Energetics Formation and role of ATP, BP 201T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (Theory) B. Pharm. Sem.II

1. Energetics
ATP
Represented By,
Mr. Audumbar Mali,
(Asst. Prof.)
Sahyadri College of Pharmacy Methwade
1

2. ATP
(adenosine
triphosphate)
Role of ATP in
energetics

3. In this lecture we will discuss:
Definition
Properties
Chemical Structure
ATP production
How ATP gives energy?
Sources ofATP
Role of ATP in cells
Conclusion

4. Definition
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP is
the energy currency of life. ATP is a
high-energy molecule found in every
cell. Its job is to store and supply the
cell with needed energy.

5. How ATP gives energy?
The entire reaction that turns ATP into energy is a bit
complicated, but here is a good summary:
Chemically, ATP is an adenine nucleotide bound to
phosphates.
There is a lot of energy stored in the bond between the
second and third phosphate groups that can be used to fuel
chemical reactions.
When a cell needs energy, it breaks this bond to form
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate
molecule.
In some instances, the second phosphate group can also be
broken to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
When the cell has excess energy, it stores this energy by
forming ATP from ADP and phosphate.

6. •ATP is required for the biochemical
reactions involved in any muscle
contraction. As the work of the muscle
increases, more and more ATP gets
consumed and must be replaced in
order for the muscle to keep moving.

7. High energy bond
energy

9. Source of ATP
ATP comes from three different
biochemical systems in the
muscle, in this order:
Phosphagen system
Anaerobic glycolysis
Aerobic glycolysis

10. The Three Primary Energy Pathways
Phosphagen System
This system uses creatine phosphate (CP) and has a very rapid
rate of ATP production. An enzyme called creatine kinase
removes the phosphate group from creatine phosphate and
transfers it to ADP to form ATP. The cell then turns ATP into
ADP, and then the phosphagen turns the ADP back into ATP.
It is, however, immediately available and is essential at
the onset of activity, as well as during short-term high-intensity
activities lasting about 1 to 30 seconds in duration, such as
weight-lifting or throwing a ball.
Anaerobic Glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis does not require oxygen and uses the
energy contained in glucose for the formation of ATP. As an
intermediate pathway between the phosphagen and aerobic
system, anaerobic glycolysis can produce ATP quite rapidly for
use during activities requiring large bursts of energy over
somewhat longer periods of time (30 seconds to three minutes

11. Aerobic Glycolysis
This pathway requires oxygen to produce
ATP, because carbohydrates and fats are only
burned in the presence of oxygen. This
pathway occurs in the mitochondria of the
cell and is used for activities requiring
sustained energy production. Aerobic
glycolysis has a slow rate of ATP production
and is predominantly utilized during longer-
duration, lower-intensity activities after the
phosphagen and anaerobic systems have
fatigued.

12. Role of ATP in cells
ATP finds use in several cellular processes.
Some important functions of ATP in the cell are
briefly discussed below.
Energy Source
Active Transport
Cell Signaling
Muscle Contraction
DNA synthesis
Structural Maintenance
Photosynthesis
Reproduction
Amino acid activation in protein synthesis

13. Calvin Cycle

14. Amino acid activation

16. Conclusion
ATP is an molecule that serves as an energy packet for
thousands of reactions that take place in the cells of most
organisms. Apart from humans, microorganisms also
depend on ATP for their energy needs.
ATP is a highly efficient molecular machine with a rapid
turnover of energy that makes it suitable to meet the
changing energy demands of the body. An ATP molecule
is over 500 atomic mass units (AMUs).
Even as evolutionists wonder about life before the
complex ATP molecule and alternatives to ATP, no other
energy source currently exists that can accurately respond
to the energy needs of the cell and carry out its crucial
processes.

17. References:
Human Anatomy and Physiology, By
Dr. S. B. Bhise, Dr. A. V. Yadav. Nirali
Prakashan, As per PCI Syllabus,
Page No. 3.1-3.4.
https://www.slideshare.net/namarta2
8/atp-the-universal-energy-currency-
of-cell
https://www.slideshare.net/ReginaldF
inleySrMEd/atp-presentation-
59136359

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