Unit 2 types of research ASIMA SHAHZADI course code 6461 AIOU

1. Educational
Research and
Statistics
Course Code 6461
Asima shahzadi
asimashahzadi7@gmail.com

3. Educational Research may be classified under
two categories
1. Types by Purpose
2. Types by Method
Types of Research

4. Types of Research
Types by Purpose
1. Basic Research
2. Applied Research
3. Action Research
Types by Method
1. Historical Research
2. Descriptive Research
3. Experimental Research

5. Types by Purpose

6.  Basic research is a type of research approach that is aimed at
gaining a better understanding of a subject, phenomenon or
basic law of nature. This type of research is primarily focused
on the advancement of knowledge rather than solving a
specific problem.
 According to L.R Gay----- Basic research is conducted solely
for the purpose of theory development and refinement.
Basic Research

7.  In education, basic research is used to develop pedagogical
theories that explain teaching and learning behaviors in the
classroom. Examples of basic research in education include the
following:
1. How does the Language Acquisition Device work on
children?
2. How does the human retentive memory work?
3. How do teaching methods affect student's concentration in
class?
Basic Research Example in Education

8. 1. Interview ( Interview can be structured, unstructured
or semi-structured )
2. Observation (structured or unstructured )
3. Questionnaire
4. Case Studies
Basic Research Method

9. Laboratory approach
Animal as subject
Control and precision
Research worker
Basic Research

10. 1. Basic research is analytical in nature.
2. It is primarily concerned with the expansion of knowledge and
not with the applicability of the research outcomes.
3. Basic research is carried out without any primary focus on
possible practical ends.
4. It improves the general knowledge and understanding of
different fields of study.
Characteristics of Basic Research

11. Applied research is a type of research design that seeks
to solve a specific problem or provide innovative
solutions to issues affecting an individual, group or
society.
It is often referred to as a scientific method of inquiry
or contractual research because it involves the practical
application of scientific methods to everyday problems.
Applied Research

12. Field approach
Humans as subject
Control and precision
Research worker

13. Applied research is relevant in different
fields of study; especially science and social
science-related fields.
Examples of applied research can be seen in
medicine, education, business, engineering,
psychology and health
Examples of Applied Research

14. It clearly highlights generalizations and hypotheses
that inform the research findings.
It relies on empirical evidence.
It is set at providing solutions to a defined problem.
It requires accurate observation and description.
Characteristics of Applied Research in
Education

15. 1. Interviews
2. Surveys/Questionnaires
3. Observation
4. Focus Groups
Applied Research Methods

16. Action research refers to a wide variety of evaluative,
investigative, and analytical research methods designed
to diagnose problems or weaknesses—whether
organizational, academic, or instructional—and help
educators develop practical solutions to address them
quickly and efficiently.
Action Research

17. Classroom approach
Pupils as subjects
Control and precision
Research workers

18. 1. It focused on immediate problems
2. It is applicable of local setting
3. It aims at improving classroom and school practices
4. Its aims at the improvement of professional efficiency
of the teacher
5. It involves little finances
Characteristics of Action Research

19. 1. Poor quality
2. No applicability
3. Teachers are busy
Limitations of Action Research

20. 1. Identification of problem area
2. Selection of the problem
3. Problem analysis
4. Action hypothesis
5. The experiment
6. Tools to be used
7. Action program
8. Evaluation
Action Research Design

21. Types by Method

22.  It involves collecting of data in order to test hypotheses or
to answer questions concerning the current status of the
subject of the study.
 It explores what is happening? Why is something
happening? & how is something happening Descriptive
data are usually collected through questionnaire , survey,
interviews and observation.
Descriptive research

23. Survey research
Survey research involves collecting data to test hypotheses or answer
questions about people opinion on some topic of issues.
Surveys represent one of the most common types of quantitative, social
science research. In survey research, the researcher selects a sample of
respondents from a population and administers a standardized
questionnaire to them.
 The questionnaire, or survey, can be a written document that is
completed by the person being surveyed, an online questionnaire, a face-
to-face interview, or a telephone interview. Using surveys, it is possible to
collect data formal rage or small populations
Types Of descriptive research

24. Cross sectional study
Is one in which data are collected from selected
individuals at a single point in time
Longitudinal survey
Data are collected at two or more time
survey study design

25. Relatively easy to administer
Can be developed in less time (compared to other data-
collection methods)
Cost-effective, but cost depends on survey mode
Can be administered remotely via online, mobile
devices, mail, email, or telephone.
Advantages of Survey research

26. Provides information about behavior that can’t be
observed directly
Relies on self-report data, which can be
misleading
Doesn’t allow conclusions about cause-and-effect
relationships
Disadvantages of Survey research

27.  It describes conditions that already exists , however it also attempts to
determine reasoned or causes for the existing condition.
 The basic casual comparative approach involves starting with an effect &
seeking possible causes .
 The major difference between the experiment & casual comparative research is
that in experimental research the independent variable, is manipulated and in
casual comparative research it is not it has already occurred, groups are
already formed and already different on the independent variable.
 The basic casual comparative design involves selecting two groups on some
independent variable and comparing them on some dependent variable.
Causal Comparative

28. Involved collecting data to determine whether & to what degree a
relationship exists between two or more quantitative variables. The
purpose of the co-relational study may be to determine relations
among variables or to use there relations to make predictions.
1. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase
in the other then this is known as a positive correlation.
2. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with a decrease in
the other then this is known as a negative correlation.
3. A zero correlation occurs when there is no relationship between
variables.
Co-relational Research

29.  A case study is a study involving descriptive information about
one person.
 Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person,
group, event or community.
 Typically, data are gathered from a variety of sources and by
using several different methods (e.g. observations & interviews).
 The research may also continue for an extended period of time,
so processes and developments can be studied as they happen.
Case study

30. Identification of the problem
Development of hypothesis
Sampling
Development, administration, and scoring of
instrument.
Analysis and interpretation of data
Steps & procedure Of Descriptive Research

31. What is experiment?
Experiment is a situation in which the relationship between cause & effect is
determined.
JohnW Best
‘’Experiment research is the description and analysis of what will be ‘ or what
will be occur’ under controlled situation’’
This is the most objective way of studying the behavior. In this method,
experiments are conducted in the laboratories under controlled conditions.
In experiments, usually the effect of independent variable on the dependent
variable is studied.
Experiment Research

32. Experiments may also be conducted by using two groups
called experimental group and control group.
 In such experiments, independent variable is operated only
on experimental group and the control group is kept
constant.
Otherwise, the experiment may be conducted on the same
group under two conditions, viz., experimental and controlled
conditions.
Example of Experiment Research

33. 1. Trail & error experiment
2. Ex Post Facto
3. Laboratory experiments
Types of experiment research

34. Randomization(of assigning participants to conditions)
Consist of using random assignment to ensure that all participants in the
study have an equal probability of being assigned to a group.
2. Manipulation(of variables that operate in an experiment)
To do the random assignment , researcher must be able to manipulate the
levels of an independent variable to create the groups.
3. Comparison(or a control group)
Involves the use of a control group that does not receive the manipulation
believed to cause changes in a dependent variable. This allows us to
compare the control group to the group that received the manipulation ,
thereby allowing us to determine whether the manipulation is actually
causing changes in the dependent variable.
Conditions for the ExperimentalResearch

35. 1. Identification of the problem
2. Formulation of hypothesis
3. Designing the experiment
4. Testing the hypothesis by experiment
5. Analysis of results
6. Interpretation of results
Steps are followed in an Experiment

36.  The advantage of this method is that, the results of the
experiment may be verified by repetition of the same
experiment. But this method has some demerits also.
 The disadvantage of this method, Conducting experiment is
very expensive and time consuming; another feature is that
the experiments cannot be conducted outside the laboratory.
Advantages & disadvantages

37. The systematic collection and evaluation of data to
describe, explain, and understand actions or events that
occurred sometime in the past.
There is no manipulation or control of variables as in
experimental research.
An attempt is made to reconstruct what happened
during a certain period of time as completely and
accurately as possible.
Historical Research

38.  To make people aware of what has happened in the
past in order to:
1. Learn from past failures and successes
2. Apply them to present-day problems
3. Make predictions
4. Test hypotheses concerning relationships or trends
5. Understand present educational practices and
policies more fully
The Purposes of Historical Research

39. 1) Definitionof a problem
2) Collection of data
Primary sources
Secondary sources
3) Analysis of data
External criticism
Internal criticism
4) Drawing conclusion
5) Report writing
Steps Involved in Historical Research

40. 1. Bibliographical Research
2. Legal Research
3. Studying the History of ideas
4. Studying the history of institutions and
organizations
Types of Historical Research

41. Advantages
Permits investigation of topics and questions that can
be studied in no other fashion
Disadvantages
Cannot control for threats to internal validity
Limitations are imposed due to the content analysis
Researchers cannot ensure representation of the
sample
Advantages and Disadvantages of Historical
Research