance sheet
(important when third party funding is required). Tried and
tested with Canada and Sweden.
Typical Structures: Hybrid instruments
Convertible Preferred Equity Certificates

ForeignCo

CPEC

Capital

Dividends

LuxCo

Loan

Capital

Op COs

Page 16

Dividends

Background:
• Yield under CPEC linked to profitability of underlying
investments. Very low taxable margin in Luxembourg.
• Conversion feature allowing increase in the fair value of the
instrument if appreciation of underlying investments
• CPEC treated as equity in US / debt for Luxembourg tax
purposes

Benefits:
• Tax deduction in Luxembourg as interest accrue (no
obligation to pay the yield before exit)
• No Lux WHT on interest payments
• Exit strategy :
- no conversion but buy-back at the greater of FMV (of the
shares at the time of the conversion) or principal amount
- offset of taxable gain on investment by loss from buyback of instrument
- No Luxembourg WHT
• Not subject to US tax until repatriation
• Debt push down to OpCos without incurring US taxable
income
Typical Structures: Hybrid instruments
Mandatory Redeemable Preference Shares
Main characteristics:

ForeignCo
MRPS

Dividends

LuxCo

Loan

Capital

Dividends

Foreign Subs

• Shares from legal perspective (debt for Lux. tax).
Dividend distribution decided by AGM
• No (or very limited) voting rights
• Mandatory redemption at end of a fixed term (max. 10
years)
• Redeemable at option of issuer at any time
• Preferential right to reimbursement at maturity
• Fixed and/or variable preferred cumulative dividend
• No participation in net profits realized by the company in
liquidation but participation in liquidation gain of
determined activity or asset possible

• MRPS may not represent more than half of share capital
(share premium excluded). Ratio of 50/50 constitutes a
legal requirement (voting shares/non voting shares) but
most part of the MRPS financing can be made by an
increase of the share premium account

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 17
Typical Structures: Financing activity
Intragroup financing activity – Transfer Pricing Circulars
Parent Co

Loan

Third Party

Capital

LuxCo

Loan

Capital

Subsidiary

Page 18

Loan

Background:
• Conditions to be met in order to obtain a binding
APA from the Luxembourg tax authorities
• APA obtained before 28.01.2011 were valid until
01.01.2012
Considerations :
• Equity at risk : lesser of 1% or EUR 2 mio
• Level of substance in Luxembourg
• TP study in line with the OECD guidelines (not
mandatory but the Luxembourg tax authorities
may challenge the remuneration earned by the
taxpayer in absence of such documentation)
Typical Structures: Financing activity
Bonds issued through Luxembourg
Dutch Stichting

Bond

Investors

Loan

LuxCo
Interest

No withholding tax on interest paid by LuxCo
If orphan structure : not subject to Luxembourg TP rules

Page 19

Interest

Beneficiary
Company
Other repatriation technique
Repatriation through share buy-backs
Luxembourg tax consideration:
• Redemption of entire class of shares followed by
cancelation is not subject to withholding tax
• Disposal by non residents of important (10%)
shareholding in a LuxCo more than 6 months after
acquisition is not taxable

ParentCo
Up to 10
classes of
shares

Other considerations:

LuxCo
Capital

Op CO

Op CO

Op CO

Op CO

• Max 10 classes of shares
• Classes of shares should not track the yearly
income
• Fair market value of shares depends on all assets
and liabilities of LuxCo (no segregation of assets to
determine the value of a specific class of shares)
• Specific remuneration attached to a class of shares
• Issue of classes of shares should be provided in the
by-laws
• Capital gain tax treatment at the level of the
shareholder to be considered

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 20
Increase / Transfer of activities to Luxembourg
Migration & Step-up in value
Background
• Existing Company re-domiciles to
Luxembourg

ForeignCo

LuxCo

Foreign Subs

Foreign Subs

Benefits
• Access to EU Directives, extensive tax
planning opportunities, …
• Opening tax balance sheet
- Reserves and profit brought forward :
treated as capital for tax purposes
- Step-up of assets/liabilities :
reevaluation reserve treated as capital
for tax purposes
- Possibility to activate a goodwill
Amortization of goodwill will reduce
future taxable income

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 21
Increase / Transfer of activities to Luxembourg
Tax intangible asset amortisation
Foreign
Country

Group Co
“business
opportunity”

100 %

LuxCo

Luxembourg

Background
• Intangible assets can be recognized in case
transfer of business/support from Group company
to Luxembourg (know-how, clientele,…)
Benefit
• Only recognized and amortized in tax balance
sheet
• Annual depreciation is tax-deductible and reduce
corporate tax basis
Considerations
• Potential recognition of deferred tax asset
consolidated account
• Net wealth tax applies on intangible assets
• Tax agreement needed to secure tax benefits

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 22
Luxembourg IP Box
Application
• 80% exemption of net positive income received
in consideration for use of, or right to use any
qualifying IP
• 80% exemption of capital gain on the disposal of
qualifying IP
• Effective CIT rate : 5.76%
• 100% net wealth tax exemption

ParentCo

LuxCo
IP

Domain
name

Patent
Design &
model

Trade
mark

Software
copyright

Considerations
• Only for creation or acquisition of the IP after
31.12.07
• Anti-abuse rules (for acquisition of IP from
related company)
• Recapture rules at the time of the disposal of
the IP (when costs have been fully deducted)
Gaming industry takes advantage of the regime
(Innova, Kabam, Nexon, Onlive, ...)

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 23
Luxembourg Securitization vehicle

Unrestricted
investor

Luxembourg SV

Securitised
assets

If non tax transparent (SCA, SA, Sàrl):
• Subject to corporate income tax and trade tax
• But payments (or commitment to pay) to investors are
always deductible even if under Company Law, they take
the form of dividend distributions. Hence:
• No withholding tax on dividends distributed by SV
• Any payment (or commitment to pay) is deductible
from the tax basis
• Exempt from net wealth tax
• Resident for tax treaty purposes (Luxembourg position)
• No withholding tax on dividend from LuxCo to SV
If tax transparent (Securitization Fund) :
• SV considered not to carry out a commercial activity in
Luxembourg : non resident partners not taxable in
Luxembourg
• No withholding tax on distributions

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 24
Real estate investment in Europe
Through Luxembourg vehicles

PPL / MRPS
/ CPEC

ParentCo /
Investment vehicle
Capital

Interest /
dividends

LuxCo
Loan

Loan

Local SPV

Loan

Loan

LuxCo

Lux PropCo

Lux PropCo

French SCI
/SAS
Country X
Germany

UK

France
Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
Page 25
America
Real estate investment in Europe
Through Luxembourg vehicles
•

Investing in French real estate through a French SCI /SAS owned by a
Luxembourg LuxCo : in case of sale of French SCI / SAS by LuxCo, capital
gain should neither be taxable in France nor in Luxembourg*

•

Investing in German real estate through a Luxembourg company:
possibility to avoid trade tax on rental income and capital gain (in case of
direct sale of property)

•

Investing in UK real estate through a Luxembourg company : no capital
gain tax on the sale of the property

•

Investing in other countries through a SPV owned by a Luxembourg
company : possibility to finance the SPV with a shareholder loan.
Possibility to sell the SPV (in general, the tax treaty gives the right to tax
to Luxembourg)
*Tax treaty between Luxembourg and France may change in the coming months

Page 26
Luxembourg – a leading European real estate hub
Aberdeen
AM

Heitman

Hines

Tishman
Speyer

UBS

AMB

Goodman

ING

SEB AM

(…)

Amundi AM

Franklin
Templeton

JP Morgan
AM

Schroders

Axa REIM

First State

LaSalle IM

Prologis

Aviva
Investors

Fidelity

MGPA

Pramerica

BlackRock

CBRE
Investors

Morgan
Stanley

Pacific
Star

Source : Luxembourg For Finance

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 27
Available investment fund structures
Deposita
ry Bank

CSSF

Regulati
on &
Safety

Auditor

Asset Class: Strictly
limited

Asset Class:
limited

Regulation

UCITS
Part I

SICAR

UCI
Part II

SIF
SOPARFI

All type of Asset
Class

Source : Luxembourg For Finance

Asset Class:
VC & PE

SV
Flexibility
Private equity investments in Europe
Through a Luxembourg SICAR, a SIF or a Soparfi

Managers

Investors

Advisors
Bonds / convertible
bonds

SICAR / SIF / Sop
Luxembourg SCA

GP LuxCo
Management fees
/ carried interest

LuxCo 1

LuxCo 2

LuxCo 3

LuxCo 4

NewCo

NewCo

NewCo

NewCo

Country X

France

Germany

Poland

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 29

Advisory
fees
Private equity investments in Europe
Tax regime of Luxembourg SICAR
Qualified
investor

Luxembourg
SICAR

Lux SPV

NewCo

If non tax transparent (SCA, SA, Sàrl):
• Subject to corporate income tax and trade tax
• But exemption for all income and capital gains deriving
from
• Investments in transferable securities
• Temporary cash investment pending their investment in
risk capital
• No withholding tax on dividends distributed by SICAR
• Exempt from net wealth tax
• Considered by Luxembourg as a resident for tax treaty
purposes
• No withholding tax on dividend from LuxCo to SICAR
If tax transparent (SCS) :
• SICAR considered not to carry out a commercial activity in
Luxembourg : non resident partners are not taxable in
Luxembourg
• No withholding tax on distributions

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 30
Private equity investments in Europe
Luxembourg Specialized Investment Fund (SIF)
Qualified
investor

Luxembourg
SIF
Loan

Lux SPV

NewCo

Page 31

Main tax aspects :
• Not subject to corporate income tax and trade tax
• Subscription tax: 0.01% instead of 0.05% for normal
funds
• No withholding tax on dividends distributed by SIF
• Exempt from net wealth tax
• 15 % WHT on dividend from LuxCo to SIF but no WHT on
interest payments
Main regulatory aspects :
• Minimum share capital of €1.25m
• Custodian Bank/Auditors required
• Possible forms: SICAV, SICAF or FCP
• Risk spreading requirements
Luxembourg – a leading European private equity hub
3i

Fortress

Goldman Sachs

TPG

Unicapital

American
Capital

CVC

Investcorp

PAI Partners

Warburg Pincus

Apax Partners

Coller Capital

JP Morgan

Oaktree Capital

(…)

Bain Capital

Cinven

KKR

LGT Capital
Partners

BC Partners

Carlyle Group

Kreditanstalt für
Wiederaufbau
(KfW)

Lazard
Source : Luxembourg For Finance

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 32
Luxembourg – a leading European “regulated”
hedge funds hub
Aberdeen AM

Goldman
Sachs

HSBC

Pioneer
Investments

Transtrend

Alliance
Bernstein

GLG

ING

Permal

UBS

BlackRock

Fidelity

Invesco

Morgan
Stanley

(…)

BlueBay Asset
Management

Deutsche
Bank

JP Morgan

MAN

Crédit
Agricole

Crédit Suisse

LCF
Rothschild

Lyxor
Source : Luxembourg For Finance

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 33
Appendix
Luxembourg investment vehicles:
comparative table

Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North
America

Page 34
Luxembourg investment vehicles
UCITS

Corporate (SA,
SCA, SARL,
SCOSA) or
transparent
SCS

(SA, SCA,
SARL, SCOSA)

FCP

FCP

SICAR

SICAV (SA)
SICAV (SA)

SICAF (SA,
SCA, SARL)

SIF

SV

SICAV/F

Entity type

UCIs

Corporate
(SA, SCA,
SARL,
SCOSA)

FCP
Other
(fiduciary)

Fund (FCP or
on a fiduciary
basis)

SPF

SOPARFI

Corporate
(SA, SCA,
SARL,
SCOSA)

Corporate
(SA, SCA,
SARL,
SCOSA,
European
company)

Minimum capital /
net assets
requirements (in
EUR)

€1,250,000
(within 6
months of the
approval)

€1,250,000
(within 6
months of the
approval)

€1,000,000
(within 12
months of the
approval)

€1,250,000
(within 12
months of the
approval)

SA/SCA

SA/SCA

SA/SCA

€31,000

€31,000

€31,000

SARL

SARL

SARL

€12,500

€12,500

€12,500

Capital (fixed /
variable)

Variable

Fixed or
variable

Fixed or
variable

Fixed or
variable

Fixed for sec.
companies

Fixed

Fixed

Segregated subfunds

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No restriction

No restriction
(except for
interim
distributions
and for SICAF)

No restriction
for funds
(except for
corporate)

Yes

Yes

Distribution of
dividends : any
restriction (except
compliance with the
min cap / NAV
requirement)

Page 35

No restriction

No restriction

Source : Luxembourg For Finance
Luxembourg investment vehicles
UCITS

UCIs

SICAR

Tax regime on
ordinary income,
capital gains, etc..

Fully exempt

Fully exempt

Fully taxable
but exempt on
qualifying
securities and
transit funds

Is tax transparent
form available?

Yes

Yes

Yes

SIF

SV

SPF

SOPARFI

Fully exempt

Fully taxable
but
commitments
paid to
investors are
deductible

Fully exempt
under
conditions

Fully taxable
but benefits
from large
exemption,
tax credit and
tax incentive

Yes

Yes

No

No

Any WHT on
dividends to
investors?

No

No

No

No

No

No

No if eligible
DTT
corporate
investors

Treaty / EU
Directives
access?

No, except for
SICAV/F (50%
DTT access)

No, except for
SICAV/F (50%
DTT access)

Yes (case by
case)

No, except for
SICAV/F (50%
DTT access)

Yes (case by
case)

No

Yes

Other tax
considerations?

Small annual
subscription tax
on the NAV
(0,05% max) with
exemptions /
reductions
available

Small annual
subscription tax
on the NAV
(0,05% max) with
exemptions /
reductions
available

N/A

Subscription
tax of 0,25%
on the capital,
SP, and debt
> 8 times SC
and SP with a
max of
125.000 per
year

Net worth tax
of 0,5% per
year with
exemption
available

Page 36

N/A

Source : Luxembourg For Finance

Small annual
subscription
tax on the
NAV (0,01%
max) with
exemptions
available
Luxembourg investment vehicles
UCITS

Eligible investors

Unrestricted

Eligible assets /
strategies

Restrictions

Offer of securities
to investors

Pag e 37

UCIs

SICAR

Unrestricted

well informed

Transferrable
securities and / or
other liquid
financial assets

Unrestricted

All types of PE / VC
(including RE PE)
and temporary
investments in
other assets

Borrowing and
high
diversification

Risk
diversification
requirements (in
principle,
investment < 20%
NAV)

Subject to CSSF
approval

Subject to CSSF
approval

Qualifying
investments

Subject to CSSF
approval

Source : Luxembourg For Finance

SIF

SV

SPF

SOPARFI

well informed

Unrestricted

Individual,
private estate
management
entities or
intermediary

Unrestricted

Unrestricted

Securitization
of risks linked
to any type of
assets or 1/3
party
obligations

Private
financial assets

Unrestricted

No active
management of
assets

No controlling
activity over
investments

No

Unrestricted if
non regulated

Not subject to
CSSF approval

Not subject to
CSSF approval

Risk
diversification
requirement
(30% NAV)

Subject to
CSSF approval
(with a
possibility to
launch before
approval)
Luxembourg investment vehicles
UCITS

UCIs

SICAR

SIF

SV

SPF

SOPARFI

Promoter (financial
institutions with
sufficient financial
means)

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

N/A

N/A

Investment manager
(experience and
reputation)

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

N/A

N/A

Directors / managers
(experience and
reputation)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N/A if non reg

N/A

N/A

Offering documents

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N/A if non reg

N/A

N/A

AOA or Man Reg

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N/A if non reg

N/A

N/A

Independent Auditor

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N/A if non reg

N/A

N/A

Custodian

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N/A if non reg

N/A

N/A

Central
administration in
Lux

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N/A if non reg

N/A

N/A

Page 38

Source : Luxembourg For Finance
BDO Luxembourg
BDO Luxembourg : a one-stop shop
International tax advice
(corporate, VAT, individual income tax, …)

+
Setting-up and administration of all types of investment
vehicles through our specialized subsidiaries
(CF Corporate Services and CF Fund Services)
CF Corporate Services:
“all-in” package
• Incorporation of companies, including contacts with banks
and notaries
• Provision of registered office
• Directorship mandates
• Bookkeeping, legal formalities, secretarial
• Tax compliance
• Statutory auditor
Philippe PONSARD

LUXEMBOURG

Partner CF Corporate Services
Experience
Philippe joined BDO in 1999.
He is one of the four partners of CF Corporate Services, the legal entity of BDO Luxembourg
specialised in financial engineering and domiciliation and administration of companies.
He is in charge of a portfolio of 200 companies and his clientele is made of entrepreneurs, HNWI,
private equity funds and large corporate groups from all over the world.

Areas of
Specialization:
Corporate and
Trust Services
Domiciliation and
administration of
Luxembourg
entities
Phone: +352 45123-357
Email:
philippe.ponsard@cfcorporate.lu

Page 42

Professional Affiliations
Member of the Ordre des Expert Comptable (Chartered Accoutants Association)
Member of the OEC Domiciliation Committee
Member of the OEC Anti Money Laundering Advisory Committee

Education
Ingénieur commercial, I.A.G., U.C.L., Belgium

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Using luxembourg in international structures

  • 1. Using Luxembourg in international structures Kiev - December 2012 BDO Luxembourg – Philippe PONSARD
  • 3. Luxembourg : General considerations  Central position in the heart of Europe  Top level financial center  2nd in the World for domiciled funds (behind the United States)  Multi-cultural and expert workforce  Highly qualitative infrastructure and good logistical network  Supportive and welcoming authorities  Favorable tax environment  Economic, social and political stability ensuring a secure legal and tax framework Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 3
  • 4. International players with operations in Luxembourg Page 4
  • 5. Luxembourg fund industry at a glance  3 705 Investment funds  13 030 fund units  € 2,208 billion in Assets under Management  More than 46 000 distribution agreements for Luxembourg UCITS Figures as at February 28, 2011 – Sources: ALFI / CSSF / LuxembourgforFinance
  • 6. Luxembourg investment funds :a unique brand Luxembourg market share of foreign funds registered for sale Sweden 75% Germany 70% South Korea 100% Switzerland 73% France 72% Japan 62% Taiwan 76% Bahrain 81% Hong Kong 78% Peru 93% Singapore 74% Chile 79% Sources: LuxembourgforFinance
  • 7. Luxembourg : a favorable tax environment  No withholding tax on royalties, interest & liquidation proceeds  No withholding tax on dividends paid to tax treaty corporation if 10% shareholding or acquisition price > € 1.2m. and 12 months holding period  Maximum withholding tax on dividends : 15%  Participation exemption : total exemption for dividends and capital gains income if 10% shareholding or acquisition price of € 1.2 m. for dividends / € 6m. for capital gains and 12 months holding period  An 80% exemption for net income deriving from certain IP rights and capital gains realized on the sale of IP  No or minor taxation upon exit or refinancing strategy  No CFC rules  Access to EU Directives (Parents/Subsidiary, Interest/Royalties, and Merger Directives)  64 double tax treaties (latest treaties : Hong Kong, Bahrain, Qatar, ...)  Lowest VAT rate in the European Union (standard rate : 15%)  Ruling practice and stable law environment Page 7
  • 8. Luxembourg DDT network 01. Austria 11. Finland 21. Italy 35. Portugal 44. Sweden 59. Cyprus 72. Serbia 02. Azerbaijan 12. France 24. Latvia 36. Romania 45. Switzerland 61. Albania 74. Armenia 03. Belgium 13. Germany 25. Lithuania 37. Russia 49. Turkey 62. Kazakhstan 75. Ukraine 05. Bulgaria 14. Greece 27. Malta 38. San Marino 50. UK 64. Kyrgyzstan 17 Brazil Canada Mexico Trinidad & Tobago United States 9 32 3 40 45 1 57 51 38 72 60. Argentina 68. Barbados 44 33 6 04. 06. 29. 47. 51. 08. Czech Rep. 16. Hungary 32. Netherlands 40. Slovakia 52. Uzbekistan 66. Liechtenstein 19 12 35 31 43 34 8 75 16 41 36 66 69 21 14 5 62 55 49 74 30 52 2 23 7 70 73 63 67 68 47 64 48 27 61 29 56 54 15 46 58 53 71 26 39 65 Double tax treaties in force (Bahrain, UAE, Qatar) Double tax treaties pending (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Syria) 59 20 4 28 No double tax treaty 10. Estonia 19. Ireland 34. Poland 43. Spain 57. Moldavia 69. Monaco 37 11 10 24 25 13 50 09. Denmark 17. Iceland 33. Norway 41. Slovenia 55. Georgia 67. Macedonia 42 60 Sources: LuxembourgforFinance 18 22 20. 28. 31. 56. 42. 48. 54. 58. 71. Israel Mauritius Morocco U.A.E. South Africa Tunisia India Bahrain Qatar 63. 65. 70. 73. Kuwait Lebanon Pakistan Syria
  • 9. Tax treaty No tax treaty currently in force with Ukraine Treaty voted in Luxembourg in 2001 Page 9
  • 11. Typical Structures: Private wealth management company (SPF) Investments in securities Indiv or HoldCo • Capital Lux SPF Dividends, interest, etc Securities of any kind Page 11 • Not subject to any tax in Luxembourg (only registration duty of 0,25% of the share capital) • Dividends Directly or indirectly (through patrimonial vehicle) held by a limited number of private shareholders No withholding tax on dividends paid without condition • Does not enjoy the benefits of the EU Directives or DTTs • Cannot grant remunarated loans
  • 12. Typical Structures: Holding (SOPARFI) EU or non-EU Subsidiaries HoldCo (DTT country) No withholding tax on dividends paid to tax treaty parent company if : - 10% ownership or acquisition price of EUR 1.2m - 12 month holding period • Capital • Full exemption on incoming dividends and capital gains (participation exemption regime) if - 10% ownership or acquisition price > € 1.2m (dividends)/ € 6m (capital gains) - 12 month holding period - If EU subsidiary subject to tax or non EU sub. taxed at an effective rate > 10,5% • In general, no or low foreign withholding tax on incoming dividends from EU/ non-EU subsidiaries pursuant to EU Directive and tax treaties Dividends LuxCo Capital Dividends EU / non-EU Page 12
  • 13. Financing Luxembourg entities Typical Structures: Holding & Financing Optimization through use of hybrid Instruments Tracking hybrid loans ParentCo Capital Dividends LuxCo Loan Capital Dividends Foreign Subs Page 13 Description: • Parent funds LuxCo with an hybrid instrument • Hybrid instrument is equity for Parent tax purposes and debt for LuxCo tax purposes • LuxCo uses proceeds to fund subs or to acquire assets Benefits: • Income on hybrid loan treated as tax deductible interest expense at level of LuxCo • Only taxation of small spread at the level of LuxCo (subject to confirmation of the Luxembourg tax authorities based on TP study) • No withholding tax from LuxCo to Parent • Certainty through tax clearance
  • 14. Financing Luxembourg entities Typical Structures: Hybrid instruments Debt qualification in Luxembourg Debt qualification in Luxembourg if : LuxCo Assets Assets Assets Page 14 Interest / dividend Variable interest based on profits before tax • No stapling provision No entitlement to voting rights • Preferably not convertible into shares • Capital (Low) Interest rate accruing even in case of losses • Hybrid instrument • • Foreign Entity No entitlement to participation in liquidation proceeds or hidden reserves, • Short term (i.e. <49 years) • Ranking prior to capital No single factor is decisive. A comprehensive analysis is required. Tax agreement needed to secure tax treatment in Luxembourg
  • 15. Financing Luxembourg entities Typical Structures: Hybrid instruments Debt qualification in Luxembourg Tested Hybrid Instruments (treated as debt for Luxembourg tax purposes) : Foreign Entity Hybrid instrument Interest / dividend LuxCo • Profit Participating Loan (“PPL”) / Asset linked note (“ALN”) Used to repatriate income to an investment fund (real estate investment fund, private equity fund, …), a private holding company, … • • Convertible Loan Note (“CLN”) Preferred Equity Certificates (“PEC") or Convertible Preferred Equity Certificates (“CPEC”) Treated as debt in commercial balance sheet. Used mainly to repatriate income to the USA Assets Assets Assets Page 15 • Mandatory Redeemable Preference Shares (“MRPS”) Treated as capital in commercial balance sheet but debt for tax purposes. Allows to show a strong balance sheet (important when third party funding is required). Tried and tested with Canada and Sweden.
  • 16. Typical Structures: Hybrid instruments Convertible Preferred Equity Certificates ForeignCo CPEC Capital Dividends LuxCo Loan Capital Op COs Page 16 Dividends Background: • Yield under CPEC linked to profitability of underlying investments. Very low taxable margin in Luxembourg. • Conversion feature allowing increase in the fair value of the instrument if appreciation of underlying investments • CPEC treated as equity in US / debt for Luxembourg tax purposes Benefits: • Tax deduction in Luxembourg as interest accrue (no obligation to pay the yield before exit) • No Lux WHT on interest payments • Exit strategy : - no conversion but buy-back at the greater of FMV (of the shares at the time of the conversion) or principal amount - offset of taxable gain on investment by loss from buyback of instrument - No Luxembourg WHT • Not subject to US tax until repatriation • Debt push down to OpCos without incurring US taxable income
  • 17. Typical Structures: Hybrid instruments Mandatory Redeemable Preference Shares Main characteristics: ForeignCo MRPS Dividends LuxCo Loan Capital Dividends Foreign Subs • Shares from legal perspective (debt for Lux. tax). Dividend distribution decided by AGM • No (or very limited) voting rights • Mandatory redemption at end of a fixed term (max. 10 years) • Redeemable at option of issuer at any time • Preferential right to reimbursement at maturity • Fixed and/or variable preferred cumulative dividend • No participation in net profits realized by the company in liquidation but participation in liquidation gain of determined activity or asset possible • MRPS may not represent more than half of share capital (share premium excluded). Ratio of 50/50 constitutes a legal requirement (voting shares/non voting shares) but most part of the MRPS financing can be made by an increase of the share premium account Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 17
  • 18. Typical Structures: Financing activity Intragroup financing activity – Transfer Pricing Circulars Parent Co Loan Third Party Capital LuxCo Loan Capital Subsidiary Page 18 Loan Background: • Conditions to be met in order to obtain a binding APA from the Luxembourg tax authorities • APA obtained before 28.01.2011 were valid until 01.01.2012 Considerations : • Equity at risk : lesser of 1% or EUR 2 mio • Level of substance in Luxembourg • TP study in line with the OECD guidelines (not mandatory but the Luxembourg tax authorities may challenge the remuneration earned by the taxpayer in absence of such documentation)
  • 19. Typical Structures: Financing activity Bonds issued through Luxembourg Dutch Stichting Bond Investors Loan LuxCo Interest No withholding tax on interest paid by LuxCo If orphan structure : not subject to Luxembourg TP rules Page 19 Interest Beneficiary Company
  • 20. Other repatriation technique Repatriation through share buy-backs Luxembourg tax consideration: • Redemption of entire class of shares followed by cancelation is not subject to withholding tax • Disposal by non residents of important (10%) shareholding in a LuxCo more than 6 months after acquisition is not taxable ParentCo Up to 10 classes of shares Other considerations: LuxCo Capital Op CO Op CO Op CO Op CO • Max 10 classes of shares • Classes of shares should not track the yearly income • Fair market value of shares depends on all assets and liabilities of LuxCo (no segregation of assets to determine the value of a specific class of shares) • Specific remuneration attached to a class of shares • Issue of classes of shares should be provided in the by-laws • Capital gain tax treatment at the level of the shareholder to be considered Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 20
  • 21. Increase / Transfer of activities to Luxembourg Migration & Step-up in value Background • Existing Company re-domiciles to Luxembourg ForeignCo LuxCo Foreign Subs Foreign Subs Benefits • Access to EU Directives, extensive tax planning opportunities, … • Opening tax balance sheet - Reserves and profit brought forward : treated as capital for tax purposes - Step-up of assets/liabilities : reevaluation reserve treated as capital for tax purposes - Possibility to activate a goodwill Amortization of goodwill will reduce future taxable income Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 21
  • 22. Increase / Transfer of activities to Luxembourg Tax intangible asset amortisation Foreign Country Group Co “business opportunity” 100 % LuxCo Luxembourg Background • Intangible assets can be recognized in case transfer of business/support from Group company to Luxembourg (know-how, clientele,…) Benefit • Only recognized and amortized in tax balance sheet • Annual depreciation is tax-deductible and reduce corporate tax basis Considerations • Potential recognition of deferred tax asset consolidated account • Net wealth tax applies on intangible assets • Tax agreement needed to secure tax benefits Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 22
  • 23. Luxembourg IP Box Application • 80% exemption of net positive income received in consideration for use of, or right to use any qualifying IP • 80% exemption of capital gain on the disposal of qualifying IP • Effective CIT rate : 5.76% • 100% net wealth tax exemption ParentCo LuxCo IP Domain name Patent Design & model Trade mark Software copyright Considerations • Only for creation or acquisition of the IP after 31.12.07 • Anti-abuse rules (for acquisition of IP from related company) • Recapture rules at the time of the disposal of the IP (when costs have been fully deducted) Gaming industry takes advantage of the regime (Innova, Kabam, Nexon, Onlive, ...) Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 23
  • 24. Luxembourg Securitization vehicle Unrestricted investor Luxembourg SV Securitised assets If non tax transparent (SCA, SA, Sàrl): • Subject to corporate income tax and trade tax • But payments (or commitment to pay) to investors are always deductible even if under Company Law, they take the form of dividend distributions. Hence: • No withholding tax on dividends distributed by SV • Any payment (or commitment to pay) is deductible from the tax basis • Exempt from net wealth tax • Resident for tax treaty purposes (Luxembourg position) • No withholding tax on dividend from LuxCo to SV If tax transparent (Securitization Fund) : • SV considered not to carry out a commercial activity in Luxembourg : non resident partners not taxable in Luxembourg • No withholding tax on distributions Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 24
  • 25. Real estate investment in Europe Through Luxembourg vehicles PPL / MRPS / CPEC ParentCo / Investment vehicle Capital Interest / dividends LuxCo Loan Loan Local SPV Loan Loan LuxCo Lux PropCo Lux PropCo French SCI /SAS Country X Germany UK France Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North Page 25 America
  • 26. Real estate investment in Europe Through Luxembourg vehicles • Investing in French real estate through a French SCI /SAS owned by a Luxembourg LuxCo : in case of sale of French SCI / SAS by LuxCo, capital gain should neither be taxable in France nor in Luxembourg* • Investing in German real estate through a Luxembourg company: possibility to avoid trade tax on rental income and capital gain (in case of direct sale of property) • Investing in UK real estate through a Luxembourg company : no capital gain tax on the sale of the property • Investing in other countries through a SPV owned by a Luxembourg company : possibility to finance the SPV with a shareholder loan. Possibility to sell the SPV (in general, the tax treaty gives the right to tax to Luxembourg) *Tax treaty between Luxembourg and France may change in the coming months Page 26
  • 27. Luxembourg – a leading European real estate hub Aberdeen AM Heitman Hines Tishman Speyer UBS AMB Goodman ING SEB AM (…) Amundi AM Franklin Templeton JP Morgan AM Schroders Axa REIM First State LaSalle IM Prologis Aviva Investors Fidelity MGPA Pramerica BlackRock CBRE Investors Morgan Stanley Pacific Star Source : Luxembourg For Finance Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 27
  • 28. Available investment fund structures Deposita ry Bank CSSF Regulati on & Safety Auditor Asset Class: Strictly limited Asset Class: limited Regulation UCITS Part I SICAR UCI Part II SIF SOPARFI All type of Asset Class Source : Luxembourg For Finance Asset Class: VC & PE SV Flexibility
  • 29. Private equity investments in Europe Through a Luxembourg SICAR, a SIF or a Soparfi Managers Investors Advisors Bonds / convertible bonds SICAR / SIF / Sop Luxembourg SCA GP LuxCo Management fees / carried interest LuxCo 1 LuxCo 2 LuxCo 3 LuxCo 4 NewCo NewCo NewCo NewCo Country X France Germany Poland Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 29 Advisory fees
  • 30. Private equity investments in Europe Tax regime of Luxembourg SICAR Qualified investor Luxembourg SICAR Lux SPV NewCo If non tax transparent (SCA, SA, Sàrl): • Subject to corporate income tax and trade tax • But exemption for all income and capital gains deriving from • Investments in transferable securities • Temporary cash investment pending their investment in risk capital • No withholding tax on dividends distributed by SICAR • Exempt from net wealth tax • Considered by Luxembourg as a resident for tax treaty purposes • No withholding tax on dividend from LuxCo to SICAR If tax transparent (SCS) : • SICAR considered not to carry out a commercial activity in Luxembourg : non resident partners are not taxable in Luxembourg • No withholding tax on distributions Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 30
  • 31. Private equity investments in Europe Luxembourg Specialized Investment Fund (SIF) Qualified investor Luxembourg SIF Loan Lux SPV NewCo Page 31 Main tax aspects : • Not subject to corporate income tax and trade tax • Subscription tax: 0.01% instead of 0.05% for normal funds • No withholding tax on dividends distributed by SIF • Exempt from net wealth tax • 15 % WHT on dividend from LuxCo to SIF but no WHT on interest payments Main regulatory aspects : • Minimum share capital of €1.25m • Custodian Bank/Auditors required • Possible forms: SICAV, SICAF or FCP • Risk spreading requirements
  • 32. Luxembourg – a leading European private equity hub 3i Fortress Goldman Sachs TPG Unicapital American Capital CVC Investcorp PAI Partners Warburg Pincus Apax Partners Coller Capital JP Morgan Oaktree Capital (…) Bain Capital Cinven KKR LGT Capital Partners BC Partners Carlyle Group Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) Lazard Source : Luxembourg For Finance Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 32
  • 33. Luxembourg – a leading European “regulated” hedge funds hub Aberdeen AM Goldman Sachs HSBC Pioneer Investments Transtrend Alliance Bernstein GLG ING Permal UBS BlackRock Fidelity Invesco Morgan Stanley (…) BlueBay Asset Management Deutsche Bank JP Morgan MAN Crédit Agricole Crédit Suisse LCF Rothschild Lyxor Source : Luxembourg For Finance Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 33
  • 34. Appendix Luxembourg investment vehicles: comparative table Hamburg 2011 - Tax Conference - Inbound Investment into Europe from North America Page 34
  • 35. Luxembourg investment vehicles UCITS Corporate (SA, SCA, SARL, SCOSA) or transparent SCS (SA, SCA, SARL, SCOSA) FCP FCP SICAR SICAV (SA) SICAV (SA) SICAF (SA, SCA, SARL) SIF SV SICAV/F Entity type UCIs Corporate (SA, SCA, SARL, SCOSA) FCP Other (fiduciary) Fund (FCP or on a fiduciary basis) SPF SOPARFI Corporate (SA, SCA, SARL, SCOSA) Corporate (SA, SCA, SARL, SCOSA, European company) Minimum capital / net assets requirements (in EUR) €1,250,000 (within 6 months of the approval) €1,250,000 (within 6 months of the approval) €1,000,000 (within 12 months of the approval) €1,250,000 (within 12 months of the approval) SA/SCA SA/SCA SA/SCA €31,000 €31,000 €31,000 SARL SARL SARL €12,500 €12,500 €12,500 Capital (fixed / variable) Variable Fixed or variable Fixed or variable Fixed or variable Fixed for sec. companies Fixed Fixed Segregated subfunds Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No restriction No restriction (except for interim distributions and for SICAF) No restriction for funds (except for corporate) Yes Yes Distribution of dividends : any restriction (except compliance with the min cap / NAV requirement) Page 35 No restriction No restriction Source : Luxembourg For Finance
  • 36. Luxembourg investment vehicles UCITS UCIs SICAR Tax regime on ordinary income, capital gains, etc.. Fully exempt Fully exempt Fully taxable but exempt on qualifying securities and transit funds Is tax transparent form available? Yes Yes Yes SIF SV SPF SOPARFI Fully exempt Fully taxable but commitments paid to investors are deductible Fully exempt under conditions Fully taxable but benefits from large exemption, tax credit and tax incentive Yes Yes No No Any WHT on dividends to investors? No No No No No No No if eligible DTT corporate investors Treaty / EU Directives access? No, except for SICAV/F (50% DTT access) No, except for SICAV/F (50% DTT access) Yes (case by case) No, except for SICAV/F (50% DTT access) Yes (case by case) No Yes Other tax considerations? Small annual subscription tax on the NAV (0,05% max) with exemptions / reductions available Small annual subscription tax on the NAV (0,05% max) with exemptions / reductions available N/A Subscription tax of 0,25% on the capital, SP, and debt > 8 times SC and SP with a max of 125.000 per year Net worth tax of 0,5% per year with exemption available Page 36 N/A Source : Luxembourg For Finance Small annual subscription tax on the NAV (0,01% max) with exemptions available
  • 37. Luxembourg investment vehicles UCITS Eligible investors Unrestricted Eligible assets / strategies Restrictions Offer of securities to investors Pag e 37 UCIs SICAR Unrestricted well informed Transferrable securities and / or other liquid financial assets Unrestricted All types of PE / VC (including RE PE) and temporary investments in other assets Borrowing and high diversification Risk diversification requirements (in principle, investment < 20% NAV) Subject to CSSF approval Subject to CSSF approval Qualifying investments Subject to CSSF approval Source : Luxembourg For Finance SIF SV SPF SOPARFI well informed Unrestricted Individual, private estate management entities or intermediary Unrestricted Unrestricted Securitization of risks linked to any type of assets or 1/3 party obligations Private financial assets Unrestricted No active management of assets No controlling activity over investments No Unrestricted if non regulated Not subject to CSSF approval Not subject to CSSF approval Risk diversification requirement (30% NAV) Subject to CSSF approval (with a possibility to launch before approval)
  • 38. Luxembourg investment vehicles UCITS UCIs SICAR SIF SV SPF SOPARFI Promoter (financial institutions with sufficient financial means) Yes Yes No No No N/A N/A Investment manager (experience and reputation) Yes Yes No No No N/A N/A Directors / managers (experience and reputation) Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A if non reg N/A N/A Offering documents Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A if non reg N/A N/A AOA or Man Reg Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A if non reg N/A N/A Independent Auditor Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A if non reg N/A N/A Custodian Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A if non reg N/A N/A Central administration in Lux Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A if non reg N/A N/A Page 38 Source : Luxembourg For Finance
  • 40. BDO Luxembourg : a one-stop shop International tax advice (corporate, VAT, individual income tax, …) + Setting-up and administration of all types of investment vehicles through our specialized subsidiaries (CF Corporate Services and CF Fund Services)
  • 41. CF Corporate Services: “all-in” package • Incorporation of companies, including contacts with banks and notaries • Provision of registered office • Directorship mandates • Bookkeeping, legal formalities, secretarial • Tax compliance • Statutory auditor
  • 42. Philippe PONSARD LUXEMBOURG Partner CF Corporate Services Experience Philippe joined BDO in 1999. He is one of the four partners of CF Corporate Services, the legal entity of BDO Luxembourg specialised in financial engineering and domiciliation and administration of companies. He is in charge of a portfolio of 200 companies and his clientele is made of entrepreneurs, HNWI, private equity funds and large corporate groups from all over the world. Areas of Specialization: Corporate and Trust Services Domiciliation and administration of Luxembourg entities Phone: +352 45123-357 Email: philippe.ponsard@cfcorporate.lu Page 42 Professional Affiliations Member of the Ordre des Expert Comptable (Chartered Accoutants Association) Member of the OEC Domiciliation Committee Member of the OEC Anti Money Laundering Advisory Committee Education Ingénieur commercial, I.A.G., U.C.L., Belgium