1.
Government Engineering College
Valsad
( )
:SUBJECT:
Water Resources
Department:-
Environmental Engineering
Guided by:-
Pro. Sweta Patel

2.
•Prepared by:-
1) Bhadani Ashishkumar J. 160190113003
2) Butani Henil R. 160190113006
3) Dankhara Nirmalbhai D. 160190113009
4) Patel Smit P. 160190113040

3.
Source
of Water
Ground
Water
Surface
Water
Desalting
the Sea
water

4.
• 71% (1.4 billion cubic meter in volume) of Earth’s
surface is covered by water.
• 99% Water is generally unsuitable for human use:
1) 97.3% Salinity (Sea Water)
2) 1.7% Location (ice-cap & Glaciers)
• Only 0.77% of fresh water in Lacks, Wetlands,
rivers, ground water and atmosphere.
Global Overview

5.
Over two thirds of the
earth's surface is
covered with water,
97.2% of which is
contained in the five
oceans. The Antarctic
ice sheet, containing
90% of all fresh water
on the planet, is visible
at the bottom.
Atmospheric water
vapour can be seen as
clouds, contributing to
the earth's albedo.

6.
Iceberg and Polar cap store most of the fresh water
on Earth

7.
Volume of water stored in
the water cycle's reservoirs
Reservoir Volume of water
(106 km³)
Percent
of total
Ocean 1370 97.25
Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05
Groundwater 9.5 0.68
Lakes 0.125 0.01
Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005
Atmosphere 0.013 0.001
Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001
Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

8.
Uses of
Water
Off stream
Consumptive Non-consumptive
In stream
Use Of water

9.
• Non-Consumptive use: The withdrawal of
water from sources, wherein part of the water may
be returned after use to same source and can be
used again.
• Consumptive use: Which water does not return
to its source after the use. It’s consumed by plants,
animal or human tissues.
Use of water

10.
Water Requirements
• The fresh water is required for many purposes to
satisfy the human demands.
• Like,
1. Irrigation
2. Domestic water supply
3. Industries
4. Power generation
5. In land navigation
6. Environment-ecology

11.
Water Scarcity
•What is Water Scarcity?
Is lack of water to meet the demand (Quantity)
or lack of access to safe water. (Quality)

12.
“Cause of Water Scarcity”
1.Population growth

13.
•Cause by| Climate change

14.
•Legislation and water resource
management

15.
Caused Upon | Water Quality

16.
Caused by | Water demand

17.
•Affect of Water scarcity
WITH2
OUT

18.
•Health |Life |disease| Agricultural
1 out of every 4 deaths under the age of 5
worldwide is due to a water-related disease

19.
One quarter of the
global population
also live in developing countries
that face water shortages due
to a lack of infrastructure to
fetch water from rivers and
aquifers.
•Health |Life |disease| Agricultural

20.
80%
Illness cause by unsafe water and
Sanitation condition
in world.
•Health |Life |disease | Agricultural

21.
Water Management
•Goal: sustainable supply of high quality
water
•How do we supply water?
• Building dams (ex: Columbia River)
• Diversion (ex: Colorado River)
• Desalination - very expensive to build &
operate plants

22.
Water Conservation: Agriculture
• Single largest user of water worldwide
• Much lost to evaporation or seepage
• Solution: drip irrigation
• Perforated pipes distribute water
• Goes straight to plants
• Reduces water use 40-60%

23.
Water Conservation: Municipal
• Solutions:
• Use gray water
• Education: modify habits
• Water-saving fixtures
& Appliances
• Repair leaks
• Cisterns & rain barrels
• Water gardens

24.
Uses of Reclaimed Water
• Agricultural Irrigation
• Landscape Irrigation
• Industrial Recycling and Reuse
• Groundwater Recharge
• Recreational / Environmental Uses
• Non-Potable Urban Uses
• Potable Reuse

25.
Wastewater Reclamation & Reuse and the
Hydrologic Cycle
Groundwater
Recharge
Surface water
discharge
Agricultural reuse
Industrial
reuse
Groundwater
Industrial use
Irrigation
Wastewater
Water
Treatment
Municipal use
Wastewater
Treatment
Precipitation

26.
Why reuse wastewater in agricultural
irrigation?
1. Freshwater resources can be reserved for
other uses
2. Chemical fertilizer usage can be minimized
3. Discharge of reclaimed wastewater to water
bodies can be prevented
Agricultural Irrigation

27.
Agricultural Irrigation
Saudi Arabian Desert

28.
Agricultural Irrigation

29.
Landscape Irrigation &
Recreational
• Landscape Irrigation
– Parks
– School yards
– Highway medians
– Golf courses
– Cemeteries
– Residential
• Recreational / Environmental Uses
– Lakes & ponds
– Marsh enhancement
– Fisheries

30.
Landscape Irrigation

31.
Industrial Reuse & Urban Uses
• Industrial Recycling and Reuse
– Cooling water
– Boiler feed
– Process water
– Heavy construction
• Non-Potable Urban Uses
– Fire protection
– Air conditioning
– Toilet flushing
• Potable Reuse
– Blending in water supply reservoirs
– Pipe-to-pipe water supply

32.
Groundwater Recharge
• Groundwater replenishment
– The following must be considered:
• the quality of the recharge water;
• the recharge method used;
• the physical characteristics of the aquifer layers;
• the water residence time;
• the amount of blending with other sources;
• Saltwater intrusion control
• Subsidence control

33.
Water Budget of India
• The average annual precipitation received in India
is 4,000 km3.
–Out of which 700 km3 is immediately lost to the
atmosphere
–2,150 km3 soaks into the ground
– 1,150 km3 flows as surface runoff.
–Nearly 62% or 1,202 km3 of the total water
resources is available in the Ganga,
Brahmaputra, Meghna basin.
–The remaining 23 basins have 751 km3 of the
total water resources.

34.
Per Capita Availability of Water