A
MINI PROJECT ON
“INNOVATION IN Electric Vehicle across India”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Masters of Business Administration
Submitted By:
ASHISH MISHRA
ROLL NO.
MBA 1
Semester
Batch (2021 – 2023)
Submitted to: Asst. Prof.
PRAKASH KUNDNANI SIR
UNITED INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
A-31 UPSIDC Industrial Area, Naini,
Prayagraj – 211010 Ph. 0532–2686070,
2686090 Fax 0532-2687147

Mini Project Report 2021-23
This is certify that Mr. Ashish Mishra, Roll No. ……….. student of MBA 1st
Semester of our
Institute has prepared a report on
Concept: - Innovation in Electric Vehicle across India.
He has developed the concept of developing new product under my supervision and has compt.
The same in conformance with / partial fulfilment of the provisions of AKTU Lucknow.
The work is original and has not been submitted anywhere else in any manner.
Signature……………………….
Name:- Mr. Prakash Kundnani
Date:- 5-02-2022
Department of Business Administration
Counter Signed
Signature……………
(Prof KK Malviya)
Principal
Date:-………………

Declaration: -
This is certified that report entitled as “Innovation in Electric Wheeler across India” which is
submitted by Ashish Mishra as a course subject of MBA 1st
Year from United Institute of
Management, Dr. A.P.J. Kalam Technical University Lucknow. Comprises only of my work
& due Acknowledge has been made in the text from other the outcome to all other material
used.
Submitted:-
Ashish Mishra
Date:- 05/02/2022.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the MBA Mini Project undertaken
during MBA First Year. I owe a special debt of gratitude to our Principal Dr. K. K. Malviya,
United Institute of Management, for his constant support and guidance throughout the course
of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of
inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen the light of the
day. I’d also like to take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of our class
coordinator Mr. Prakash Kundnani Sir, United Institute of Management, Naini, Allahabad for
her full support and assistance during the project work. Last but not the least, I’d also like to
express my gratitude towards Dr. Anshul Pandey, member of Proctor board, United Institute
of Management, Naini, Allahabad for his guidance throughout this project

Index:-
Sr. No Description
1. Chapter 1:- Objective of Electric Vehicle
2. Chapter 2:- Review Of Literature
3. Chapter 3:- Generation of Product
4. Chapter 4:- Idea Screening
5. Chapter 5:- Concept Development
6. Chapter 6:- Market Strategy Design
7. Chapter 7:- Product Development
8. Chapter 8:- Commercialization
9. Chapter 9:- Learning Outcomes
10. Chapter 10:- Bibliography

Chapter 1. Objective:-
The electric vehicle industry in India is a growing industry. The central and state
governments have launched schemes and incentives to promote electric mobility in the country
and some regulations and standards are also in place. While the country stands to benefit in a
large way by switching its transport from IC engines to electric motor-powered, there are
challenges like lack of charging infrastructure, high initial cost and lack of electricity produced
from renewable energy. Still, e-commerce companies, car manufacturers, app-based
transportation network companies and mobility solution providers have entered the sector and
are slowly building up electric car capacity and visibility.
 Electric vehicles are around 3-5 times more efficient than internal combustion
vehicles in utilising energy. Even if electric vehicles run on electricity produced
from fossil fuels, the overall efficiency of electric vehicles is still higher and the
pollution is less, because large thermal power plants are much more efficient than
IC engines, and it is easier to control emissions from power plants than vehicle
engines.
 Electric vehicles save energy by regenerative braking. Around 30%-70% of the
energy used for propulsion can be recovered, with higher percentages applicable to
stop-and-go city driving.
 Air quality indices related to India indicate that the air in many cities of India is no
longer healthy. Automobile related pollution has been one of the causes for this.
 Aspects related to global warming needs a shift to automobile solutions that reduce
do not produce greenhouse gas emissions. If electric vehicles run on electricity
produced from non-polluting sources of energy like hydro, solar, wind, tidal and
nuclear, they reduce emissions due to vehicles almost to zero.
 The need to reduce dependency on a fossil-fuel based economy. India's crude oil
imports for 2014-15 was 112 billion dollars (approximately 7,00,000 crore rupees).
For comparison, the allocation for the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme, in budget 2017-18, is 48,000 crore rupees.[36]
 India can become a global provider for clean mobility solutions and processes that
are affordable and scalable.
 People living in some Indian cities are being affected by noise pollution.[37]
Some
of the Indian cities have the worst noise pollution levels in the world.[38][39]
Electric
vehicles are much quieter and may contribute to a reduction in noise pollution levels
in the cities.
 Through smart charging, electric vehicles can help to balance the balance-supply
variations in the electricity grid, and provide a buffer against electricity supply
failures.
 Electric vehicles have much fewer moving parts as compared to vehicles with IC
engines. Thus, being simpler, they are cheaper and easier to maintain.
 Electric motors can deliver high torque at low speeds. As a result, electric vehicles
deliver much better performance while starting off and on slopes than IC engine-
powered vehicles

Chapter 2:- Review Literature: -
A literature review or narrative review is a type of review article. A literature review is a
scholarly paper that presents the current knowledge including substantive findings as well as
theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are
secondary sources and do not report new or original experimental work. Most often associated
with academic-oriented literature, such reviews are found in academic journals and are not to
be confused with book reviews, which may also appear in the same publication. Literature
reviews are a basis for research in nearly every academic field. A narrow-scope literature
review may be included as part of a peer-reviewed journal article presenting new research,
serving to situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide
context for the reader. In such a case, the review usually precedes the methodology and results
sections of the work.
Governments around the world are implementing policies to promote electric vehicles to
reduce dependence on oil, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and improve air quality. In the
past few years, annual global electric vehicle sales have been firmly on the upswing, from just
hundreds in 2010 to over 500,000 in 2015 and over 750,000 in 2016. The cumulative global
market reached the milestone of 1 million electric vehicles in September 2015, and from there
quickly grew to 2 million in January 2017.
The early market growth for electric vehicles continues, but a number of barriers prevent their
more widespread uptake. These barriers include the additional cost of the new technology, the
relative convenience of the technology considering range and charge times, and consumer
understanding about the availability and viability of the technology. This last point, typically
referred to as “consumer awareness,” is crucial. The development of electric vehicle markets
is fundamentally tied to prospective consumers’ general awareness and understanding of the
potential benefits of electric vehicles.
Governments at national and local levels, automobile manufacturers and dealers, electric
utilities, and other groups are engaged in many activities to help overcome barriers to consumer
awareness about electric vehicles. These communication efforts include developing print and
online information and tools, organizing public events and workshops, increasing exposure to
electric vehicles from fleet and carsharing services, developing action plans for electric vehicle
readiness, executing highly visible technology demonstration projects, conducting social media
marketing campaigns, and more. These actions are essential because many prospective
consumers generally lack strong understanding of what electric vehicles are, what benefits they
offer, the models that are available, and the associated incentives.
This paper reviews global practices on electric vehicle consumer awareness activities in order
to explore actions that governments can take to foster growth of the market and understand
how to better implement such campaigns. It summarizes practices in consumer education,
awareness, and outreach regarding electric vehicles. We examine literature that identifies

and discusses the importance of consumer awareness, catalogue the range of awareness and
outreach activities in place in key electric vehicle markets, identify exemplary actions in
leading electric vehicle markets, and provide additional discussion for several case studies. The
information in this report comes from governments’ and nongovernmental organizations’
websites, published research, reports and surveys, online news articles and blogs, and websites
for specific programs/ actions. Section II reviews the literature that has focused on identifying
and determining the importance of consumer awareness. Section III discusses exemplary
actions in leading electric vehicle markets. Section IV offers additional discussion of five case
studies to provide further details on some of the more mature consumeroriented electric vehicle
campaigns.
Authors: Lingzhi Jin, Peter Slowik Date: March 21, 2017 Keywords: Electric vehicles;
consumer awareness; international
Potential Need for Electric Vehicles, Charging Station Infrastructure and its Challenges for the
Indian Market: by Praveen Kumar and Kalyan Dash, India should invest in small scale
reinforcements to manage the load issues locally rather than going for an enormous change.
Home charging should be encouraged. Proper planning of place, population, traffic density and
safety should be considered before implementing the massive scale charging infrastructure.
The integration of activities within the energy and transport fields is important. Development
goals through different innovative policies and programs, for instance, drivers of electrical cars
are offered a financial consumer incentive, like tax credits, purchase subsidies, discounted tolls,
free parking, and access to restricted highway lanes will help the market to grow.
Conventional, Hybrid, or Electric Vehicles: Which Technology for an Urban Distribution
Centre?: by Philippe Lebeau, Cedric De Cauwer, Joeri Van Mierlo, Cathy Macharis, Freight
transport has a major impact on urban movement. Researcher explored the possible integration
of electric vehicles in urban logistics operations. A fleet with different technologies has the
opportunity of reducing the costs of the last mile. Researcher presented a fleet size and mix
vehicle routing problem with time windows for EVs. The main contribution of the authors was
considering the variability of the range of EVs. In the segments of small vans, EVs are often
the most competitive technology. In the segment of large vans, diesel has seen the most
interesting solution from a financial point of view as electric vehicles would need to cover a
longer distance to be cost-competitive. Hybrid vehicles are chosen in the segment of trucks as
its running costs and fixed costs are lower than the diesel truck. (Philippe Lebeau, 2015)
Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: by Fanchao Liao, Eric Molin & Bert van Wee,
Widespread adoption of EVs may contribute to lessening of problems like environmental
pollution, global warming and oil dependency. However, this penetration of EV is
comparatively low in spite of governments implementing strong promotion policies. They

presented a comprehensive review of studies on consumer preferences for EV aiming to convey
policy-makers and give direction to further research. They compared the economic and
psychological approach towards consumer preference for Electric vehicle. The impact of
financial and technical attributes of EV on its utility is generally found to be significant,
including its purchase and operating cost, driving range, charging duration, vehicle
performance and brand diversity on the market. The density of charging stations also positively
affects the utility and promotion of EV. The impact of incentive policies, tax reduction is quite
effective. (Fanchao Liao, 2017)
International Council on Clean Transportation: Lingzhi Jin, Peter Slowik, The early market
growth for electric vehicles continues, but a number of barriers prevent their widespread
uptake. These barriers include the additional cost of the new technology, relative inconvenience
of technology considering range and charge times, and consumer understanding about the
availability and viability of the technology. This last point, typically referred to as “consumer
awareness,” is crucial. (Lingzhi Jin, 2017)
Study on Electric Vehicles in India Opportunities and Challenges: by Mohamed M, G Tamil
Arasan, and G Sivakumar, The replacement of ICE with electric engines will reduce pollution
to a great extent and be profitable to consumers. Many countries have implemented this
technology and are contributing to the improvement of the environment. The researcher saw
the opportunities and challenges faced in India over implementing EVs. Opportunities like
Government Initiatives, Batteries, Industries, and Environment have been considered. With
these challenges like cost of EVs, efficiency of EVs in India and demand for EVs were taken
into consideration. The implementation of EVs in India aims primarily to scale back
greenhouse emissions and cut oil expenses. The govt. should make the foremost out of the
opportunities available and find suitable ways to tackle the challenges. (Mohamed M, 2018)
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 7, Issue 8, 2020
4863
Electric Vehicles in India: Market Analysis with Consumer Perspective, Policies and Issues:
Pritam K. Gujarathi, Varsha A. Shah, Makarand M. Lokhande, Indian Scenario is different
because the current market share of EV/PHEV is around 0.1%. Presently almost all vehicles
consider fossil fuel-based transportation. These pollute the atmosphere by the emission of
greenhouse gases & causes global warming. The gap between domestic petroleum production
and consumption is widening. India imports around 70% of oil required per annum. Hence
there's an urgent need to investigate factors and challenges for sustainable and cleaner
alternatives. (Pritam K. Gujarathi, 2018) Perception and Awareness Level of Potential
Customers towards Electric Cars: Masurali.A, Surya P, India contributes around 18% in
transport sector alone in terms of carbon emission.

The Electric Vehicle (EV) is one of the foremost feasible alternative solutions to beat the crises.
Several automotive companies are introducing EVs and are expanding their portfolio.
Promoting EVs can help reduce fuel dependence and pollution and beneficial for both
consumers and the nation. The education of people has significantly higher influence over their
awareness level on EVs. Apart from manufacturers, Government should strive hard to spread
awareness and influence positive perception among potential customers. (Masurali.A, 2018) A
Study of Consumer Perception and Purchase Intention of Electric Vehicles: Pretty Bhalla, Inass
Salamah Ali, Afroze Nazneen, Choice of cars depends upon environmental concern, cost,
comfort, trust, technology, social acceptance, infrastructure availability. These arguments have
been tested for both conventional cars and EVs. They assume that these factors have direct
influence on individual choice of vehicle. They found that EV manufacturers and Government
have to invest more in social acceptance of the vehicle by creating more infrastructural
facilities, putting more thrust on technology to create trust. The analysis depicts that the
population is well aware of the environmental benefits. The responsibility lies on the shoulders
of the Government and manufacturers to investing in the manufacturing of vehicles. (Pretty
Bhalla, 2018)
Electric Vehicles for India: Overview and Challenges: by Mr. A. Rakesh Kumar, Dr.
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Global pollution is on the rise and each effort made, is to cut back
the CO2 emissions and save the earth. One such effort is the introduction of EVs. The transport
sector is one in all the largest emitter of CO2 and hence it's important to reduce it. The
government has come up with ambitious plans of introducing EVs to the Indian market and
confine pace with the event of EVs globally. The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020
has included an in-depth report on the EVs. India encompasses a huge challenge in shifting the
transportation sector from ICE engines to EVs. This needs lots of planning along with R&D.
Charging infrastructure must be adequately build to deal with range anxiety. It’s vital to form
demand generation by making all government buses electric and offering tax exemptions for
personal EV owners. (Mr. A. Rakesh Kumar, 2019)
Opportunities and Scope for Electric Vehicles in India: by Janardan Prasad Kesari, Yash
Sharma, Chahat Goel, Developing an aggressive strategy for the adoption of EVs in India and
ensuring a wellexecuted implementation is a challenge but vital for government. The
geography and diversity of India will present problems that require thoughtful solutions. Public
procurement is expected to be an important driver of growth of EVs, with the purchase of four-
wheeled vehicles for government offices, threewheeled vehicles and buses for public transport.
Investments by fleet operators such as Ola and Uber, and operators of food distribution
services, are also expected to boost the initial growth of two- and fourwheeled electric vehicles.
However, the private EVs may take 5-6 years to gain popularity and acceptance. (Janardan
Prasad Kesari, 2019)

Indian Electric Vehicles Storm in a teacup: Yogesh Aggarwal, Vivek Gedda and Kushan
Parikh, Users of scooters, who need only to travel short distances, may consider an EV, but
those, who need to travel longer distances and already own bikes like a Hero Splendor, may
find it difficult to move to an e2W. For cars, it is relatively simple to improve the range with
increased battery size. For electric 2Ws though, every increase in kWh may provide an extra
30km in range, but the increase in weight is around European Journal of Molecular & Clinical
Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 7, Issue 8, 2020 4864.

Chapter 3:- Generation Of Product: - EV ( Electric Vehicle)
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either
partially or fully powered on electric power.
Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have less moving parts for maintaining and
also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel). While
some EVs used lead acid or nickel metal hydride batteries, the standard for modern battery
electric vehicles is now considered to be lithium ion batteries as they have a greater longevity
and are excellent at retaining energy, with a self discharge rate of just 5% per month. Despite
this improved efficiency, there are still challenges with these batteries as they can experience
thermal runaway, which have, for example, caused fires or explosions in the Tesla model S,
although efforts have been made to improve the safety of these batteries.
It can cost as little as £7.80 to fully charge an electric car from home and can even be free in
public car parks.
There are two main types of electric vehicles (EV); fully electric and plug-in hybrids:
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)
Compared to an internal combustion engine, battery powered electric vehicles have
approximately 99% fewer moving parts that need maintenance.
Advantages of a BEV:
 Creates very little noise
 No exhaust, spark plugs, clutch or gears
 Doesn't burn fossil fuels, instead uses rechargeable batteries
BEVs can be charged at home overnight, providing enough range for average journeys.
However, longer journeys or those that require a lot of hill climbs may mean that the fuel
cells require charging before you reach your destination, although regenerative braking or
driving downhill can help mitigate against this by charging the battery packs.
The typical charging time for an electric car can range from 30 minutes and up to more than
12 hours. This all depends on the speed of the charging station and the size of the battery.
In the real world, range is one of the biggest concerns for electric vehicles, but is something
that is being addressed by industry.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
Rather than relying solely on an electric motor, hybrid electric vehicles offer a mixture of
battery and petrol (or diesel) power. This makes them better for travelling long distances as

you can switch to traditional fuels rather than having to find charge points to top up the
battery.
Of course, the same disadvantages that apply to combustion engine vehicles also apply to
PHEVs, such as the need for more maintenance, engine noise, emissions and the cost of
petrol. PHEVs also have smaller battery packs, which means a reduced range.
TWI has been instrumental in the development of electric vehicles, assisting with light-
weighting of the vehicles themselves, helping with joining and welding, mitigating against
battery combustion and more.
Working of Electric Vehicle:-
Electricity is transferred from a battery to a controller.[5]
The controller then sends the
electricity to the electric motors when needed. The accelerator is connected to a variable switch
which tells the controller how much power to send to the electric motors. Power output can
vary from zero to full as needed.
An electric car simply consists of three main components – Battery, controller and electric
motor.
The energy storage unit will have a way to store power. A chemical battery is the most
common energy storage technology currently, although it can be different - for example - A
fuel cell (which gets its electricity from hydrogen rather than a battery pack), can be used
instead of a chemical battery as the energy storage unit.
The controller acts as a pipeline or gateway to the electric motor. The controller will do other

things too - it moderates the power, will also act as a converter - converts power from DC to
AC, or it might also increase or decrease the amperage etc. The controller is the brains of the
system.
The electric motor, which is the propulsion system, converts the electric power and converts
this into physical energy for movement.
The whole system is a much simpler, more efficient device than the combustion engine found
in most cars, enabling you to get the most mileage for your charge.
Historically, EVs have not been widely adopted because of limited driving range before
needing to be recharged, long recharging times, and a lack of commitment by automakers to
produce and market electric cars that have all the creature comforts of petrol-powered cars.
That’s changing. As battery technology improves—simultaneously increasing energy storage
and reducing cost—major automakers are expected to begin introducing a new generation of
electric cars.
Electric cars produce no tailpipe emissions, reduce our dependency on oil, and are cheaper to
operate. Of course, the process of producing the electricity moves the emissions further
upstream to the utility company’s smokestack—but even dirty electricity used in electric cars
usually reduces our collective carbon footprint.
Another factor is convenience - Let's not forget two important points: charging up at home
means never going to a petrol station—and electric cars require almost none of the
maintenance, like oil changes and emissions checks, that internal combustion cars require.
How Does An Electric Car Work? – General
When pedal of the car is pressed, then:
 Controller takes and regulates electrical energy from batteries and inverters
 With the controller set, the inverter then sends a certain amount of electrical
energy to the motor (according to the depth of pressure on the pedal)
 Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy (rotation)
 Rotation of the motor rotor rotates the transmission so the wheels turn and
then the car moves.
Note: The working principle above is for battery electric vehicle (BEV) type.
Types of Electric Cars
There are 4 (four) types of electric cars, with the following outline:
 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
 Hybrid

 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
In brief, the system architecture of the four types of electric cars above can be seen in the
following figure:
You can read more detailed explanation below.
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), also called All-Electric Vehicle (AEV), runs entirely on a
battery and electric drive train. This types of electric cars do not have an ICE. Electricity is
stored in a large battery pack that is charged by plugging into the electricity grid. The battery
pack, in turn, provides power to one or more electric motors to run the electric car.
Architecture and Main Components of
Components of BEV
 Electric motor

 Inverter
 Battery
 Control Module
 Drive train
Working Principles of BEV
 Power is converted from the DC battery to AC for the electric motor
 The accelerator pedal sends a signal to the controller which adjusts the vehicle’s
speed by changing the frequency of the AC power from the inverter to the motor
 The motor connects and turns the wheels through a cog
 When the brakes are pressed or the electric car is decelerating, the motor
becomes an alternator and produces power, which is sent back to the battery
Examples of BEV
Volkswagen e-Golf, Tesla Model 3, BMW i3, Chevy Bolt, Chevy Spark, Nissan LEAF, Ford
Focus Electric, Hyundai Ioniq, Karma Revera, Kia Soul, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Tesla X, Toyota
Rav4.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
This type of hybrid cars is often called as standard hybrid or paralel hybrid. HEV has both an
ICE and an electric motor. In this types of electric cars, internal combustion engine gets energy
from fuel (gasoline and others type of fuels), while the motor gets electricity from batteries.
The gasoline engine and electric motor simultaneously rotate the transmission, which drives
the wheels.
The difference between HEV compared to BEV and PHEV is where the batteries in HEV can
only charged by the ICE, the motion of the wheels or a combination of both. There is no
charging port, so that the battery cannot be recharged from outside of the system, for example
from the electricity grid.
Architecture and Main Components of HEV
Components of HEV
 Engine

 Electric motor
 Battery pack with controller & inverter
 Fuel tank
 Control module
Working Principles of HEV
 Has a fuel tank that supplies gas to the engine like a regular car
 It also has a set of batteries that run an electric motor
 Both the engine and electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time
Examples of HEV
Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Prius Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid.
———————————————
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
PHEV is a type of hybrid vehicle that both an ICE and a motor, often called as series hybrid.
This types of electric cars offers a choice of fuels. This type of electric cars is powered by a
conventional fuel (such as gasoline) or an alternative fuel (such bio-diesel) and by a
rechargeable battery pack. The battery can be charged up with electricity by plugging into an
electrical outlet or electric vehicle charging station (EVCS).
PHEV typically can run in at least two modes:
 All-electric Mode, in which the motor and battery provide all the car’s energy
 Hybrid Mode, in which both electricity and gasoline are employed.
Some PHEVs can travel more than 70 miles on electricity alone.
Architecture and Main Components of PHEV
Components of PHEV
 Electric motor
 Engine
 Inverter
 Battery

 Fuel tank
 Control module
 Battery Charger (if onboard model)
Working Principles of PHEV
PHEVs typically start up in all-electric mode and operate on electricity until their battery pack
is depleted. Some models shift to hybrid mode when they reach highway cruising speed,
generally above 60 or 70 miles per hour. Once the battery is empty, the engine takes over and
the vehicle operates as a conventional, non-plug-in hybrid.
In addition to plugging into an outside electric power source, PHEV batteries can be charged
by an internal combustion engine or regenerative braking. During braking, the electric motor
acts as a generator, using the energy to charge the battery. The electric motor supplements the
engine’s power; as a result, smaller engines can be used, increasing the car’s fuel efficiency
without compromising performance.
Examples of PHEV
Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid , Chevy Volt, Chrysler Pacifica, Ford C-Max Energi, Ford Fusion
Energi, Mercedes C350e, Mercedes S550e, Mercedes GLE550e, Mini Cooper SE Countryman,
Audi A3 E-Tron, BMW 330e, BMW i8, BMW X5 xdrive40e, Fiat 500e, Hyundai Sonata, Kia
Optima, Porsche Panamera S E-hybrid, Volvo XC90 T8.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), also known as fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) or Zero Emission
Vehicle, are types of electric cars that employ ‘fuel cell technology’ to generate the electricity
required to run the vehicle. In this type of vehicles, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted
directly into electric energy.Architecture and Main Components of FCEV
Components of FCEV
 Electric motor
 Fuel-cell stack
 Hydrogen storage tank
 Battery with converter and controller
Working Principles of FCEV
The working principle of a ‘fuel cell’ electric car is different compared to that of a ‘plug-in’
electric car. This types of electric cars is because the FCEV generates the electricity required
to run this vehicle on the vehicle itself.
Examples of FCEV
Toyota Mirai, Hyundai Tucson FCEV, Riversimple Rasa, Honda Clarity Fuel Cell, Hyundai
Nexo.

Chapter 4:-Ideas Screening:-
As we can see automakers are designing more and more Electric vehicles each year. Electric
cars are the future in upcoming year. The coming decade is expected to be the decade of the
fully electric car. Everyone is working on electric vehicles along with Hero, Honda, Bounce
and Car maker Maruti, Hyundi and BMW.
With battery prices reportedly falling 73% since 2020, electric cars are expected to be as cheap
as fuel-powered cars in the expected future. The International Energy Agency cites that by
2021, nearby 21 million electric vehicles will ply the road, a number that is expected to go up
to 70 million by 2025.
India has a lot to gain from the widespread adoption of e-mobility. There are various changes
which can be expected to fulfill in upcoming years Under the Make In India initiative launched
by our Prime minister(Narendra Modi), the manufacturing of e-vehicles and their associated
components is expected to increase the share of manufacturing in India’s GDP to 25% by
2022.
On the economic front, large-scale adoption of electric vehicles is projected to save $60
billion on oil imports by 2030 – currently 82% of India’s oil demand is fulfilled by imports.
Price of electricity as fuel could fall as low as Rs 1.1/km, helping an electric vehicle
owner save up to Rs. 20,000 for every 5,000km traversed. Finally, electrification will help
reduce vehicular emissions, a key contributor to air pollution which causes an average 3%
GDP loss every year.
Critical Paradigms in the Adoption of EVs
According to a report by Avendus Capital, the electric vehicles (EV) market in India is likely
to be worth Rs 50,000 crores by the year 2025, encompassing two and three-wheelers which
are further expected to drive a rise in electrification of the vehicles in the medium term in the
wake of COVID-19. In the case of low and medium-speed electric two-wheeled vehicles, the
total cost of ownership (TCO) is already lower than that of the internal combustion engine
vehicles – stated by the report.
It also states that with the current and intended level of electric vehicle penetration in the
country, India is expected to have 9% penetration by 2024-25 in the two-wheeler segment. If
the country flows with the correct macroeconomic environment, the figure can further grow up
to 16% and while the segment could raise to Rs 12,000 crores by 2024-25.
The prospects of the electrified future are buzzing as the element is growing swiftly on a global
scale. However, while most of the consumers, businesses, and governments across the globe
are dynamically pushing a shift for e-mobility, the acquisition rates of EV in many countries,
incorporating India, delineates a grim picture. It states that the public transport vehicles such
as E-rickshaws accords with 13% of the yearly three-wheeler sales.

Chapter 5:- Concept Development of EV
India’s Necessity For EVs
 Controlling Pollution: According to the International Council for Clean
Transportation (ICCT), an estimated 74,000 premature deaths were attributable to
air pollution from transportation tailpipe emissions in India in 2015.
o Also, many top polluted cities in the world are from India. For
example, New Delhi.
 Mitigating Climate Change: In December 2019, in the Climate Risk Index
2020 released by the environment think tank, Germanwatch, India’s rank has
worsened from the 14th
spot in 2017 to 5th
in 2018 in the global vulnerability
ladder.
o This makes it all the more reason for India to make electric cars and
vehicles a priority in the fight against the reliance on fossil fuels.
 Sustainable Energy Options: Shifting towards EVs will help India to reduce oil
dependency while solving the challenge of energy scarcity and moving towards
renewable and clean sources of energy.
Associated Challenges
 Lack of Battery Cell Manufacturing: There is a complete absence of primary
battery cell manufacturing in India which poses the risk of increasing trade deficit.
o At the moment, most manufacturers rely on batteries imported from
Japan, China, Korea and Europe.
 Building Charging Infrastructure: Another big challenge is the development of
charging infrastructure which will need to be combined with existing refuelling
stations and at alternative locations closer to homes.
 Limited Grid Capacity: According to a Niti Aayog report, India’s EVs market
needs a minimum of 10 GW of cells by 2022, which would need to be expanded
to about 50 GW by 2025.
o However, currently, India is able to add only 20 GW every year to
its grid for all of our other increasing energy needs. Thus, the
fulfilment of the requirement of 10GW additional capacity only for
EVs would be a huge task.
 Local Issues: Bringing transportation decisions closer to the people is
understandable and necessary. Transport challenges such as congestion,
affordability, infrastructure and transit systems availability are localized issues,
impede the standardization of EVs.

o Also, it will be a challenge to create a competitive advantage in
electric vehicle manufacturing, or even a market for them, given that
India does not have the infrastructure or deep pockets like China
(world's current leader in electric mobility).
Current Policy of Indian Government
 FAME Scheme: The Indian government has created momentum through
its Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric
Vehicles schemes that encourage, and in some segments mandates the adoption
of electric vehicles (EV), with a goal of reaching 30% EV penetration by 2030.
o If these aims are realised by 2030, they will generate an estimated
saving of up to 474 Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) and
846 million tonnes of net CO2 emissions over their lifetime.
 Fiscal Incentives: Various fiscal demand incentives have been put in place to
spur the production and consumption of EVs and charging infrastructure - such as
income tax rebates, exemption from customs duties, etc.
Way Forward
 Increasing R&D in EVs: The Indian market needs encouragement for
indigenous technologies that are suited for India from both strategic and economic
standpoint.
o Since investment in local research and development is necessary to
bring prices down, it makes sense to leverage local universities and
existing industrial hubs.
o India should work with countries like the UK and synergise EV
development.
 Sensitising Public: Breaking away the old norms and establishing a new
consumer behaviour is always a challenge. Thus, a lot of sensitisation and
education is needed, in order to bust several myths and promote EVs within the
Indian market.
 Viable Electricity Pricing: Given current electricity prices, home charging may
also be an issue if the generation is from thermal power plants run on coal.
o Thus, a shift in the electricity generation landscape as a whole is what
is required to facilitate the growth of electric cars.
o In this context, India is on track to become one of the largest solar
and energy storage markets by 2025.
o A combination of solar-powered grid solutions that are organised
with a general improvement in grid resilience will ensure adequate
charging infrastructure for EV’s being a green option.

 Creating the Closed-Loop Mobility Ecosystem: Subsidizing manufacturing for
an electric supplychain will certainly improve the EV development in India.
o Along with charging infrastructure, the establishment of a robust
supply chain will also be needed.
o Further, recycling stations for batteries will need to recover the
metals from batteries used in electrification to create the closed-loop
required for the shift to electric cars to be an environmentally-sound
decision.

Chapter 6:-Market Strategy Design:-
1. Price and cost
Price is a dominant choice driver in most countries, but this is especially true in India where a
large domestic market and open competition has meant that consumers generally have a
range of cost-effective options available to them. As such it is critical that due consideration
is given to pricing and positioning, in particular the following aspects:
Up-front costs
In the context of EVs, while the total cost of ownership (TCO) is tending towards that of ICE
vehicles, up-front costs are often still higher. A focus on reducing up-front cost - for example
through subsidies, increased manufacturing efficiency, or innovative financing models –
could be important in accessing the mass market. For professional drivers, non-ownership
service models that entirely negate upfront, battery replacement and maintenance costs would
be an interesting model. Similarly, recycling/upcycling/retrofitting solutions could help
alleviate the cost involved in transitioning to EVs.
Clarity on TCO
Currently, prospective buyers are uncertain about the TCO of EVs – for example how often
the battery needs replacing as well as the costs of charging and maintenance. Consumers
could benefit from tools to calculate the cost of owning and using an EV when current travel
habits are accounted for. Similarly, businesses would likely value tools to estimate short- and
long-term savings involved in switching to EV. The comparatively low driving speed, start-
stop nature, high share of idling time and shorter trip distances characteristic of Indian
driving are all factors that make EVs a better choice than ICEs
2. Product
Positive characteristics to communicate Indian driving conditions are in general well suited
for electric vehicles. The comparatively low driving speed, start-stop nature, high share of
idling time and shorter trip distances characteristic of Indian driving are all factors that make
EVs a better choice than ICEs. With their ability to navigate congested roads with relative
ease, electric two-wheelers are even more suited for Indian cities than electric four-wheelers
are.
Areas of concern to address
Safety Prospective users want to know that the vehicles will perform safely and flawlessly
under Indian driving conditions, such as uneven road surfaces, start-stop driving style,
exposure to high temperatures and heavy rain. Some of the Indian vehicle certification
requirements address these concerns .

Performance In particular, professional drivers and fleet operators considering a switch to
electric need reassurance that the new vehicles will meet business requirements, especially
when it comes to speed, range, acceleration, capacity and torque. Further customising
performance of EVs to optimise performance to driving needs and road conditions can help
provide this reassurance – as well as effective communication, discussed below
Test drives
Allowing prospective customers to test-drive an EV before the purchase can help remove any
doubts about the driving experience. In fact, end-users in our research felt that first-hand
experience of driving an EV would be the single most effective driver of adoption. In the UK,
initiatives such as the EV experience centrexvii encourages adoption of four-wheel EVs by
offering impartial advice and the chance to test-drive different vehicle models. Car dealerships
and rentals could serve a similar role by allowing customers to test drive electric vehicles.
3. The experience of driving and maintaining EVs
Products and services tend to get adopted if they provide a better, ideally cheaper and more
convenient way of achieving user goals. To achieve widespread EV adoption, they need to be
similar to petrol vehicles in terms of user experience – and get over the ‘hump’ of breaking
existing consumer habits and establishing new ones.
From a customer point of view, the tasks of recharging and paying attention to available range
stand out as the most prominent differences between using an electric vehicle versus an ICE.
4. Marketing and communications
Because the EV sector is still nascent in India, albeit receiving a significant push from
government, there are both challenges and opportunities for new companies in terms of
marketing and communications. Opportunities in the sense that the territory is there to be
occupied and space for new brands to emerge. Challenges in that the baseline level of
knowledge about EVs in India is relatively low and various perceived challenges need to be
addressed.
Attitudes and driving EV adoption :-
users considered EVs as positive for the environment both in terms of reducing emissions, but
also in terms of air and noise pollution. Therefore owners and users of EVs were seen as eco-
conscious front-runners, positively influencing others and subject of much admiration. This
point around status is important however – in India, in relation to vehicles, status is largely
communicated by the cost and size of your private vehicle. If you can afford a motorbike you
retire your pedal cycle and if you can afford a car you ditch your motorbike. For EV
manufacturers (particularly of two wheelers), this suggests:
There is a need for clear branding on products, communicating a premium eco-friendly
positioning

• Merchandising can support this; giving people the means to signal their eco-credentials
• Advertising can help build associations with an elite lifestyle; potentially with appropriate
celebrity endorsements
• The mass market for private owners will be challenging to crack until the up-front cost of
EVs reaches price parity with ICE alternative

Chapter 7:- Product Development in EV:-
Electric Two Wheeler & Its Manufacturing
The innovation of internal combustion engine is one of the best creations of humankind. The
traditional vehicles with ICE provide a good performance but are the major cause for poor
efficiency and environment pollution across the country.
Decreasing fuel consumption and carbon emissions are the most important goal among the
present-day plan of government across the globe. Thinking about the future of a country, an
efficient and eco-friendly electric two-wheeler must be designed and manufactured.
Impact of COVID-19 on Electric Two-wheeler market: Since the onset of pandemic,
leading authorities-imposed lockdown restrictions and released a set of precautionary
guidelines. Manufacturing units were temporarily shut down and disruption in supply chain
was observed. Workers moved down to their native area which created shortage of
workforce. The automotive industry including electric two wheeler market faced a setback
and post COVID-19, electric two wheeler market is expected to pick up the pace eventually.
What is the need of Electric and Hybrid Two Wheelers?
All existing two wheelers that are in the market cause pollution and their fuel cost is also
increasing day by day. To compensate the changing fuel cost and curb down the high
pollution levels, a good remedy is needed.
Zero tailpipe emission technologies have long been held up as the last solution to
transportation-related pollution problems. Electric two wheelers have been offered for
several decades. Electric two wheelers, with their zero tailpipe emissions, can significantly
improve urban air quality.
Working Principle
The working starts with a battery connection. The battery consists of two terminals one is
positive and another one is the negative terminal. The positive terminal is linked to the
stator body of the motor on the other hand, the negative terminal is linked to the edge of
the vehicle.

The battery and the motor are connected into series. The wire connections were made for
the flow of electrons starting with one section then onto the next part. At the point when the
engine empowers through the current, the stator field coil gets magnetized and induces the
rotor shaft to rotate in the counter clockwise direction. Towards the finish of the engine shaft
significant conditions were made for the seating of clutch assembly. Clutch is a power
transmission gadget, which offers drive to the back wheel. The Clutch get together is placed
with the rotor shaft through needle orientation. On the other end of the rotor shaft an
alternator is settled for the reviving framework, as it is an electrical gadget which changes
over the rotational power into the electromotive power. This alternator is connected to revive
the battery while the vehicle is in movement. This course of action is done through V-belt
pulley.
The current flows from the battery with a guide of control framework to the stator body.
This current makes the field coil temporarily magnetized with the goal that the rotor shaft
tends to pivot in its virtual speed. As there is a V-belt drive between the pedal shaft and the
grasp gathering, the movement of the vehicle is sufficiently attained.
The speed in the pedal shaft is constantly lessened with the utilization of sprockets. Here the
speed decrease is in the proportion of 1:4. This game plan lessens the speed of the engine
repeatedly. To the correct side of the vehicle there lies a chain drive for the pedal shaft. A
free wheel is mounted on the back wheel to limit the turn of the pedal under running
condition.
What are the principal parts of electric two wheelers framework?
Basically, a two-wheeler gets its electricity from two sources – a battery and an
alternator. The function of the battery is to store charge, it maintains a stated voltage level
and keeps the electrical system working when the engine is switched off.

On the other hand, the alternator, produces electricity when the engine is switched on. It
provides electricity power supply to numerous electrical devices and charges the battery on
the go. Let’s go in little detail of the two:
BATTERY
A 12-volt two wheeler battery is a six-cell unit and is made of a plastic having a set of
positive and negative plates occupied in an electrolyte. When fully charged each cell has a
voltage of around 2.1 volts, which leads to a combined voltage of around 12.6 volts. The
main function of the battery is to deliver Direct Current to the vehicles electronics when the
engine is turned off. Moreover, the battery also provides the current to crank up the engine.
Obviously, lithium ion batteries of some kind would be the great enabler. Lithium is a now
entering the market, they are still very costly and something of a question mark. Traditional
lithium cells, as utilized in PCs, have a warm runaway potential - meaning they tend to burst
into flames, now and again like a Roman light. New materials and sciences considering
lithium are endeavouring to address the wellbeing issue. Moreover, the prices of the lithium
ion batteries have come down and the battery manufacturers are claiming no fire problems.
Battery Upgradation
ALTERNATOR
The function of the alternator is to generate electricity when the engine gets started.
The alternator uses the engine’s crankshaft to turn the magnets and produce
electricity. It produces alternating current (AC) which needs to be converted to direct
current which is attained over a regulator which not only converts AC to DC but also
regulates the amount of current that is sent to all the electronics present.

· WIRING HARNESS
The current produced on a two wheeler is channelized through a wiring harness. It plays an
essential role in connecting various electrical and electronic components on a two-wheeler.
The wiring harness is a set of wires, terminals and connectors, designed for a two wheeler
model to supply electric power.
· CONTROLLERS
There are mainly two types of controllers, one is brushed, and another is brushless.
According to the motor in use the function of the controller also varies. Because of high
efficiency, less cost and durability, the brushless motors are popular nowadays, whereas
brushed motors because of less complex controller mechanism, is still in use fairly.
Let’s have a look that how these two wheelers are produced/manufactured?
Manufacturing Unit Size: The size of the unit totally depends upon the volume of business
we need to do, the quantum of assets we have available to us, and the turnover target we
intend to accomplish.
For an instance:
· Hero Electric is considering over setting up multiple assembly plants to meet its
target of increasing sales by ten times over the next five years, including exports.
The company currently has a production capacity of 75,000 units per annum at its
Ludhiana plant.
Production Line:

In the manufacturing unit parts like Handle bar, Frame, Fork, Swing arm, Carriers, Centre
and side stands are being manufactured.
The parts after manufacturing are pre-treated in the plant to increase their life. At the stages
the product inspection is done. The manufacturing plant should have an in-house paint shop
facility to paint plastic parts. The electric two wheeler assembly should be made up with
modern manufacturing concepts backed by stringent quality system.
In the manufacturing unit, the vehicles pass through several tests like:
· Reliability Test: The electric two wheelers parts/components are being tested in the Lab
for reliability test. The manufacturing plant should have reliability testing facilities like life
test for all electrical components, endurance test for tyre, fatigue test for handlebar, water
dip test for motors, salt spray testing for steel parts, brake wire testing, battery testing,
UV/weather test for plastic painted parts and brake shoe performance testing.
· Product Testing: On a dynamometer testing machine, the two wheeler electric vehicles
are tested in-house on the parameters of electrical performance. In addition, 100% Electric
two wheelers are tested on a specially developed E-BIKE TEST TRACK, constructed for
uneven bumps, rain showers, bad road conditions, water logging on roads and steep
gradients on flyovers.
A world class manufacturing base with a focused quality in wording of scale, quality, cost
and technology for electric two wheeler and their basic segments will be an absolute
necessity to accomplish the stated goal of hundred percent electric regime. The electric two
wheeler industry in India i.e. the automobile and automobile component manufacturers will
have the capability and the commitment to achieve this.
As per TechSci Research, “Indonesia Electric Two Wheeler Market, By Vehicle Type
(Electric Motorcycle and Electric Scooters/Mopeds), By Battery Capacity (<25 Ah and
>25 Ah), By Battery Type (Lead Acid and Li-ion), Competition, Forecast &
Opportunities, 2025”, Indonesia electric two wheeler market is expected to grow around
20.96% until 2025 owing to rise in domestic manufacturing of electric scooters and

increasing awareness about the harmful effects of greenhouse gases. Based on vehicle type,
market can be divided into electric motorcycle and electric scooters/mopeds. The electric
scooters/mopeds segment is anticipated to account for major market share due to ease and
convenience of using scooters along with rise in number of female drivers.
What all you require in the setting up your electric two wheelers manufacturing unit?
Before setting a manufacturing plant, an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) may be
defined as Proprietor, Private/ Public Company or Partnership Firm who are manufacturing
electric two wheelers shall have following:
· Trade License
· GST registration
· PAN Card
· TIN No.
· Company Registration Certificate
· Testing Centre Certification in satisfaction of VPQC and FAME-India Guidelines for
each model of vehicles separately.
Each OEM can begin offer of electric two wheelers after enlistment with National
Automotive Board which, states that specific vehicle is qualified for get advantage under
the demand incentive under FAME India Scheme. It is to be noted that, only those electric
two wheelers, which are manufactured in India, will be permitted for the demand incentive
scheme.
Total Expenditure: The automotive industry functions in a very competitive market which
requires monitoring product costs, refining the product quality and shortening the
development time. The cost of labour is one of main elements in effective auto making. But
the role of labour cost in the overall picture is often given far greater attention than
warranted. Growing technological advancements, new production methods and productivity
gains, automakers now use just 29 hours of direct production labour to build the average
vehicle.
Looking at the average price of electric two wheeler we see that:
· Raw materials and purchased auto parts account for around 57% of the
price
· Engineering, research & development and Overheads account for around
16%
· Advertising costs average INR 8000 for each vehicle sold
· Dealership mark-ups average INR 10,000 per vehicle
Let’s discuss about the business model canvas for Electric Two Wheelers:
· Key Activities

For any vehicle manufacturing company, the first stage is designing, manufacturing
and delivering a product to the customers. These includes research and development,
production, inventory, marketing, sales and customer support services.
· Key partnerships
To guarantee reliable supplies of components it is important to maintain a healthy buyer-
supplier relationship. To benefit from economy of scale most activities are planned to be
outsourced. At first stage, everything that is not related to product development and
marketing, e.g. web-development, law and accountant services is planned to be outsourced.
· Key Resources
To develop and produce the electric two wheeler the manufacturing company requires both
physical and human resources.
For R&D, tests, manufacturing, final assemblies and inventory the company requires a
workshop with enough equipment. Marketing, support & sales services require an office
space. Experts in electrical and hardware web-developers, engineering, designers, customer
support, lawyers and accountants comprise a company’s team. The key rational property is
a brand, though company plans to patent its core business ideas.
· Value proposition
Electric two wheelers are high-tech solution for short-distance travels. The main product
idea is to add stress-free riding experience without sacrificing on design, ease of use and
price. Hence value proposition is great design and fair price.

· Cost Structure
Marketing and product development are key company’s activities, hence generate most of
business costs. Fixed costs include salaries, rents, patents and manufacturing facilities
whereas the variable costs very proportionally to the number of items produced.
· Customer Relationship
There should be proper website or a platform support for the customer those may have a
product related questions so that they can receive a personal assistance via the company’s
web services.
Breakeven Analysis for the First Year:
Breakeven Analysis will tell how much the manufacturing company need to sell in a year
just to cover all the costs.
Let’s take an example to understand the basis of achieving the breakeven point.
Suppose the annual fixed cost to deliver a two wheeler is INR 998000 and the average
margin per vehicle is INR 96,880. With a simple calculation, after selling 10.3
vehicles the company can achieve its breakeven point. But for the first year, the start
up cost will also include, so after adding that cost also, lets assume that the start up
cost is around INR 3,89,200 therefore, with 14.3 vehicles the company can achieve
its first year breakup.

Chapter 8:-Commercialization:-
The Electric Vehicle (EV) market in India is moving ahead, and various incentives have been
introduced, both at national and sub-national levels, such as National Electric Mobility Mission
Plan (NEMMP) and Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles
(FAME), as well as the New Vehicle Scrappage Policy, offering both fiscal and non-fiscal
incentives to drive the transition towards EV ambition of India.
However, a sustainable market for EVs would still require more concerted efforts towards
development of an eco-system with the right infrastructure (better battery systems, adequate
charging infrastructure etc.), financing/ mortgage mechanism, innovative business models, etc.
Charging Infrastructure remains a key constraint to EV adoption
As part of the EV ecosystem creation, the availability of charging infrastructure remains a key
constraint in wider acceptance of EVs among users. There is a slow growth in charging
infrastructure, owing to the high cost involved and lack of payouts due to limited utilization of
the existing infrastructure. Further, in the context of public bus transport fleets, operators may
be averse to investing in charging infrastructure, owing to risks and return on such investment.
The perplexity for the charging standards further adds to the challenges. Moreover, there is
limited awareness among users/ other players about the government’s charging policies, such
as the need to obtain a license to set up a charging station.
Initiatives and Campaigns from various government agencies are a silver lining
Realizing the increasing importance of promoting EVs, some government agencies have started
setting up charging infrastructure at some locations, either through partnering with private
sector or by directly awarding turnkey contracts. Such initiatives from the public sector have
been able to create the much-required initial traction.
Several other initiatives and campaigns have also been launched - ‘Go Electric’, a national-
level campaign has been launched to raise awareness on the benefits of e-mobility and charging
infrastructure. The Common Service Centre (CSC) has further initiated Rural e-Mobility
Programme to boost the sale of EVs in rural India. Along these lines, the ‘Switch Delhi’
Campaign is a welcome step towards eliminating the roadblocks in commercialization of EVs.
As part of ‘Switch Delhi’, a clear vision has been established to install charging infrastructure
in Delhi at every 3 kilometers , and bids have been invited to build a network of 100 public
charging stations with 500 charging points across the state by December 2021 . The use of
technology and mobile apps has been envisaged to facilitate information about the geo-
locations of charging stations and their details being available on real time basis.
To drive this campaign, it shall be necessary to ensure standardization across various aspects
of EV technology.
Building strong partnerships is the key to success.

The commercial success for EVs is based on successfully installing charging infrastructure that
is accessible, user friendly, and affordable. While there are still uncertainties, with a range of
charging technologies currently available and more expected to emerge in the future,
innovative business models with optimal private sector participation will certainly provide a
fillip to investment in the development of charging infrastructure for the EVs.
Way forward: Making charging infrastructure a viable option
The charging infrastructure in India can be made a viable option by offering it as a bundle of
services. There are several factors to be considered, while ensuring the delivery of charging
services. For instance, it should cater to the right vehicle and business segments and ensure that
interoperability is not a hindrance.
Future potential of the charging infrastructure could also be explored as under, towards making
EVs scalable and a sustainable solution:
• V2G Charging: In addition to charging an EV in the traditional sense, this technology allows
for energy stored in an EV’s battery to power a house/external load (V2H: Vehicle to Home)
or send it back to the grid (V2G: Vehicle to Grid).
• Wireless Charging: By parking the vehicle on a spot with a charger on the ground, the
vehicle’s battery can be charged wirelessly.
• Mobile Charging Units: These can be called to charge the vehicle at any location in case the
battery gets fully exhausted, thereby alleviating range anxiety.

Chapter 9:-Learning Outcome:-
 The on-road passenger and freight vehicle stock is set to increase by over 2.7 times
between 2020 and 2030. A high mode share of public transport in 2030 will result in
a 57 per cent reduction in on-road vehicle stock.
 A 30 per cent EV sales share in 2030 will lead to savings on crude oil imports worth
INR 1.1 lakh crore (USD 14.1 billion). A combination of high public transport mode-
share with 30 per cent EV sales will further lead to INR 2.2 lakh crore (28.3 billion)
of savings on crude oil imports.
 A 30 per cent penetration of EVs in new vehicle sales in 2030 will result in the central
and state governments losing 15 per cent of potential petroleum tax revenues
compared to a business as usual (BAU) scenario as a result of reduction in fossil fuel
consumption.
 The new manufacturing activities and increase in electricity consumption are expected
to generate close to 1.2 lakh jobs in 2030 with 30 per cent EV sales. On the flip side,
the petroleum and automotive (ICE vehicle) sectors would lose 1.6 lakh jobs.
 The market for high value-add components in a scenario with the projected 30 per cent
EV penetration amounts to INR 2.1 lakh crore (USD 27.8 billion) in 2030 for batteries,
electric powertrain, and charging infrastructure.
 The largest reduction in GHG emissions (20 per cent) would be achieved in a scenario
that combines 30 per cent EV sales with a higher mode-share of public transport.
 Emphasise on new economic activities such as battery recycling (urban mining) and
other services associated with electric mobility for job creation under an EV transition
plan.
 Adopt training and skilling initiatives to create a workforce that can cater to the needs
of EV manufacturing as a prerequisite to meet any anticipated demand for EVs.
 The government should adopt pre-emptive strategies to wean away dependence on
petroleum tax revenues to deal with the expected dip in central and state government
revenue collection along with the promotion of electric mobility.
 Policymakers must focus on promoting public transport parallely with promoting
electric mobility to realise the full benefits of an EV transition. A majority of trips and
passenger travel demand must be met by public transport and non-motorised transport
options such as walking and cycling.

10.Bibliography:-
https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_benefits.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/the-potential-
impact-of-electric-vehicles-on-global-energy-systems
https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv-ev.shtml
https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2516-1083/abe0ad/meta
https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-
08/HandbookforEVChargingInfrastructureImplementation081221.pdf