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“A system to Record and Report Cyber Crimes”
Assignment Studio
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to the Research....................................................................................................3
i. Hacking .................................................................................................................................4
ii. Viruses and Other Malicious Programs................................................................................5
iii. Fraud and Theft.....................................................................................................................5
iv. Gambling, Pornography and Other Offenses against Morality ............................................5
v. Child Pornography and Other Offenses against Minors ......................................................6
vi. Cyber terrorism .....................................................................................................................6
2. Prevent Cybercrimes................................................................................................................6
3. Literature Review......................................................................................................................7
i. Cybercrime............................................................................................................................7
ii. Importance of cybercrime control Reporting ........................................................................9
iii. Awareness and Education about Cybercrimes....................................................................9
a) An evaluation of the MakeITsecure campaign...............................................................10
b) An Analysis of Electronic Media to Prepare Children for Safe and Ethical Practices in
Digital Environments...............................................................................................................11
c) Implementing an Integrated National Cyber safety Program for the Compulsory School
Sector......................................................................................................................................11
d) A Perspective on Achieving Information Security Awareness .......................................11
e) Information Security Awareness: Local Government and Internet Service Providers...12
iv. Online Reporting Mechanisms and Organizations.............................................................13
a. Online Canadian Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies.......................................................13
b. Online U.S Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies ................................................................13
c. Online European Union Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies ............................................14
d. Online India Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies...............................................................14
e. Online Switzerland Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies....................................................14

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f. Online UK Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies..................................................................15
v. Prevention Methods ............................................................................................................15
vi. Reporting Challenges .........................................................................................................18
vii. Cybercrime Legislation .......................................................................................................19
viii. Islam and E-crime Law .......................................................................................................22
ix. Impact and High Cost of Cyber Crimes..............................................................................23
x. Cybercrimes in Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. ..................................................25
4. Methodology ...........................................................................................................................27
i. Literature Review....................................................................................................................27
ii. Collect Data.........................................................................................................................28
iii. Make Study (Design and Analysis) Of Implementing a System ............................................28
5. Findings and Conclusions ......................................................................................................29
References List:.............................................................................................................................31

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1. Introduction to the Research
Internet and computers have changed working, communication, meeting and business
requirements and conditions all over globe. Due to this high profile technology,
everyone can share any activity that was unexpected and unimaginable few decades
back. It was the imagination of people that they will live their lives in this manner and do
their business quickly and imagination and dream has come true with the introduction of
internet only. Modern society is now associated with internet and related technologies,
over a quarter of the world's population is wired into the net and this number is growing
every day (Grossman 2000).
The importance of business and daily routine life cannot be imagined without internet, it
is a source of enjoyment in terms of games, movies, songs, social chatting, and
communication, ideas sharing, education and so on. In reality, no one can rebuff
importance on internet these days in any part of life (UN Doc 1990 p.162-163).
Although, it is a great invention by human but as all know that everything has two sides,
one is bright and other one is dark. Internet also has a dark side as well. Through
evolution of internet, certain crimes have been developed into new forms of crimes and
new ways to commit old forms of crimes. There was no phishing, hacking, and malware
attacks before internet in the world, but currently, frauds, theft and terrorism activities
have been shaped into cyber crimes these days (UNICRI Survey 2012).
It is a big advantage of internet that users can enjoy full time secrecy with little danger of
being traced and identified. On other side, internet is a sort of magnet for all types of
common cyber criminals. Recently, in a survey conducted by Symantec found that 65%
of internet users had victimized phishing attacks, malware attacks, hacking of social-
networking profiles etc. Now, Cybercrime has become a wide lucrative criminal industry
and it is generating almost US$ 100 million annually. With this figure, it can clearly be
imagined that internet crime is increasing with an alarming growth rate (Tadjer 2000).
UNICRI is a prominent institute because it is working hard to achieve better
understanding and observation regarding cybercrimes for the purpose of suggesting

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and formulating situational policies, straggles and development of security systems and
techniques. These steps are supporting and enhancing capabilities of those people who
are directly or indirectly involved in the process of preventing cybercrimes (UNICRI
Survey 2012).
There are several words and terms used interchangeably like computer crime,
cybercrime, I.T crime and high-tech crime to refer two sorts of crime. In the first crime,
target is computer such as attack on network confidentiality, integrity or availability. The
term can be further refined as unauthorized access to data and programs for illicit
tempering (UNICRI Survey 2012).
There are several questions that come in mind that how middle-east countries can
develop laws and systems to record and prevent cyber crimes. This research is
basically done to understand references of Islamic laws about computer crimes
because when there will be no specific law related to cyber crimes with strong Islamic
references then it is non-feasible to develop a system for recording and documenting
these crimes in Islamic countries. Islamic countries such as Saudi-Arabia, Iran and
Dubai cannot run any campaign and develop a system when they are unable to punish
and defend people and society legally on only ethical grounds. The question is raised in
the research that what is the importance of a system to record and implement cyber or
computer related crimes these days. This research is the answer of all questions related
to cyber crimes and related issues in Middle-east and particularly Saudi-Arabia where
ratio of these crimes is highest (AJBAILI, 2009).
There are several types of cybercrimes such as:
i. Hacking
Hacking is a very common cybercrime in this contemporary era. It is referred to as
gaining of unauthorized access to the personal data, information, and programs. For
example, snooper can easily read the personal information of a person from his
computer or take over his computer’s data. A saboteur may delete the important files
from the computer by getting access through latest hacking software. A professional
hacker can hack and get secret information from any company information system.

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So there are so many example in which hacking can take place these days by
hackers (Fallows 2011).
ii. Viruses and Other Malicious Programs
Some viruses are harmful to human body and some viruses are harmful to the body
of computer. These viruses can be intentional or unintentionally attack to a wide
range of computers. Unintentionally viruses attack to those systems that come under
the range of those same viruses (Samosseiko 2009). Some significant viruses are
Trojan horse and love Bug, these viruses are harmful in a manner that they hack
username, passwords, erase important file, destroy whole hardware and so forth. It
is harmful to human body in a way if it erases the medical records of a hospital
(Samosseiko 2009).
iii. Fraud and Theft
Fraud and theft is the largest cybercrime within the list of all the cybercrimes. The
major fraud and thefts are made through fake chatting, messages, unsolicited e-
mails, and financial gains and create disturbance for fun. Sometimes, you are
looking to buy something through eBay; you negotiate and confirm the delivery and
prices. You pay the price but you never get the supply of goods because these
goods have not been ordered to the trustworthy person. In mast of the cases, you
give details of credit cards for any purchasing intentions but these credit cards also
are used for other purchases by deceivers (Communications Fraud Control
Association 2011).
iv. Gambling, Pornography and Other Offenses against Morality
Currently, online casinos are operating without any restriction and through internet
people enjoy gambling despite the fact that is illegal in some jurisdictions such as
middle-east and Islamic countries. The business of drugs, tobacco, and liquor is also
going greatly over internet. These types of crimes are not harmful to certain religion but

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according to the standard of morality, these businesses are working these days without
any jurisdiction.
v. Child Pornography and Other Offenses against Minors
Internet is freely utilizable for all types of people including Childs below the mature age
or teenage. These Childs are ruining their lives by watching vulgar images and movies.
These images and movies are harmful to their growth as a respectful and civilized
citizen of the society. They damage their health in terms of masturbating and molesting
activities. Sometimes, porn star invites them over red light areas by showing nude
webcams in a manner that they blackmail for money and other wrong activities. The
other wrong activities may include preparation of Childs for the murder of any personal
enemy (Grady 1998).
vi. Cyber terrorism
Cyber terrorism is one of the major cybercrimes these days. In cyber terrorism, terrorists
use internet as tool to make plans against big and important entities of the world. They
communicate and share major formulas, information, and might hack into computer
systems and destroy banking systems, stock exchanges and international financial
transactions in a huge way. Cyber terrorist can manipulate an air traffic control system,
break the system that can cause plane crash and collide (Arquilla 1998).
2. Prevent Cybercrimes
There is a big network of different steps is required for the purpose of preventing
cybercrimes from all over the world. The whole process should be prepared from
planning to the implementation and evaluation stages of unique tactics, policies and
strategies. This type of strong and authentic process can clearly make sure the healthy
protection from threats such as cybercrimes. Several steps of the below diagram have
been simplified further and each circle is linked and developed to prevent people,

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countries and businesses from cybercrimes. This whole diagram is based on technical
and general inputs to get the desire outcomes in terms of strong systems for fighting
against cybercrimes. The process of each circle can be designed in a way which is
suitable to the team working against cybercrimes. For example, compliance procedure
of any team can be different from other protection team but there should the essential
steps on government and international level. So this diagram is a very comprehensive
and general in nature but gives a strong idea to fight against any type of cybercrime in a
better way.
3. Literature Review
i. Cybercrime
This report has been prepared to study and research on the different areas of
Cybercrimes or internet crimes. The literature review has been conducted on different
angles and areas of cybercrimes because cybercrime is not the issue of provisional,
national level but it is a global level issue. With the help of getting knowledge related to
different types of literature such as important of cybercrimes, impact of cybercrimes,
preventive measures of cybercrimes, scope of cybercrimes, and cybercrimes in the
middle east countries, any researcher can contribute in the research to help officials of
governments every type of help in a great way.
Computer and internet has provided diverse nature of platforms for business, relations
and integrations among people all over the world. Everything has become so quick and
easy after the invention and introduction of internet. Due to the significance growth of
computer technology, computers and infrastructure have been regarded as the
backbone of modern life of people. There is no contradict that this technology is without
issues and problems such as misuses, theft, fraud, money laundering and mischief and
these should be prevented and cure through proper system in Advance and middle-east
countries (Audit Commission 1998).

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The origin of computer crimes is difficult to determine but a case was emerged in 1974
within US in which David Stryker, John Shore and Stanley Wilson infected 1108
computer and obtained classified information from the system through Trojan horse
techniques. Now, hackers are making a lot of money through smuggling of drugs and
narcotics as per the US facts and figures. The figure of profits has been increased up to
$ 1tr a year (Little 2006, p.11-12).
E-crime has really cracked business all over the world, due to this level of threat and
potential, every country is working hard to prevent this crime by utilizing all the available
resources and tools. Law can be a support to reporting and recording crimes and also
give punishment to the victims but for the purpose of making any unique law, it is very
important to consider the comments, suggestions and guidance of scholars, experts,
religious people such as Popes and Imams etc. The view of religion and ethical studies
is important because comments are helpful in refining and establishing the basic
requirements of law. One of the latest researches conducted in Bahrain about the
concept and nature of e-crime in Islam. The purpose of this study was to support the
fines and penalties to e-criminals with full and final modern and religious facts and
figure. That research has proposed an introductory computer crime law from an Islamic
point of view which we believe will initiate further research in this important field
(Mansoor 2007).
E-crime has been defined as a strong challenge for future law enforcement agencies.
There should be proper planning, implementation and compliance against this crime at
the earliest by global online anti-crime squads (Backhouse & Dhillon 1995, 645-
651; Dhillon & Moores 2001, p.715-723; Dhillon & Backhouse 2004, p.551-561; Ernst &
Young 2004). This crime has all characteristics and types such as drug trafficking,
smuggling of people and goods, money laundering, and frauds (DTI/PWC 2004).
E-crime is the root cause of big crimes and the alarming situation is that young people
are involved in these crimes. When young kids and people will be able to know about
the ways to earn money with this short way then there is a possibility that they will
become international criminals. Young guys are stealing exam question papers, secrets

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formulas and money from online websites. Some people do this crime for fun but
majority of the people commit this crime for money.
Computer security is currently known as the great matter of concern within society and
organization. Previous studies have worked out on the computer crime risks and
punishments (ISO BS17799 2005; Willison 2006, p.170-186; Willison & Backhouse
2006, p.403-414). The previous studies did not study about the relationship between
criminal’s behavior while doing cyber crimes and other different types of crimes, it is
very much needed to focus on the symptoms of crimes instead of just preventing crimes
through different methods such as reporting and documentation and legislations (Al-A'ali
2006, p.19-21).
ii. Importance of cybercrime control Reporting
As it is stated that cybercrime is as dangerous as other civil crimes because it can harm
to your computer, property, documents and assets in a very dangerous and serious
manner so there is a need to create the importance of reporting cybercrimes in the
society globally. United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
(UNICRI Survey 2012) have drawn our attention towards the importance of reporting
cybercrimes by doing great research. With the research of this UNICRI, some significant
figures have been obtained (UNICRI Survey 2012).
iii. Awareness and Education about Cybercrimes
Cybercrime is one of the severe crimes of the world and advance countries rank it as a
top ranking crime as compare to many other crimes. Crimes are harmful to the body,
tangible and intangible assets of an entity. Several works have been accomplished in
the past to critically analyze the nature, types, root causes, cost and impact of this
rubbish crime. It is a kind of activity that has no limit of harm to computers and assets
recorded in the computers.

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Well, it is really important at this point to realize its importance and take such steps that
can reduce its harm. Such steps can include research, designing of certain system,
legislations and awareness among users of computers. There are several types of
computer users such as child, mature people, different types of companies, and
countries at wide level. Every type of user is using this computer because it is a highly
popular and useful device of the world. It is easily available in almost all the advance as
well as matures countries of the world.
In advanced countries, different campaigns were run with different names only to give
awareness about all the types of crimes. Different international campaigns targeted
different audience and the objective was only and only to create the importance of
cybercrimes and it’s reporting to the designated agencies, departments and authorities
at government level.
Family online: Internet security begins with you
It is really an interesting idea to run a different type of campaign to create and develop
the importance of understanding cyber related crimes and get knowledge that how to be
saved from different types of e-crimes. This campaign was basically done to understand
and assess the knowledge of parents related to certain types of cyber attacks on
computer through internet. The idea was to involve children and give them certain
knowledge to be alert and save from such crimes by parents. 10 films were
broadcasted; each film was 45 seconds long. These films were broadcasted on two
channels of France. This campaign was very useful for creating awareness regarding
cybercrimes.
a) An evaluation of the MakeITsecure campaign
Another campaign was carried out in Ireland in the year 2005-2006, this campaign was
launched by public as well private companies such as Microsoft, The Department of
Communication, Marine and Natural Resources together with BT, Dell, Eircom, the Irish
Bankers Federation, IAB, Microsoft, Symantec, and National centre for security in
Education. The major purpose of this Television campaign was also to extract, identify

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and minimize the root causes of cybercrimes. When people will get to know that how an
attack such as Phishing; identity theft; spyware and child safety online then they will be
able to report the crime. In short, this is the first step of reporting cybercrimes.
b) An Analysis of Electronic Media to Prepare Children for Safe and Ethical
Practices in Digital Environments
A very different nature of campaign was launched for the school level young people.
This campaign was designed to provide proper technical, management and decision-
making tips to prevent cybercrimes. The central idea was that when people at young
age will be able to understand technicalities of computer crimes then they can better be
safe as well as report the crime to prescribed agency in a very coherent manner. The
campaign gave a lot of confidence and knowledge to young people, a new rubric
technique was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of online instructional materials.
This modern and digital device was helpful in understanding that high quality cyber
safety resources are based on a coherent theoretical framework and so forth (Berson et
al. 2008).
c) Implementing an Integrated National Cyber safety Program for the Compulsory
School Sector
Cybercrime is a dangerous crime that can destroy the roots of the nation. It really
attracts young school children because of several activities available in it. This
campaign was launched for the purpose of giving knowledge about the negative effects
of cybercrimes associated with this digital device. This is one of the popular cyber safety
initiatives by the ministry of education within New Zealand (Harré, n.d).
d) A Perspective on Achieving Information Security Awareness
By considering cyber security a severe and harmful crime, Government of U.S has
taken certain actions to avoid the attacks related to computer. The government of U.S

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really understands and realizes that the knowledge and skills related to cyber security
should be offered and taught to students in the relevant information technology and
information systems. They are teaching skills and knowledge that can help students to
be safe from such crimes. An authentic step by step process and technical training has
been given to the students in courses such as computer information systems, computer
engineering. Government considers this issue as a national level issue and this is a
reason that they have provided certain lectures in the information systems degree’s
units. The mission of the government is now to change the previous teaching methods
related to information systems by adding advance ways to prevent cybercrimes in
information system studies. This campaign will enhance the knowledge and skills of
student for handling cybercrimes more quickly and easily. The central idea is to create a
culture of information security from all the angles (Hentea, N.D).
e) Information Security Awareness: Local Government and Internet Service
Providers.
This report is also a link to awareness and knowledge about cyber security within
people and users of computer and internet. This campaign was done by local
government and internet service. The effort was made to promote and develop a
‘culture of security’ among users within the European Member States.
By reviewing all these campaigns regarding awareness and education of cybercrimes, it
can be said that governments, people, private firms, providers, professors, student and
every type of individual is trying hard to minimize the effects of cybercrimes and prevent
this crime on self help basis.
Reports and campaigns were started and launched for the purpose of creating
awareness but it doesn’t mean that after having knowledge of prevention users can take
the burden of being secure on self help basis. There are certain types of attacks that
can be avoided by users. In short, some attacks can be prevented by users through
proper measures and software and some attacks can only be prevented through special
agencies, experts and legislations within a country (ENISA 2007).

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There are certain authorizes and agencies who are fighting against cybercrimes all over
the world. International association of internet hotlines is a working in several countries
of the world by offering services related to cybercrimes reporting. The operations and
centers of this association are in 33 countries of the world including Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Netherland, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, United States, United Kingdom but it is really
disappointing that the mechanism support has not been availed or provided in Saudi-
Arabia. The services of this association are really required in this country due to high
level of damages faced in government, semi-government and private organizations.
This association has been established by European Unions (ENISA 2007).
iv. Online Reporting Mechanisms and Organizations
There are several developed countries that have done as much as they are capable to
do in the discipline of Cybercrimes until now. Countries such as Australia, Canada, U.S,
U.k and many more have developed special organizations to fight against different
types of crimes these days (Vaonline 2012).
a. Online Canadian Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies
Canadian anti-fraud centre is an integrated partnership between international, local and
private organizations to prevent economic crimes reporting. There is a telephone
number, fax number, e-mail address to report crimes and for online reporting a form is
available for person and organization over the website. Cybertip.ca is another agency
where crimes such sexual exploitation of children can be reported. Moreover, RCMP
fraud prevention page is also available over internet in which examples and procedures
related to prevention of cybercrimes are placed (Vaonline 2012).
b. Online U.S Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies

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United States is the greatest country of the world but cybercrime is a global crime that
cannot be avoided by even greatest countries of world like U.S. Department of Justice's
Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Division, FBI, National Cyber Security
Alliance, and Network Abuse Clearinghouse are just following cyber criminals as quickly
as possible in U.S. The harm is much severe that without involvement of government
and society it cannot be avoided at all. All organizations and governments around globe
have to do planning and such developments to avoid this crime (Ciardhuáin 2004).
c. Online European Union Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies
An association named as INHOPE has several stations all over the world including
European Union member countries; the purpose of this association is to protect young
people from pornography and other issues of cybercrimes. The members of this
association are governments of advance countries who have access to report and
prevent people from crimes. SafeNet also termed as Safe Internet Action Plan is
promoting safety issues of internet and guiding all European Union countries to be safe
from harms and threats of computer and internet (Vaonline 2012).
d. Online India Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies
CCVC is abbreviated as centre for cyber victims counseling. This is another government
level institute and services of this institute are ranging from prevention to action against
hackers. Users of India can immediately take preventive steps and in case they are
harmed they can report immediately to prevent any sort of damage (Vaonline 2012).
e. Online Switzerland Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies
Cyber Crime Coordinating Unit is a nationwide agency that can help people from
cybercrimes such as pornography, depiction of violence; extremism; racism; unlawful
entry into IT systems; spreading of computer viruses; destruction of data; credit card
misuse; violation of copyrights; illegal arms trade etc. Citizens can take quick actions
online, for instance reporting to this institute right away (Vaonline 2012).

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f. Online UK Cybercrimes Reporting Agencies
Child exploitation and online protection centre (CEOP) is also saving the citizens of its
country from different types of computer and internet threats. This agency is basically
formed to save child from acts such as pornography, illegal exploitation and so forth.
The strategy of this organization is to save children by taking confidence of parents and
caregivers. This is a type of virtual police station for reporting internet crimes related to
child crimes (Vaonline 2012).
There is need to identify the root causes to resolve issues related to cybercrimes as well
as reporting in middle-east countries. With research, systems and implementation the
same can be placed to Saudi Arabia as well.
v. Prevention Methods
Companies and societies are finding and analyzing numerous methods to tackle and
remove cyber crimes. Some techniques are helpful such as risk management
techniques (Peltier 2004, p.44-56), global standards like ISO BS17799 (2005) and
baseline security approach (Parker 1998;Willison 2006). In this approach, controls and
powers are used on the basis of best practice principles. The question is still there that
by applying computer crime laws and standards, can we reduce computer crimes? It is
only possible if you we link human behavior with the individual forces of control. Without
the implementation of self-imposed approach and reporting, we cannot control computer
and internet related crimes.
It is very difficult to prevent cybercrimes with the help of developing policies and
procedures, standard laws and punishments. Laws cannot be changed as quickly
because diverse nature of cybercrimes is varying vigilantly these days. In short,
government is itself only responsible to stop cybercrimes but it is intrinsic responsibility
of society to prevent this illegal act on self help basis. The initiative about computer
crime law was introduced by Senator Ribikoff by presenting a federal bill in the US
congress (Schjolberg 2003). Although, this bill was not adopted but the intensity and

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importance of a proper proposed legislation concept related to computer crimes was
created through this bill.
Well, it is important to develop a law for any sort of crime, existence of laws ensure a
fear for criminal and criminal may stop illegal acts straight away. Punishment ensure the
prevention of crimes and also gives lessons to others in a huge manner The problem is
the identification and documentation of crimes, there is no reporting and documentation
procedure in Saudi-Arabia, law is the base of actions such as reporting and recording of
crimes. Laws are guidelines that define steps and actions to save people from crimes.
The legislature of Texas passed the law in 1985 and this law has been amended
several times with very short intervals. This is a clear practical example of strategy to
defend against crimes certain crimes.
CSI/FBI (2003) survey explored that the outcome of deploying technologies and laws is
not fulfilling the requirements to defend against cybercrimes and attacks; crimes are still
increasing and growing from every passing year. The risk of computer crimes is
significantly high in the existence of laws and regulations as well and there is big
financial loss to the society and country. The argument is supported by Australian
survey as well in which it is clearly stated that the losses of year 2003 are doubled as
compare to the losses in the year 2002 (Australian Survey 2006).
It has been stated in the research that cybercrime is becoming an epidemic. Recently, a
high level survey was conducted by Norton on the behalf of Symantec Corporation that
65% of the surveyed victims have been affected from cybercrime from viruses like
malware attacks, scams, phishing, hacking, credit cards fraud etc at high, medium and
low level. The survey also indicated that only half of the 44% victims reported about the
crime to the law enforcement agency at that time. The survey also clarified that it is right
time to take necessary actions properly against this crime on high level because it is
very difficult to bear the cost and risk related to cybercrimes. From all the internet users,
only 28% actually expect to be defrauded or scammed online (UNICRI Survey 2012).

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In the UNICRI Survey (2012), answer regarding the nature of cybercrimes was also
taken and people said that cybercrime is kind of theft in which no one can face the fear
of cybercrimes in almost any situations because these crimes are hidden to victims due
to weak protection systems within the system. 79% internet users don’t expect and
intend to bring hackers towards justice of law because they consider cybercrimes in the
category of burglary and often feel violated, powerless and disappointed and sometimes
blame themselves to be a victim of cybercrimes on initial stages. In this survey, it was
also observed that people don’t consider cybercrimes as big crimes; they take these
crimes as non-reported crimes (UNICRI Survey 2012). They feel that there is no benefit
of reporting this type of crime because it is not that level of crime for which someone
should be accountable in the court of justice. Some people feel that the benefit of
reporting is far outweighed by the hassle. There are many businesses that were
involved in the survey, they stated that they don’t report about cybercrimes due to the
matter of confidentiality of information and secondly their reputation can also be
harmed. There is another category of people who don’t know about cybercrimes, they
cannot report cybercrimes because they don’t know about the signs of malware attacks
(UNICRI Survey 2012).
This type of high level non-reporting attitude makes cybercrime increasingly invisible
and allows criminals to operate on larger levels. The argument that cybercrimes are
unavoidable and faceless is not true because as per the Symantec survey, it is reported
that 90% cybercrimes are committed by large criminal networks. So the crux of the
report is that if people want to be safe from these types of crimes then they need to
realize the importance of reporting cybercrimes to the law enforcement agencies and
also take necessary knowledge regarding the procedure of reporting. When people will
report about cybercrimes then the proper strategies can be replaced with weak
strategies and systems due to identification of weak systems with low level of outcomes
(UNICRI Survey 2012).
Another researcher also argues in favor of the importance of reporting internet crimes to
the law enforcement agencies. It has clearly stated that one of the biggest drawbacks of
internet fraud and potential crimes is the attitude of people towards reporting of internet

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crimes to agencies. These are unnoticed but cost many millions to business, he also
notified that sometimes internet frauds are not reported because they don’t affect the
daily routine and sometimes they are too small to notice and sometimes people notice
such frauds but neglect to complain. But it is the reality that if these crimes will not
restricted at the lower level then there will be big loss due to non-reporting of these
types of small incidents to agencies (Federal Bureau of Investigation 2010).
vi. Reporting Challenges
Etter (2001) has defined and listed certain challenges that have been faced by
investigators while documenting and reporting crimes and these challenges are as
follows:
 Loss of secrecy and nature of online crime.
 Higher level of risks and threats and defensive hurdles such as issues of
legislation.
 The speed and vigilance of crimes committed through advanced software by
hackers.
 There is possibility for planned misuse of power issues and cross-jurisdictional
differences by cyber criminals.
 The unpredictability or transient nature of evidence like weak forensic evidence
including eyewitnesses, DNA test either, and huge amount of costs of reporting
and documentation.
The management of e-crime has also defined certain challenges to the implementation,
reporting and a recording system and these challenges include (Australian Police
Commissioners' Conference Electronic Crime Working Party 2000, p. 25-28; Rees
2000, p.16-19):
 Reducing gaps and bridging multijurisdictional associations.
 Maintaining and preserving supportive evidences.
 Having adequate control.

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
19
 Decoding encryption.
 Proper and proving identity.
 Struggling to know where to look for facts.
 Fighting against tools of crime and establishing new tools to counter crime.
 Replanting the potential costs and priorities of documentation and reporting.
 Tackling with crime in real time.
 Establish proper training programs at organizational levels. For instance, lower,
middle and top management.
 Developing deliberate agreements and alliances.
 Development of online reporting systems related to e-crime.
 Improving the infrastructure and communication system for the purpose of quick
exchange of information and intelligence.
 Acquiring the services of anti-crime experts.
 Avoiding 'tech-lag' (or ensuring access to cutting edge technology).
vii. Cybercrime Legislation
In a published US Electronic Frontier, it was admitted that there is a great need of
balancing the need for accountability with the support of secrecy and this may also be
the major future challenge. Moreover, UK have also instructed about the need of
Regulatory and Investigatory Power act to resolve the issues such as secrecy and a
range of other several issues. In his respect, new FBI carnivore system is the evidence
of such reporting system and this system is much criticized and debated (PWGUCI
2000).
The principles are almost same in all the religion and this argument has been proved in
the recent research on the comparison of Islamic and western basic principles of ethics
(Editorial 2006). As Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said that “I was sent to complete the
epitomes of Ethics” (Abdel-Baky 1951, p.564). It is true that Islam covers all the aspects
of life and the issues related to it. For every issue and problem, there is a certain
solution with the help of laws to handle such issues in Islam. Western countries believe
that Islam doesn’t support to secularism but in the real fact and according to Shar’iah,

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
20
Islam support and control every day activities of human in a big manner. The verses of
Holy cover all the aspects and issues of human life (Editorial 2006).
Computer crime is a crime that can be observed practically as well as theoretically from
the perspective of computer ethics. It is clearly described and argued that when we
study and write about computer and other subject’s ethics then we come to know about
many theoretical inequalities. These inequalities are rising due to several reasons such
as the use of information and communication technologies and the associated forms of
technological determinism and liberalism (Alison 2001, p.235-261). There are numerous
types of computer crimes such as stalking to child pornography (Newman & Clarke
2003). Cyber stalking is a severe crime that can be committed by using some aspect of
information and communication technologies. Due to increase in the use of computer,
there is very big need to quickly develop systems to record and document cybercrimes
and take actions against these criminals legally (Reno 1999). Although, this issue has
been raised on several levels such as print media and internet but there is no
systematic analysis has been accounted for yet. There should be a proper theoretical
framework with a combination of emotional experience of stalking and an understanding
of online crime framework (Alison 2001, p.235-261).
Some people may argue that our rights of privacy are "socially constructed," meaning
that they change over time under the influence of many human forces and institutions,
including technology, culture, and law (Levine 2003, p.281-285). Another factor that
affects our rights is the strength of the arguments that we use to think about them.
Some people may argue that our rights of privacy are "socially constructed," meaning
that they change over time under the influence of many human forces and institutions,
including technology, culture, and law (Levine 2003, p.281-285). Another factor that
affects our rights is the strength of the arguments that we use to think about them.
A research was conducted on user rights of privacy, it was argued that rights of privacy
are socially constructed and these rights are altered with the passage of time by
authorities such as human forces and institutions, information technology, culture, and

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
21
legislation (Levine 2003, p.281-285). Moreover, the rights of privacy are totally
dependent on the level and strength of our minds, whatever our mind depict as privacy
right, that can be declared as a limit of privacy.
There are certain factors by Levine (2003, p.281-285) for the purpose of supporting the
Islamic implementation, reporting and recording system, these factors are helpful to
determine the argument for presenting a discussion about computer crime from an
Islamic laws point of view (Yousif 2002), these factors are listed below:
1. Freedom: he stated that if we hide our behavior and acts from others so that we
can be protected from punishment, discrimination at work, social isolation, and
horrible criticism.
2. Property rights: Property rights are included body such as human body
information and computer information belongs to me, it is same as anyone's body
is his or her property.
3. Informed consent: there should be a proper consent taken to use any other
person information and knowledge, and formula.
4. Personality development: to develop strong and competent recording and
documenting procedures and systems, we need to develop complex
personalities.
5. Avoidance of discrimination: sometimes, people use powers improperly and act
on the foundation of ethically irrelevant information.
6. Happiness: enjoyment and fun is the ethical right of people, but in case of
cybercrimes it is not a rightful act by hackers or electronic criminals. There are
other moral values such as justice, fairness, liberty and compassion to support
this law. The thinking of making people happy at any cost is not all logical and
legal particularly in cybercrimes incidents.
All these above factors are really supportive and helpful in making laws related to
computer crimes in middle-east and Islamic countries. These factors are really giving a
proper direction and base and on the basis of the support of all these factors, a more

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
22
proper law can be passed and that law is also a kind of motivation towards reporting
and documenting cybercrimes globally.
In a published UN report, it is properly classified about the illegal acts from one country
to another country computers and assets without knowing nature of data and
consequences of the act of online crime at all. In addition, benefit of such illegal act
goes to a third country, it means one country is harming or misusing second country
legal data and information to support third country. This whole example identifies that
how several countries may involve and claim to jurisdictional competency (UN 1999,
p.48).
viii. Islam and E-crime Law
Islam is an absolute religion and exhibit immense proof relevant to diverse crimes and
its punishments. It is also a myth in Shar’iah that if there is no specific proof then that is
considered low level crime in Islam. There is a fix punishment for all types of crimes in
Islam. These judges are also not bound by precedents, laws, or prior decisions as in
English law. Hadd crimes are considered to be the most serious crimes in Islam, for
instance murder, making war upon Allah and his Prophets, arrogant, robbery, theft,
money laundering, deceiving someone, use of intoxicants and so on. These are the
crimes against God Almighty. There are Tazir crimes, these crimes are against society
and committed in case of disobeying orders and words of Allah Almighty. The point is
that there are several laws with proof and for the violation of every crime, there is a fix
punishment for that person. For crimes such as malware, viruses, pornography, and
child exploitation etc are termed as Tazir crimes. Reference from the past incidents can
be useful to define punishments of this legal violation. There are laws related to
computer crimes in Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia but there is no reporting of
such crimes due to unwilling attitude towards reporting and non-awareness about the
punishments (Yousif 2002).
Every law is developed to compensate victim of crime so there is no law without this
characteristic of revenge. US justice has established a retribution model in which

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
23
punishments for all the crimes are fixed. It is also important to note that American
Federal code contains minimum essential sentences for drug and other intoxicants
dealing. There are many states in which the model of fixed punishment is developed
these days if crime is proved with proper evidences. Qesas is an example in which one
knows what will be the punishment, so awareness about punishment and reporting of
crimes is very important to avoid online crimes (Yousif 2002).
It is a fact that the ratio of Muslim population is ¼ on the planet of earth, it may be better
to develop and establish laws after taking Islamic point of view as well. There should be
the opinion of Islamic countries in the development of global laws to handle computer
related crimes. It is important to take the views of Islamic countries as well because
Saudi-Arabia, Jordan and Iran have also placed computer crimes at the centre of their
legal codes (Crystal 2001; Kamali 1994). Islamic laws also talks and argues about
perfect justice and punishment therefore these Islamic laws and references will be
suitable for the purpose of minimizing computer crimes (Afifi 2003). Computer crimes
such as money laundering, data stealing, and hacking are not the new ones, if we want
to reduce computer crimes we have to use the Islamic theory related to computer
crimes (Afifi 2003).
After a deep literature review, it is concluded that we did not find much work published
about reporting and recording computer crimes in Middle-east countries with the
exception of (Norazlina et al. 2003, p.280-293;Mancuso, 2007). These two research
paper focus on e-commerce crimes reporting and documenting and Islam.
ix. Impact and High Cost of Cyber Crimes
Cybercrime may be related to a property, firm, business and country and it may harm to
the business, individual, and a country via irritating e-mails, spams, malware attacks,
viruses, hacking, credit card fraud, passwords theft and unauthorized access.
The impact, cost and nature of cybercrimes is defined in different ways like British police
defines cybercrimes as a crime that involve computer technology because cyber
criminals are very quick in utilizing the opportunities. One of the popular researchers

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
24
stated that behavior is determined by the influences, environment in which a person
grows and the actions of those personnel are explained their personality (Shariff 2008).
Sheriff also clarified that the definition of cyber bullying should be explained the tools
and forms that it has involved to differentiate it from the regular cyber bullying. It is also
observed this researcher that these tolls and forms used to commit a cybercrime and
through these forms and tools people will get to know the severity and mode of crime as
well (Shariff et al. 2008).
An article was studied on the nature of cybercrimes by Vladimir from Russia, in this
articles it was stated that 10-12 cases were filled in the category of cybercrimes during
1990 which were of rowdies and 2/3 of all the cases were related to stolen and
unauthorized access. In this article, it is also clarified that at that time, modern
technology was available to hackers; area was also approachable to them. This
information can help future investigators to deeply investigate the strength of hackers
and their large networks (Shariff et al. 2008).
There are so many reasons of cybercrimes and one of them is the use of electronic
machines like ATM, online money transfers. Although, these are advanced facilities but
these facilities have negative effects as well in terms of financial loss and frustration.
Internet is borderless due to the availability and invention of wireless networks in the
world. Internet is a useful medium of information, money and ideas but it is still having
breakable codes and weak control over the websites. Another big reason of less control
over the hackers is that there is no central body and frame working for the purpose of
defending computers, property and money against these hackers globally. There is
security network on the global level so there is a need of proper global network (Krause
and Tipton 1999).
It is the responsibility of law enforcement agencies to protect the property, people and
country from cybercrimes but the efforts and systems should be advanced and
adequate to meet and protect people and business from cybercrimes. The agencies are
working with weak technological tools, gadgets. On the other hand, hackers carry high
profile technological tools to destroy the networks of people and business through

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
25
computer and internet. Due to less technology, frauds are not decreasing in a big way
(O'Neil 2001, pp.28-31).
Griffith (2001), identified that technology has become very advance and with the help of
this advancement, perfect duplication, publishing of multimedia combinations, print,
design are sound are easily possible. These are the types of techniques and software
which can be helpful in destroying the efforts and creativity into unsustainable
conditions.
There was an incident of such type of crimes when “The World is not enough” was
available on the internet for free download before the actual release. Moreover, CSI
director Patrice Rapalus said in a BBC news article that there are many methods of
breaching information security and developing cybercrimes (Richardson 2010).
x. Cybercrimes in Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.
Cybercrimes are not only the issue of advanced and richest countries of the world but it
is one of the most serious issues of middle-east countries. There are so many
companies that are the victims of cyber attacks, phishing, viruses in middle-east. These
attacks are committed and motivated by race, religion and nationalities.
Recently, many websites of UAE have been through the time of defacements and due
to phishing attacks, a large amount of loss has been occurred in those businesses. Due
to increase in Cybercrimes and related activates, UAE has developed Computer
Emergency Response Team to deal with cyber crime incidents and cases on immediate
basis. The most significant victims of cyber frauds are Finance Centre and hacking
attempt on the Dubai E-Government. These types of high profile crimes have urged
UAE to develop certain cybercrime control units within organizations.
“Cyber crime cases have doubled this year” a senior police officer has said at the
forensic department of Dubai Police and added that “Technology revolution, population
boost and diversity of educated people all led to an increase in Cyber crime” (Dwyer
2010).

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
26
A report has been prepared Trend Micro and in this report, it has been clearly stated
that Saudi Arabia was ranked 1st and United Arab Emirates was ranked second in terms
of cyber crime victims in the Gulf countries (Dwyer 2010). Some major incidents have
been reported in Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates which are as follows:
 Within 9 months period, 7, 96,000 victims in Saudi Arabia and 2,48,000 victims in
UAE due to hackers and total of UAE accounts for 20% of the total GCC. The
most prominent crime was hacking and stealing of credit card numbers and other
vulnerable data from websites, computer systems of the companies (Richardson
2010).
 The famous website Al-Arabia was also hacked recently and it was down for a
long time accusing Dubai-based news channel of supporting Sunni over Shiite
Muslims. A recent hacking was committed by the former clerk who was sacked
from his job from Saudi based Al Watan newspaper. There were suspected
supporters of religious clerk also involved. This clerk was sacked from the
kingdom council of senior’s clerk board. Some phishing was also noticed on Al-
Jazeera and UAE’s e-government.
 Due to increase in cyber activities, Saudi government has developed a new law
in which fine up to ($3m) for electronic crimes in order to fight against cyber
crime. It is also observed in the report that it is almost impossible to trial hackers
by local regulatory authorities and securities agencies due to the fact that most
attacks come from countries outside the region (Dwyer 2010).
Cyber crime and related issue are the global level issues and no country is protected
from these crimes completely. There has been an exorbitant growth in cyber crime in
the Middle East over the past few years. The reason of increase in cybercrimes is due
to population boost, lack of security awareness, lack of training for law enforcement
agencies, lack of regulation, diversity of educated people, and availability of technology
to perform sophisticated attacks (Richardson 2010).

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
27
Investment in cybercrime security infrastructure is the demand of the situation and
increase in cybercrimes incidents. If certain steps will not be taken in the design,
operation and maintenance of systems it will left everything vulnerable. A recent survey
about the damage of cybercrimes by Saudi chamber of commerce stated that banks
have lost over $1billion due to organized cybercrimes. It is a very alarming figure for the
think tanks of Saudi Arabia; banks should clearly realize that cybercrimes can occur
from any place of the world. Due to weak security and management systems, many
customers and stakeholders are in danger due to phishing attacks. Heavy investment is
required in the security sector because without proper planning against cybercrimes,
more loss will be occurred. A security culture needs to be established in middle-east
countries (Dwyer 2010).
4. Methodology
i. Literature Review
There are many ways in which a system can be developed in the middle-countries like
Saudi-Arabia, Egypt, UAE and Iran. Many authors may have defined several systems
for the security and laws all over the world related to cyber crimes. For the purpose of
developing a system for recording and reporting Cybercrimes incidents, it is initially
important to review literature on the reporting and recording cybercrime incidents. The
literature can be found in books, journal, online libraries as well as articles over
renowned websites. The material will be useful to get an idea about the degree of
reporting and recording. The developer can get to know that which area needs
concentration a lot. Data related to criminals attack is also important to consider
because with this type of data, developer can strengthen the system and make a
system ready to control every type of crime. In 2008, Al-Arabia website and recently a
newspaper named as Al-Watan was hacked (AJBAILI, 2009).
For example, the emphasis should be on motivation of team, technicalities or budget.
Through literature, a base of the project will be strong and in any difficult situation,
developer can get guidance from the literature review. Another basic benefit of literature

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
28
review is that developer can see how much and what kinds of resources are required to
develop a cybercrime related agency in Saudi-Arabia. They can understand legislations
related to cybercrime. Further improvements and suggestions can also be realized in
the literature given by information technology professionals.
Analyses of Reporting and Recording Systems of U.S, Australia and Canada.
Yes, advanced countries like U.S, Australia and Canada are fighting hard against cyber
criminals because they are aware of the importance of cyber security. Before developer
proceed for towards the development of cybercrimes control system it is better to review
the systems working in the advanced countries (Fowler, A 2009).
You can see steps of resolving a specific cybercrime in U.S, these types of adequate,
detailed and modern and advanced systems are required in each country of the world.
Developers of countries like Saudi-Arabia should also definitely understand the practical
and applied systems implemented in advanced countries (Studies, 2012).
ii. Collect Data
Next step in the development of cyber security control system is to collect data required
for this sort of project. There is several types of database required for the purpose of
development of security system and that database can such as protocols, secure socket
layer certificate (SSLC) and firewall or IP’s (Goodwin 2008, p.2).
iii. Make Study (Design and Analysis) Of Implementing a System
The final step in the methodology is to think that how to implement the system in the
country. There are many simple plans for implementing the system. The best idea is to
involve government in the campaign for increasing awareness towards cybercrimes.
This system can be developed in the following way:
 Involve government in the campaigns related to cyber security in middle-east
countries.
 Strict laws and penalties for local pirated software and CDs.

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
29
 Increase requirements of security system in computers through legislation by the
higher authority of government like Parliament.
 Align IT, Internal Audit and the Board in the fight against economic crime.
Leadership by a Cyber-Savvy CEO, who instills a cyber risk-aware culture.
 Implement a cyber crisis response plan.
 Create awareness about current and emerging cyber environment.
Make a cyber incident response team like crime reporter that can act and adapt quickly
so that agency record, document and deal with a cybercrime incident as soon as
possible. In short, it is important to finally develop a system by following all the steps
stated in the methodology (Choo, KKR, Smith, & RG 2008).
5. Findings and Conclusions
Cybercrime is one of most significant crimes of the current contemporary environment.
No organization, individual and country is completely safe from cybercrimes.
Organizations, people and countries are not completely safe because the network of
cyber criminals is very strong and latest. Governments and safety agencies make
policies and systems to reduce cyber crime but criminals find the solution of those
systems with the help of advance software and technologies and break and collide the
codes of those systems. For the purpose of avoiding such types of crimes, international
level measures should be established.
Advanced countries have made and developed advanced and latest software and
technologies to tackle these sorts of crimes. Moreover, they have developed quick
response units and teams to detect and secure the systems of all the entities of the
countries. On the other hand, middle-east countries are far behind in the field of taking
measures against these crimes. These crimes are increasing day by day in countries
like Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. Recently, some developments have been
made by these countries to tackle these crimes.

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
30
There are several types of cybercrimes and it is impossible to be safe from crimes such
as phishing attacks, moral offences, gambling, child pornography, cyber terrorism,
hacking, and viruses. There are many areas in which proper research required to
design new authentic systems for stopping cybercrimes. There is areas like importance,
scope, cost, impact, measures that can be identified and support to the current
researchers who are involved in the improvement of the systems working against
cybercrimes. By researching in any area like focusing on the importance of reporting,
people can think about it more seriously and also get the understanding and knowledge
about these sorts of crimes. If any researcher starts researching on the impact and cost
of cybercrimes then he/she can also help and protect people directly or indirectly from
cybercrimes in a huge manner.
The crux of the literature review is to provide awareness to people about the cost,
impact, importance of reporting, measures and environment of cybercrimes so that they
can also help themselves from cybercrimes greatly. There are numerous systems
established to fight against cybercrimes by international information security
organizations, individual countries but these measures and systems need further
improvements and enhancements. The agencies need to understand the networks of
cyber criminals and a make a super plan to tackle and prevent cybercrimes.
Before we start to propose a new Islamic reporting and recording system pertinent to
computer crime, we need to describe about the systems in advance countries that how
they are handling cyber crimes. We shall then be able to compare new Islamic
computer crime reporting and recording system such as FBI recording and reporting
system. We will survey the Quran verses and Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) sayings to
find and analyze the Islamic evidences that can be related to computer crimes reporting
and recording systems such as Canadian, Uk and American reporting and recording
systems.

Research Thesis A System to Record and Report Cybercrimes
31
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