its based on why Indian foreign policy towards to capitalism.

1. INDORE INSTITUTE OF LAW
(Affiliated to D.A.V.V. & Bar Council of India)
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B.A.LLB. (HONS.)
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Date-: Semester : VI

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that I Avinash Rai has successfully
completed the project on the title “ Indian Foreign
Policy towards to capitalism ” for the partial fulfillment
of the DAVV norms under the supervision of Prof. at
Indore Institute Of Law.
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is not possible to prepare a project report without the assistance and
encouragement of other people. This is certainly an exception. On the very outset
of this project I would like to extend our sincere and heartfelt obligation towards
all the personages who have helped me in this endeavor. Without their active
guidance, help, cooperation and encouragement, we would not have made headway
in the project.
I am thankful to Asst. Prof. Dr Varsha Upadhyay for conscientious guidance and
encouragement to accomplish this assignment. I extend my gratitude to INDORE
INSTITUTE OF LAW for giving me this opportunity. I also acknowledge with a
deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my friends and members of my
family who have always supported us morally as well as economically.
Thanking You
Avinash Rai

4. ABSTRACT
India’s foreign policy since 1990. It also analyze the India’s foreign
policy principles, objects and national interests. This paper analyze the political, economic,socia
and security condition after the 1990 in India. Foreign policy plays very important role as wheels
for international relations. Every sovereign country has its foreign policy. Foreign policy refers
to the sum total principles, objects and interests which country promotes when it interact with
other country. The foreign policy of country is determined by several factors such as history,
culture, geography and economy. In case of India these type several factors has been responsible
for the shaping the principles and objects of the foreign policy. No state can live without
relations with other states. After the cold war, the world changes rapidly. Some countries lost
power and many countries got power. Countries tried to make good relationship with others and
they try to develop a peacefully and cooperation world. Some issues and conflict such as refugee
problem, environmental degradation, terrorism and others are emerge with new world. The main
aim of Foreign policy is to protect and promote its national interests. The key national interests
are defend the territorial integrity and soverginity, economic relations, promote profitable
trading relations with others countries, increase political power. The foreign policy is always
changeable but the national interests do not change. Before the cold war, India did not interact
with western countries but after the cold war, India is tried to interact with west and other
countries such as US and did not become a part of any blocks, USSR and US. India’s role is very
important in international context. India is emerging a power in Asia and global status in few
decades and become a most developed country among developing countries. This paper analyze
the Indian foreign policy with its national interests in present time and future.

5. Introduction
Any activity is likely useful when goals and objective guided it. The important objects of India's
are preservation of national interest, achievement of world peace, disarmament, economic
development. These objects are getting through principles like Panchsheel, non-alignment
and peaceful co-existence, freedom of dependent peoples. A country's foreign policy also called
foreign relations policy consists of self interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its
national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu. The approaches
are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called
foreign policy analysis. In recent time due to the deepening level of globalization and
transnational activities the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. The
aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of
multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies
are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes. National
interest’s accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations or
through exploitation. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle described humans as social
animals. Therefore friendships and relations have existed between humans since the beginning of
human interaction. As the organization developed in human affairs relations between people also
organized. Foreign policy thus goes back to primitive times. The inception in human affairs of
foreign relations and the need for foreign policy to deforming policy is plan of action adopted by
one nation in regards to its diplomatic dealings with other countries. Foreign policy is established
as a systemic way to deal with issues that may arise with other countries. In the modern era no
country can afford to live in isolation in this age of interdependence.al with them is as old as the
organization of human life in groups. Foreign policy is plan of action adopted by one nation in
regards to its diplomatic dealings with other countries. Global wars were fought three times in
the twentieth century. Consequently international relations became a public concern as well as an
important field of study and research. After the Second World War and during the 1960 many
researchers in the U.S. particularly and from other countries in common brought forth a wealth
of research work and theory. Gradually various theories began to grow around the international
relations international systems and international politics but the need for a theory of foreign
policy that is the starting point in each sovereign state continued to receive negligible attention.
Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and
their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property capital
accumulation wage labor voluntary exchange a price system and competitive markets. In a
capitalist market economy decision-making and investment is determined by the owners of the
factors of production in financial and capital markets and prices and the distribution of goods are
mainly determined by competition in the market. Economists, political economists,

6. and historians have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have
recognized various forms of it in practice.
What is Foreign Policy
A country's foreign policy also called foreign relations policy consists of self interest strategies
chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international
relations milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The
study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis. In recent time due to the deepening
level of globalization and transnational activities the states will also have to interact with non-
state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize
benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount,
foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes.
National interest’s accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other
nations or through exploitation.
The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle described humans as social animals. Therefore
friendships and relations have existed between humans since the beginning of human interaction.
As the organization developed in human affairs relations between people also organized. Foreign
policy thus goes back to primitive times. The inception in human affairs of foreign relations and
the need for foreign policy to deforming policy is plan of action adopted by one nation in regards
to its diplomatic dealings with other countries. Foreign policy is established as a systemic way to
deal with issues that may arise with other countries. In the modern era no country can afford to
live in isolation in this age of interdependence.al with them is as old as the organization of
human life in groups. Foreign policy is plan of action adopted by one nation in regards to its
diplomatic dealings with other countries. Global wars were fought three times in the twentieth
century. Consequently international relations became a public concern as well as an important
field of study and research. After the Second World War and during the 1960 many
researchers in the U.S. particularly and from other countries in common brought forth a wealth
of research work and theory. Gradually various theories began to grow around the international
relations international systems and international politics but the need for a theory of foreign
policy that is the starting point in each sovereign state continued to receive negligible attention.

7. Objects of India’s foreign policy
Foreign policy makers set out certain objects before they proceed to determine principles of
foreign policy. Several these objects are down basic principles and formulate principles.
The primary propose of any country’s foreign policy is to promote its national interests such
assure to its security, achievement of world peace, disarmament, economic development. The
goal of India’s foreign policy are promotion of international peace and security.
India’s foreign policy objects maintain friendly relations with other countries and avoid military
alliance.
National interest has been the governing principle of India’ foreign policy even at the time ,of
Nehru who was inspired by the ideal of world peace, toleration and mutual respect among
nations. In operational terms, the idea of national interest takes the form of concrete objectives of
foreign policy.
According to Appadorai and M. S. Rajan, there are three fundamental objectives of India’s
Foreign policy:
1. The preservation of India’s territorial integrity and independence of foreign policy:
The territorial integrity and protection of national boundaries from foreign aggression is the core
interest of a nation. India had gained a hard earned independence from foreign rule after long
time. Thus, it was natural for her to give due emphasis on the independence of foreign policy.
India’s effort to strengthen Afro-Asian solidarity endorsement of principles of non-interference,
in the internal affairs of other nations and finally the adoption of the policy of non-alignment
should be seen in this light.
2. Promoting international peace and security:
India as a ‘newly independent and developing country rightly realized that international peace
and development are correlated. Her emphasis on disarmament and the policy of keeping away
from the military alliances is intended to promote global peace.
3. Economic development of India:
Fast development of the country was the fundamental requirement of India at the time of
independence. It was also required to strengthen the democracy and freedom in the country In
order to gain financial resources and technology from both blocks and to concentrate her energy

8. on the development, India opted away from the power block politics, which was the defining
feature of cold war international politics.
Principles of India’s foreign policy
a) Non-alignment
The policy of non-alignment is main contribution of India to world. Immediately, after the ended
of Second World War, a new tension developed between the erstwhile friend and allies. This
tension called “the cold war”. The world divided into two parts, United States and Soviet Union.
India did not want to join any of the power. India’s decision to follow independent foreign
policy. India want to friendly relation with all and pursuit of world peace. India want to develop
its economic, so India needed friendly relationship with big power and neighbors. India made it
clear that it would reserve the right to freely express its opinion on international problem without
any pressure. Non-alignment is the most important feature of India’s foreign policy. Its core
element is to maintain independence in foreign affairs by not joining any military alliance
formed by the USA and Soviet Union, which emerged as an important aspect of cold war politics
after the Second World War. Non-alignment should not be confused with neutrality or non-
involvement in international affairs or isolationism. It was a positive and dynamic concept. It
postulates taking an independent stand on international issues according to the merits of each
case but at the same time not committing to coming under the influence of any military bloc.
Thus, keeping away from the military alliances and super power bocks was a necessary condition
for the independence of foreign policy. India’s policy of non-alignment got many supporters in
the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America as it provided them opportunity for
protecting their foreign policy independence amidst the cold war pressures and tensions. India
played a lead role in popularizing and consolidating the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). India,
under the leadership of Nehru, convened the Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi in 1947
to forge the idea of Asian solidarity. Another Asian Relations Conference was convened by India
in 1949 on the question of independence of Indonesia as India stood firm -against the colonial
rule in other countries. A larger Conference, known as Bandung Conference of 29 countries of
Asia and Africa was convened in Bandung (Indonesia) in 1955 to forge the Afro-Asian unit. The
conference laid down ten fundamental principles of international relations, which included five
principles of Panchsheel. The leaders pledged to work together for colonial liberation, peace, and
cultural, economic and political cooperation among developing countries. The Bandung
Conference was precursor to the NAM, which held its first Summit in 1961 at Belgrade.
Since then, the Non-Aligned Movement has not looked back. So far its 15 Summits have been
held, the last one held at Sharm El Sheikh in 2009. It provides all its members, regardless of their
size and development, an opportunity to participate in global decision-making process. The

9. Seventh NAM Summit was hosted by India at New Delhi in 1983. In this Summit, India took up
the cause of development, disarmament and the Palestine issue.
Continued Relevance of Non-alignment:
As NAM was a product of cold war politics and the bipolar world, many scholars have
questioned the relevance of NAM after the end of cold war and disintegration of the Soviet
Union. Again, the globalization led to the change in the priorities of even its chief votaries like
India, which tried to adopt neo-liberal market economy principles in order to integrate with the
emerging global order. This new situation generated the impression as if NAM is sidelined and
its relevance is declining. However, if we go deep in the basic features of NAM, it appears to be
equally significant also in the changing context due to the following factors:
As the world faces greater threat from a unipolar world led by US after the disintegration of
Soviet Union, the NAM can act as a check against undue dominance and hegemony of any
country or block.
The developed (North) and developing (South) world have divergent views over several global
and economic issues. The NAM may provide a forum for third world countries to engage the
developed nations in a productive dialogue.
The NAM can prove to be a powerful mechanism to forge South-South cooperation, which is
essential for their collective self reliance in the present market driven global order.
NAM can provide an important forum for developing countries to discuss and deliberate upon
various global problems, issues and reforms including the reform of UN and other international
financial institutions like World Bank and IMF in order to make them more democratic and
effective.
b) Panchsheelandpeacefulco-existence
Indian Policy makers understood the linkage between peace and development and survival of
mankind. In view of the destruction caused by two world wars, they realized that for the progress
of a nation a durable world peace was needed. Without global peace, social and economic
development is likely to be pushed to the background. Thus, the founder of India’s foreign
policy, Nehru gave utmost importance to world peace in his policy planning. For him, India
desired peaceful and friendly relations with all countries, particularly the big powers and the
neighboring nations. While signing a peace agreement with China; he advocated adherence to

10. five guiding principles known as Panchsheel. Panchsheel was signed on 28 April, 1954 and since
then it has become a guiding principle of India’ bilateral relations with countries also.
Panchsheel is an important part of India’s foreign policy. Indian philosophy Vashudhaiva
Kutumbaksm promote world is one family
belonging to different religion and social systems can live together in place, while each follows
own system. After signing Sino-Indian agreement of April 26, 1954, for trade and intercourse
between the Tibetan region of china and India, India started to follow Indian philosophy. The
five principles known as Panchsheel mentioned in this agreement.
1.Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty,
2.Mutual non aggression,
3. Mutual non- interference in each other’s internal affairs,
4.Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence.
c)Freedomofdependentpeoples (anti-imperialism)
India has always opposed all forms of colonialism and imperialism. It decided to give support to
the cause of freedom of dependent peoples in Asian and African countries such as indo-china,
Malaya, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, gold coast (new Ghana). One of the first decision taken by
Nehru’s government was to recall the Indian troop which send the British to suppress the
freedom struggles in the Dutch and French colonies. India supported Indonesia to fighting the
Dutch to get freedom. India give fully supported to Namibia which prolonged colonial rule of
racist South Africa to get freedom.
d)Opposition to racial discrimination (anti-racism)
Indian policy always believe in equality of all human beings. Its policy always opposition to all
form of racial discrimination. South Africa was the most of worst example of discrimination
against the colored peoples including the people of India origin. India give fully support to the
peoples who are fighting against the racism discrimination
e)Foreign economic aid and India’s independent policy
India believed that economic development of country is very important. After independence,
India tried to develop all areas. India was aware of the lack of adequate resources and lack of
better technology, so it tried to develop its economy.
f)Peacefully settlement ofinternational disputes

11. Only two method of settling international disputes are war and peacefully settlement.
International community and all states have goal that peacefully settlements of disputes. During
the pre-historic, war was the main method of deciding disputes.
One of the core elements of India’s foreign policy is its unflinching faith in the political solution
and peaceful settlement of international disputes. This principle has been included in the
Constitution of India, under the Directive Principles of State Policy as well as in the Charter of
the UN. India has played leading role in the resolution of Korean conflict and supported
negotiated settlement of Palestine issue, Kashmir problem, border problems with neighboring
countries and other such disputes and problems. At present, India is in favour of resolution of
peaceful settlement of Iranian nuclear issue, problem of democratic upsurge in Middle East and
so on. India is always against foreign military intervention for resolving international problems.
This principle continues to be the cornerstone of India’s policy.
g)Nuclear policy ofIndia
During the period of Jawaharlal Nehru, the research in atomic energy started. India wanton
develop atom for peace, or atomic energy use for peaceful propose. India seriously thought about
nuclear weapons after the Bangladesh crisis (1971). India conducted first nuclear test in1974. It
was conducted only “Peaceful Nuclear Explosion”. India refused to sign the discriminatory non-
proliferation treaty (1968).
Why 1990 is important for structural change in international
politics
The Berlin wall, the symbol of the cold war fall down in 1989. The fall of Berlin wall brought
many changes in international politics. After end of cold war, gained get not only western
countries but also Asian countries such as India and China also got profit. Suddenly collapse of
USSR (Soviet Union) brought a great strategic advantages for China. Some countries lost
power but many others countries got power after cold war. After cold war, Asia
became main creditor and economically power with fast growing market, fastest rising military
power and most variable hot spots, .European’s countries also get power but not more than
Asian’s coup entries The economy of Asia continent is growing very fast. Asian’s countries face
complex security, energy and development challenges with larger interstate competition in this
era of globalization. After the cold war and Berlin wall crisis, the development was shift from the
military power to a significant role for economic power in extending international geopolitics.
The global power was not shifted by the military triumphs or geopolitics reassessment rather a
unique factor played very important called “rapid economic growth”. During the industrial
revolution, economic growth played very important role. After the end of cold war, increase their
foreign investment and trade with other global institutions. It was emergence with the world’s
biggest trade surplus, largest foreign reserves and highest steel production. After the "Tiananmen
Square massacre” which was considered as an anti-government movement that happened in the
capital,China brought many changes in the world scenario. It withdrew western countries from tr

12. ade withchina. But despite this weak relation with the western world, China had seen a
tremendous economic growth through trade and commerce with Afro Asian countries. Today,
China is set to displace Japan as the second largest economy in the world.
The economy of India also changed after the end of cold war. India’s economy rise as new
economy huge. India was mostly did trade with the USSR (Soviet Union) and its communist
allies in Eastern Europe. The trade between USSR and India was commodity exchange, not cash.
After the end of cold war, when USSR started to divide into many parts then, India had to
starting pay for imports in cash.
Then, India’s modest foreign exchange reserves decrease rapidly. Result, India faced severe
balance of payments crisis in 1991. After, this financial crisis, forced to India for start radical
economic reforms. These economic reforms helped to rise economy of India. In 1989, the
emblematic defeat of Marxian allowed to Asian countries such as India and China for overtly
follow capitalist policies. While, under the Chinese communist party, leader of Deng Xiaoping,
china’s economic modernization reforms already started. He helped to create great wealth, which
helped to get good economic growth for china. The activity of communist party in china,
helped to get good position of communist parties in other parts of Asia and beyond. Cold war
play very important role Indian foreign policy. Cold war helped to rise the Indian's policy of non-
alignment.
After the end of cold war, the Indian’s policy of non
alignment became redundant. India faced terrible development challenge. The end of cold war br
ought a foreign policy crisis for India by the India’s most significant partner, the USSR (Soviet
Union).But, in economic view, that crisis brought positive effect for India. That crisis helped
to India for recover its foreign policy. That crisis, forced to India for leave traditional activity.
After the cold war, India started to make a mutuality and beneficiary relationship such as Indo-
US relationship, with the significant countries and Asia such as Japan and beyond such as
European power and it is not easy that Russia remains India’s good friend.
In recent years, Indian’s economy paid attention to world for its economic growth. The fall of
Berlin wall, India get opportunities for new relationship and partnerships and keeping old
friends.
It was biggest challenge that it's trusted partner and friend “USSR (soviet union) left. USSR was
very important for India because it supplied weapons, spare parts, diplomatic support on
Kashmir issues and other issues. The economic crisis forced to India for restart and liberalize its
economy and open market for private sector for investment. These factor seriously put effect on
Indian politics and economy. The end of cold war and the collapse of the USSR (Soviet Union)
set a great path of Asian’s countries profile in international level.

13. Fall of Berlin wall and end of cold war, India emerged as an identity country. These activity
helped to India to go closest with Europe and US. World become a one parts, so India and
western countries came together at one place. The end of cold war helped India to transform
from a developing countries to an emerging power economies. It is big challenge for India
to become a great power in Asia because it’s get big challenge with another Asian countries
such as China and Japan. Kashmir issues become a big challenge for Indian’s foreign policy
because Pakistan and many others countries put blamed on India for violence on human beings.
Fall of Berlin wall and end of cold war, were not a signaled an end of conflict and problems and
spread political and economic liberalism in the world. All countries is coming together to fight
new conflict and problems such as climate change, terrorism, nuclear problem and
other problems. It helped to set up new kind of global politics. After the changes in regional and
global level, two Asian power rise, china and India with strong economic performance and
growing political power and changing Asian power structure. India sits on big reserves of power
but there is some limit which put effect on this power. India faces some serious challenges such
as poverty, population explosion, lack of good infrastructure. These challenges put effect
on India to making soft power.
India’s national interests
Every nation have some goal and ambitions such as better political, security, economic, and
soon. They try to achieve these goal and ambitions. India have interest on to achievement a
fastest, sustained socio-economic development of the country. Indian foreign policy is connected
with the India’s core national values and ideas such as multilateralism, peaceful coexistence,
justice, freedom, equality and dynamic adaptation for change the international environment. The
main objects of Indian’s foreign policy is a assuring peaceful and secure neighborhood,
and balanced relationship with the main powers and friendly beneficial partnership
with developing countries. India try to close and better neighborly relations with all its neighbors
which depend on the fundamental principles of equality and mutual respect.
A. Central Asia
India’s interest in central Asia is strategic, military, security and stability, cultural, energy and
economic development. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are good in oil and gas, so
they can provide oil and gas to India. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are hold great
hydroelectric potential, so they can supply energy. Central Asia hold Islamic,terrorists groups, th
ey can find way to India. If instability in central Asia and combined precarious situation in china,
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan and other countries then it can create serious security problem
in India, so it is very important that the stability of central Asia. India can do economic
cooperation with central Asian countries. That activity help to improve economic growth. Many
Asian countries hold similar cultural, so its help to improve cultural activity in India. India
surrounded by unstable countries such as Pakistan, if India make a positive and effective

14. relations with these countries. Then, the relationship between India and her unstable neighbor’s
countries, is not only good for India but also good for all countries. India also get markets for her
products. That activity help to progressing economic growth. Many companies come fromdiffere
nt countries, are investing in India, so it give benefit to economic growth.
B. India’s Look East Policy
India’s look east policy lunched in 1991, because after the collapse of USSR (Soviet
Union),India wanted to improve her relations with all major power of the world. India focused
mainly on South-East Asia because it was growing market. India wanted to beyond the SAARC
for benefit out of the economic potential of the south east and East Asian reign. This policy help
to economic, political, military, regional dimensions. This policy help to get advantage in
different areas such as education, democracy and culture. It is helping to improve tourism in
India. During the cold war, south Asian countries perceived china as a dangerous because of its
rising military power but some situation change.
C. South Asia
It is very important for India to make good relations with her neighbors. A peaceful
neighborhood is help to get good economic growth, security, political power. India’s is providing
some trade facilities such as the facility of the duty free access to Indian market for
imports products from her neighbors like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Sri Lanka is
supporting to India for India’s candidature to the permanent membership of the United Nations
Security Council.
D. East Asia
Indian policy is always concerned on improvement in economic growth, political power, and
security and cultural. India’s interest to play effective role in the reign, even as an intermediately
and emerge a global power. India want to make a friendly relations with all countries of this
reign. India’s interests to develop economic, trade and investment ties and energy security with
all countries of this reign. Many countries of this reign hold energy resources such as oil, so it is
good for countries economic. India has balanced view on Arab countries. It does not want
interfere in the internal affairs of Arab countries. India articulated a policy for its neighbors. In
that policy, India emphasis the advantage of buildings networks of inter connectivity,
trade and investment. They cooperation in many fields such as education, medical services,
transport,telecommunication,civilaviation,irrigation, power generation, ports, rail line, industry.
These countries can benefit for India’s rapid economic growth and rising prosperity.

15. E. ASEAN
The relation between ASEAN and India was not strong before 1990. During that time, India’s
search economy space, then Look East Policy came out. ASEAN help to recover the economy of
India. ASEAN countries and India signed a cooperation agreement for terrorism. India plan to
more progress in ASEAN-India partnership for peace, security and trade.
F. Superpowercountries
The main aim of India’s foreign policy is to achieve global status, so its interest to make good
relations with superpower like Japan, US, china, Russia, and European countries.
a)US (United States
Before the cold war, US always ignored India as a regional power in south Asia. But, after cold
war, India is trying to good relation with US. India is expanding economic, technological,
cultural and educational relations with US. India’s main interest is that US is help to convince
the international community that India is good global player and
a balance power in Asia. US and India, both are working in several areas such as nuclear energy,
Defense and technology. The relationship between India and US, is very important for both
economic, and regional and global security.
b)Russia
Russia is good friend of India. Russia supply defense equipment and technology to India. Russia
is very important for India’s sectors such as economic, security and military.
c)European Countries
India has very important partnership with European Countries. The most important part of this
partnership is that India have a fifth rank after the US, Canada, Russia and china whom European
Countries established a good balance. Under this partnership, trade and investment, protection
for different sectors such as science and technology, education, terrorism and democratization.
This partnership help India to emerging economic power and making good global status.
G. Asia- Pacific countries)
a) Japan
Japan and India have common economic partnership agreement. Japan trying to build up stronger
business network in India. Japanese companies are investing money in Indian market for

16. developing Indian economy. India deal agreement for national security and energy such as
nuclear agreements. India also sign indo-Japan cultural agreement. Japan is helping India to
build up and reconstruction Universities and colleges such as Nalandaand the campus of Indian
institute of technology (IIT), Hyderabad. India’s foreign policy interests to make good
partnership in future for economic, political status and security.
b) South Korea
During economic crisis in India, South Korean companies believed on Indian economy. They
helped to start economic reform in that time. India’s foreign policy interests is to promote
good relation with South Korea in next years. Many Korean companies such as Samsung, LG,
Hyundai and Daewoo are working in India. The trade and investment between South Korea
and India are increasing rapidly. South Korea is providing military equipment and also
manufacturing military equipment such as transfer of technology and coproduction to India.
Their armies are exercise together many times. South Korea also try to participation in
shipbuilding in India. India and South Korean, both are working together in, energy and nuclear
sector.
India foreign policy will face big challenges such as neighbored policy, nuclear policy, climate
changes, maritime security, terrorism, economic stability. All these are put effect on economic
growth, political status and security. During the cold war, the foreign policy of India followed
on-alignment policy to maintain independence of its foreign policy without dominating
any blocks. In the changed condition, India can follow non alignment policy on its own risks. In
this time and future, India compete with China in most of sectors and in the global economy that
may be for FDI or energy achievement. In present scenario, India need to rethink and
reformulate its on- alignment policy for future international environment. The relations between
India and US is very important in future for India and challenging external status because this
relationship put impact on the way which India interact with other three important countries,
china, Russia and the Islamic world. After china, Russia and Pakistan, both are larger Muslim
countries. India have larger number of Muslim minority as well as Hindu people nationalist. US
have a good relation with Pakistan (if we leave US attack on Pakistani city, Abbott bad for
killing Osama Bin Laden, few years before) and US can directly interfere in Pakistan, then it can
create serious problem for India. That is most serious challenge facing Indian’s foreign policy in
future to make a balance between need to maintain and develop good relationship with US while
US can put pressure in its struggle countries like China, Russia and Islamic world. US also
important for nuclear energy. This relation help to become a developed countries in future. The
geopolitics of
energyis become very important for developing countries need to secure energy supply to mainta
in theireconomic growth. Energy (gas or oil) become a very important for economic growth,
regional power status. Myanmar is rich country in energy resources. India and china, both are gro
winginterest in Myanmar, so it is become a sandwich between two powerful countries.

17. India’s relation with Myanmar is good in few years especially for energy issues. Myanmar
energy resources affected the relation between indo-china and indo-Myanmar. India need to
make good relations with Myanmar for energy resources and India build a gas pipeline for
future. India’s foreign policy make a good relation with its neighbor’s countries china and
Pakistan for security issues, economic and political status, immediately. India hold problem with
china and Pakistan is North-East and Kashmir. The stability of its neighbor’s countries also
important for its economic, political and security issues.
BEFORE WORLD WAR II
It is possible to detect three distinct phases in Soviet foreign policy between the conclusion of
the Russian Civil War and the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939, determined in part by political struggles
within the USSR, and in part by dynamic developments in international relations and the effect
these had on Soviet security.
Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, once in power, believed their October Revolution would
ignite the world's socialists and lead to a "World Revolution." Lenin set up the Communist
International to export revolution to the rest of Europe and Asia. Indeed, Lenin set out to liberate
all of Asia from imperialist and capitalist control.
The first priority for Soviet foreign policy was Europe, above all Germany, which was the
country that Lenin most admired and thought most ready for revolution. The historian Robert
Service noted that Lenin and the other Bolshevik leaders had a very idealized picture of
Germany that bore little relation to reality. Lenin was most disappointed when, following the
October Revolution, a similar revolution did not break out in Germany as he had expected and
hoped for, forcing him to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918 to take Russia out
of World War I. Brest-Litovsk was an immense shock to the Bolsheviks, and afterwards a new
policy emerged of both seeking pragmatic co-operation with the Western powers when it suited
Soviet interests while at the same time trying to promote a Communist revolution whenever
possible. In the immediate aftermath of World War I, the Soviets encouraged Communist
uprisings in Germany and saw briefly establish the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Had it not been
for the Russian Civil War, Lenin would have sent the Red Army into Central Europe into 1919 to
export Communism. After the failure of these efforts, Lenin, assuming that capitalism was not
going to collapse at once as he had hoped, made a major effort in the early 1920 to lure German
corporations into investing in the Soviet Union as a way of modernizing the country.
Lenin's Germanophilia was controversial within the Bolsheviks, with many of his colleagues

18. complaining that he went too far with his liking for all things German. As part of the effort to
join a German-Soviet alliance, the Soviets signed the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922.
Lenin's plans failed, although Russia did manage to hold onto the Central Asian and Caucasian
domains that had been part of the Russian Empire. The revolutionary stage ended after the Soviet
defeat in the war with Poland in 1921. As Europe's revolutions were crushed and revolutionary
zeal dwindled, the Bolsheviks shifted their ideological focus from the world revolution and
building socialism around the globe to building socialism inside the Soviet Union, while keeping
some of the rhetoric and operations of the Commenter continuing. In the mid-1920, a policy of
peaceful co-existence began to emerge, with Soviet diplomats attempting to end the country's
isolation, and concluding bilateral arrangements with capitalist governments. Agreement was
reached with Germany, Europe's other pariah of the day, in the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922.
There were, however, still those in the Soviet government, most notably Leon Trotsky, who
argued for the continuation of the revolutionary process, in terms of his theory of Permanent
Revolution. After Lenin's death in 1924, Trotsky and the internationalists were opposed
by Joseph Stalin and Nikolai Bukharin, who developed the notion of Socialism in One Country.
The foreign policy counterpart of Socialism in One Country was that of the United Front, with
foreign Communists urged to enter into alliances with reformist left-wing parties and national
liberation movements of all kinds. The high point of this strategy was the partnership
in China between the Chinese Communist Party and the nationalist Kuomintang, a policy
favored by Stalin in particular, and a source of bitter dispute between him and Trotsky. The
Popular Front policy in China effectively crashed to ruin in 1927, when Kuomintang
leader Chiang Kai-shek massacred the native Communists and expelled all of his Soviet
advisors, notably Mikhail Borodin.
The following year, after defeating opponents from both the left led by Trotsky and Gregory
Zinoviev and the right, Stalin began the wholesale collectivization of Soviet agriculture,
accompanied by a major program of planned industrialization. This new radical phase was
paralleled by the formulation of a new doctrine in the International, that of the so-called Third
Period, an ultra-left switch in policy, which argued that social democracy, whatever shape it
took, was a form of social fascism, socialist in theory but fascist in practice. All foreign
Communist parties increasingly agents of Soviet policy were to concentrate their efforts in a
struggle against their rivals in the working-class movement, ignoring the threat of real fascism.
There were to be no united front's against a greater enemy. The catastrophic effects of this
policy, and the negative effect it had on Soviet security, was to be fully demonstrated by Adolf
Hitler's seizure of power in Germany in 1933, followed by the destruction of the German
Communist Party, the strongest in Europe. The Third Way and social fascism were quickly
dropped into the dustbin of history. Once again collaboration with other progressive elements

19. was the key, in the form of the Popular Front, which cast the net still wider to embrace moderate
bourgeois parties. Soviet–German cooperation, extensive until 1933, was now limited.
Hand-in-hand with the promotion of Popular Fronts, Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet Commissar for
Foreign Affairs between 1930 and 1939, aimed at closer alliances with Western governments,
and placed ever greater emphasis on collective security. The new policy led to the Soviet Union
joining the League of Nations in 1934 and the subsequent conclusion of alliances
with France and Czechoslovakia. In the League the Soviets were active in demanding action
against imperialist aggression, a particular danger to them after the 1931 Japanese invasion of
Manchuria, which eventually resulted in the Soviet-Japanese Battle of Khalkhin Gol.
However, against the rise of militant fascism, the League was unlikely to accomplish very much.
Litvinov and others in the Commissariat for Foreign Affairs continued to conduct quiet
diplomatic initiatives with Nazi Germany, even as the USSR took a stand in trying to preserve
the Second Spanish Republic, and its Popular Front government, from the Fascist rebellion of
1936. The Munich Agreement of 1938, the first stage in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia,
gave rise to Soviet fears that they were likely to be abandoned in a possible war with Germany.
The Soviets no longer sought collective but individual security, and the Pact with Hitler was
signed, giving the Soviets protection from the most aggressive European power and increasing
the Soviet sphere of influence.
Role of the Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, promoted a strong personal role for the Prime
Minister but a weak institutional structure. Nehru served concurrently as Prime Minister and
Minister of External Affairs; he made all major foreign policy decisions himself after consulting
with his advisers and then entrusted the conduct of international affairs to senior members of the
Indian Foreign Service. He was the main founding fathers of the Panchsheel or the five
principles of peaceful co-existence. His successors continued to exercise considerable control
over India's international dealings, although they generally appointed separate ministers of
external affairs.
India's second prime minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964–66), expanded the Prime Minister
Office (sometimes called the Prime Minister's Secretariat) and enlarged its powers. By the 1970,
the Office of the Prime Minister had become the de facto coordinator and ministry of the Indian
government. The enhanced role of the office strengthened the prime minister's control over
foreign policy making at the expense of the Ministry of External Affairs. Advisers in the office
provided channels of information and policy recommendations in addition to those offered by the
Ministry of External Affairs. A subordinate part of the office the Research and Analysis
Wing (RAW) functioned in ways that significantly expanded the information available to the

20. prime minister and his advisers. The RAW gathered intelligence, provided intelligence analysis
to the Office of the Prime Minister, and conducted covert operations abroad.
The prime minister's control and reliance on personal advisers in the Office of the Prime Minister
was particularly strong under the tenures of Indira Gandhi (1966–77 and 1980–84) and her son,
Rajiv (1984–89), who succeeded her, and weaker during the periods of coalition governments.
Observers find it difficult to determine whether the locus of decision-making authority on any
particular issue lies with the Ministry of External Affairs, the Council of Ministers, the Office of
the Prime Minister, or the prime minister himself.
The Prime Minister is however free to appoint advisers and special committees to examine
various foreign policy options and areas of interest. In a recent instance, Manmohan
Singh appointed K. Subrahmanyam in 2005 to head a special government task force to study
Global Strategic Developments' over the next decade. The Task Force submitted its conclusions
to the Prime Minister in 2006. The report has not yet been released in the public domain.
East Policy
In the post Cold War era a significant aspect of India's foreign policy is the Look East Policy.
During the cold war, India's relations with its South East Asian neighbors' was not very strong.
After the end of the cold war, the government of India particularly realized the importance of
redressing this imbalance in India's foreign policy. Consequently, the Narsimha Rao government
in the early nineties of the last century unveiled the look east policy. Initially it focused on
renewing political and economic contacts with the countries of East and South-East Asia.
At present, under the Look East Policy, the Government of India is giving special emphasis on
the economic development of backward north eastern region of India taking advantage of huge
market of ASEAN as well as of the energy resources available in some of the member countries
of ASEAN like Burma. Look-east policy was launched in 1992 just after the end of the cold war,
following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. After the start of liberalization, it was a very
strategic policy decision taken by the government in the foreign policy. To quote Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of the world and India's place in
the evolving global economy".
The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visiting
China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Singapore and India becoming an important dialogue
partner with ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this century, India has given a big push to
this policy by becoming a summit level partner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved in some
regional initiatives such as the BIMSTEC and the Ganga Mekong Cooperation and now
becoming a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS) in December, 2005.

21. India's relations with the world have evolved since the British Raj (1857–1947), when the British
Empire monopolized external and defense relations. When India gained independence in 1947,
few Indians had experience in making or conducting foreign policy. However, the country's
oldest political party, the Indian National Congress, had established a small foreign department
in 1925 to make overseas contacts and to publicize its independence struggle. From the late 1920
on, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had a long-standing interest in world affairs among independence
leaders, formulated the Congress stance on international issues. As a member of the interim
government in 1946, Nehru articulated India's approach to the world. India's international
influence varied over the years after independence. Indian prestige and moral authority were high
in the 1950 and facilitated the acquisition of developmental assistance from both East and West.
Although the prestige stemmed from India's nonaligned stance, the nation was unable to prevent
Cold War politics from becoming intertwined with interstate relations in South Asia. In the 1960
and 1970 India's international position among developed and developing countries faded in the
course of wars with China and Pakistan, disputes with other countries in South Asia, and India's
attempt to balance Pakistan's support from the United States and China by signing the Indo-
Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in August 1971. Although India obtained
substantial Soviet military and economic aid, which helped to strengthen the nation, India's
influence was undercut regionally and internationally by the perception that its friendship with
the Soviet Union prevented a more forthright condemnation of the Soviet presence in
Afghanistan. In the late 1980, India improved relations with the United States, other developed
countries, and China while continuing close ties with the Soviet Union. Relations with its South
Asian neighbors, especially Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, occupied much of the energies of the
Ministry of External Affairs.
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India has forged a closer partnership with Western
powers. Shown here is the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh with US President Barack
Obama in 2009.
In the 1990, India's economic problems and the demise of the bipolar world political system
forced India to reassess its foreign policy and adjust its foreign relations. Previous policies
proved inadequate to cope with the serious domestic and international problems facing India.
The end of the Cold War gutted the core meaning of nonalignment and left Indian foreign policy
without significant direction. The hard, pragmatic considerations of the early 1990 were still
viewed within the nonaligned framework of the past, but the disintegration of the Soviet Union
removed much of India's international leverage, for which relations with Russia and the other

22. post-Soviet states could not compensate. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India
improved its relations with the United States, Canada, France, Japan and Germany. In 1992,
India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel and this relationship grew during the
tenures of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government and the subsequent UPA governments.
In the mid-1990, India attracted the world attention towards the Pakistan-backed terrorism in
Kashmir. The Kargil War resulted in a major diplomatic victory for India. The United States and
European Union recognized the fact that Pakistani military had illegally infiltrated into Indian
territory and pressured Pakistan to withdraw from Kargil. Several anti-India militant groups
based in Pakistan were labeled as terrorist by the United States and European Union. India has
often represented the interests of developing countries at various international platforms.
Shownhereare, Vladimir Putin, Narendra Modi, Dilma Rousseff, Xi Jinping and Jacob Zuma,
2014.
In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons for the second time which resulted in several US, Japanese
and European sanctions on India. India's then-defense minister, George Fernandez, said that
India's nuclear programmer was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential Chinese
nuclear threat. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001.
After September 11 attacks in 2001, Indian intelligence agencies provided the U.S. with
significant information on Al-Qaeda and related groups activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
India's extensive contribution to the War on Terror, coupled with a surge in its economy, has
helped India's diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past three years, India has
held numerous joint military exercises with U.S. and European nations that have resulted in a
strengthened U.S.-India and E.U. India bilateral relationship. India's bilateral trade with Europe
and United States has more than doubled in the last five years.
India has been pushing for reforms in the UN and WTO with mixed results. India's candidature
for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries
including France, Russia, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Brazil, Australia and UAE. In
2004, the United States signed a nuclear co-operation agreement with India even though the
latter is not a part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The US argued that India's strong
nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception, however this has not persuaded
other Nuclear Suppliers Group members to sign similar deals with India. During a state visit to
India in November 2010, US president Barack Obama announced US support for India's bid for
permanent membership to UN Security Council as well as India's entry to Nuclear Suppliers
Group, Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group and Missile Technology Control Regime.

23. Conclusion
Foreign policy cannot stable because it change with time and situation. After the end of cold war,
geopolitics was totally change. Some nations lost power and many nations became
more powerful. The foreign policy of India also changed after the end of cold war. Before
the end of cold war, India mostly trade with USSR. India did not have clear neighbored policy
and he ignored her important neighbors such as Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and third world
countries. During that time, India faced economic crisis. But after the cold war, India started to
trade with other countries as US. India’s foreign policy is changing rapidly. It is time for India to
work with developing countries in environmental, economic, energy and terrorism issues. The
improvement in economy over the past decade, India’s foreign policy will focus on how to
dealing with global challenges like countries instability, economic issues, climate change,
and security issues