This document discusses the history and definitions of probiotics and prebiotics. It explains how probiotics and prebiotics work to support gut and skin health by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and production of short-chain fatty acids. Maintaining gut resilience is important for reducing chronic inflammation and risk of diseases like diabetes. Probiotics may help support immune function and reduce COVID-19 severity for those with pre-existing medical conditions by minimizing inflammation. Spore-based probiotics can survive passage through the digestive system. Combinations of prebiotics and probiotics show promise for metabolic health, skin health, and response to viral infections.

1. PROBIOTICS
AND
PREBIOTICS
(ASIF NAWAZ) (MPhil Microbiology )

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS.
• History.
• Definitions of probiotics.
• Humans evolution as omnivores.
• Intestinal resilience and anthropological studies
• Metabolic Endotoxemia.
• Lipopolysaccharides and chronic illnesses.
• Diabetes and Endotoxemia.
• Why probiotics?
• How probiotics And prebiotics work.
• Spore based probiotics.

3. • Applications of probiotics”The short chain fatty acids”
• Skin health and probiotics.
• Skin health and prebiotics.
• Covid-19 pandemic and probiotics.
• The gut resilience and covid-19.
• Chronic inflammations, Prebiotics and covid-19.

4. HISTORY OF
PROBIOTICS
1908 Nobel prize for
work in immunology.He
is known as “The father
of immunology”

5. In 1907 a Russian biologist named “Elie Metchnikoff” wrote a book
named “The Prolongation of Life, Optimistic Studies”
He mentioned in this book that “The dependence of intestinal microbes on
food makes it possible to adopt measures to modify the normal flora In our
bodies and can replace harmful microbes by useful microbes”.

6. Definitions of probiotics.
• 1965: “substances released by one microorganism, stimulating the growth of
another microorganism.”
• 1974: “Organisms and substances contributing to intestinal microbial balance.”
• 1989: “Live microbial supplements which beneficially affects the host animal
by improving it’s microbial balance.”

7. adequate
2001 definition of probiotics:(WHO/FAO)
“Live microorganisms which when administered in
amounts,confers a health benefit on the host”

8. Human evolution as omnivores:
• Humans have existed as omnivores.
• Able to eat variety of food compare to otherspecies.
• Biological abundance of food provides a broad spectrum of shifting between
food during drought.
• History of extinction of species,humans have climbed the evolutionary ladder of
food chain because of two reasons:
1. Resilience
2. Intelligence

9. The resilience and anthropological studies:
• Anthropological studies have shown that our ancestors were able to consume
more diverse food compared to humanstoday.
• Humans microbiome has became more sensitive Over time,even minor
changes such as travelling,stress, geographical changes affects the overall
health.
• Sensitivity to certain food leads to medical conditions in some individuals.

10. Two way approach to build an intestinal resilience
1. Minimize exposure to:
• Herbicides and pesticides
• Chlorine and floride in drinking water.
• Personal care products.
• Food preservatives.
• Antibiotics.

11. 2. Maximize exposure to:
• Microbial world.
• An example of “Finnish allergy studies.”
• Diverse diet.

12. Metabolic Endotoxemia(MET)
• NIH,American Diabetic Association and America. Heart Association has
published papers on MET.
• 90 percent of chronic illnesses are due to MET.
• There is enough evidence to demonstrate that leaky gut syndrome does
exist.
• Leaky gut syndrome is related to a wide variety of conditions, including
autism, anxiety, depression, eczema and cancer.

13. Lipopolysaccharides and chronic illnesses.
• 70 percent of gut microbiome is based on gram –ive bacteria.
• During digestion, LPS is released through leaky gut into the blood
circulation.
• An elevated LPS in blood is a diagnostic marker to various types of chronic
illnesses.
• In Endotoxemia within 5-6 hours of digestion,the LPS level is Elevated in
blood leading to sepsis and ultimately chronic illnesses such as arthritis,
Alzheimer’s, anxiety, Parkinson’setc.

14. Diabetes and Endotoxemia
• Ameican diabetes association carried out a Study on 462 individuals for 60
months.
• With observation of all of the conventional markers such as obesity,family
history of diabetes ,Consistantly high cholesterol level and LPS levelin blood.
• The only marker with 100 percent Accuracy being a predictor of risk factor for
development of type2 diabetes was the concentration of LPS in the blood,
irrespective of age.
• The paper suggested the higher LPS in blood as a primary predictor of
developing type 2 diabetes.
• Scientists believe that the biggest pandemic the world will ever face is Diabetes
in next two decades.

15. Mechanism of LPS leading to type 2Diabetes
There are two mechanisms LPS Causes the insuline disregulation in blood:
1. By targeting islets cells in pancreas directly,causinginflammation.
2. By crossing blood brain barrier and causing inflammation in
of blood sugar levelshypothalamus,leading to a disorder in terms
measurements of brain.
The later is known as “central insulin resistance”

16. Why probiotics?
• Younger individuals are being diagnosed with diabetes ranging from age
groups of 15 years and older, C-section is the reason for that,because a major
inoculation of microbiome is missed from mother to child during birth.In
addition to diabetes a disfunctional micriobiomes results in conditions such as
harmonal deficiency,immune discrepancies, neurological disfunctions etc
• Unnecessary use of antibiotics to neonatals causes dysbiosis as well.
• Probiotics are therefore an advance approach to develop and reestablish the
gut micobiota,the post biotics released by which helps in carrying out normal
body functions.

17. How probiotics and prebiotics works.
• Conventional probiotics are made up of
Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus is used in people with irritable bowel
syndrome, ulcerative colitis.
• According to a 2014 analysis of several studies, probiotics that seem to be
effective for
rhamnosus
fat loss include Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus
and the combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and
Bifidobacterium lactis

18. Spore based probiotics
• Spore based probiotics are generally genus bacillus Which are ubiquitous
microorganisms.
• Spore based probiotics successfully passes through:
1. Gastric barriers
2. Bile salts
3. Pancreatic enzymes
• Spore based probiotics fits the definition of probiotics by passing through all
the above mentioned barriers and germinate into the intestine.
• Spore based bacterias posesses the natural capability of survival.

19. Applications of probiotics “The Short chain fatty acids”
• Short chain fatty acids are postbiotics.
• An example of short chain fatty acids is butyrate.
• Butyrate has an influence in metabolism.
• Butyrate increases the body’s sensitivity to insulin and body is able to detect
insulin at a much higher degree of accuracy.
• Butyrate also helps in digestion of days and storage of sugars as glycogen.
• Metformin is a prebiotics which increases the butyrate formation in the gut.
• Combination of these prebiotics and probiotics Produced a significant benefit
to overall health in terms of insulin regulation and general metabolism of the
body.(papers published b/w 2017_2019)

20. Skin health and probiotics
• Probiotics producing short chain fatty acids improves skinlesions.
• Studies have shown that low levels of short chain fatty acids in different
specimens are the markers to Indicate skin acnes.
• Administration of probiotics which forms these particular short chain fatty
acids resulted in reduction of acnes Lesions.
• Prebiotics in this study were oligosaccharides of different types:
1. Two types of Fructo oligosaccarides(from Two pulps of golden and green
kiwi)
2. Galacto oligosaccarides(from milk)
3. Xylo oligosaccarides(from corn)
In addition a combination of these four prebiotics also increased the diversity
of microbiome to about 40 percent.Especially microbes protective against
chronic illnesses.

21. Skin health and probiotics
• Probiotic bacterias involved in this study Included:
1. Akkermansia muciniphila: inversely related to 60 percent diseases of
metabolic syndrome spectrums.
• Type 2 diabetes can be reversed by increasing Akkermansia in Gut,which can
be achieved with combination of these probiotics and previously discussed
combination of prebiotics.
2.Faecalibacteriumm prausnitzii: Treats inflammatory bowl conditions
especially colorectal cancers and also systematic inflammatory conditions
3. Ruminococcuss bacillus: Inversely correlated with skin inflammation Including
acne.
These are all obligate anaerobes and preparation of probiotics in most of the
cases needs strict anaerobic environment for growth.

22. Covid-19 pandemic and probiotics
• In addition to previous discussion on Function of short chain fatty acids,it
plays a vital role in elevating immunity level as well.
• The innate immune cells Such as macrophages and dendrite cells achieve
their energy for proliferation from postbiotics released by gut
microbiome.However dysbiosis can lead to ineffective response from these
immune cells. So, The prebiotics, probiotics or their combination might be
helpful if specifically administered,in order to synthesize the desired
postbiotics for the innate immune cells.
• Olive leaf extracts,complex mushrooms,zinc, magnesium,boron based
prebiotics improve the antiviral components of immune system and
prebiotics based on these extracts have provided evidence of more
formulated response against Viruses by cytotoxic T cells and Natural killer
cells.

23. The gut resilience and covid-19
• Indivduals with chronic conditions or preexisting medical conditions are
more susceptible to SARS-cov2 infection.
• A resilient microbiome determines the prognosis of this condition.
• Individuals with chronic illnesses have upregulated expression of
receptors,which might include ace2 receptors,increasing the adsorption
sites for viruses to successfully target high number ofcells.
• Dysbiosis is the reason for chronic illnesses as discussed.

24. Chronic inflammations, prebiotics and Covid-19
• The two main inflammation pathways includes:
• The immune pathway: which involves the coordinated communication of
different immune cells and blood vessels through an intricate cascade of
molecular signals.
• Arachidonic acid Pathway: whenever there is a tissue damage inside or
outside Of the body,the inflammatory response is driven by this pathway.it
includes the release of the prostaglandins and the leukotrienes.
• Both of these pathways are equally prevalent in inflammatory response.
• DPA (docosapentaenoic acid), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and PRM’s(Pre-
resolving mediators)
• constant damage to the intestinal lining is due to the later pathway and above
mentioned combination of short chain fatty acid metabolites have proved a
significant success in treatment of chronic illnesses associated with damaged
intestinal tissue linings.

25. An existing Inflammation in the body as discussed
previously,is the leading cause of individuals poor
prognosis in case of viral infections.Especially in the light
of current pandemic, serious considerations should be
taken into account for minimizing the risks associated
between covid-19 and pre-existing inflamation in
populations and for this purpose probiotics might play a
significant role.
Thankyou